Administration of Chennai: Difference between revisions
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| title = Touchtel arrives in Coimbatore |
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| accessdate = 2007-09-07 |
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| publisher = The Hindu Business Line| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231926/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> There are six mobile phone companies: BSNL, [[Vodafone Essar]], Bharti Airtel and [[Aircel]], which offer [[GSM services]], and Tata Indicom and Reliance Communications, which offer code division multiple access ([[code division multiple access|CDMA]]) services.<ref>{{cite web |
| publisher = The Hindu Business Line| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231926/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/09/05/stories/2002090502151700.htm| archivedate= 27 September 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> There are six mobile phone companies: BSNL, [[Vodafone Essar]], Bharti Airtel and [[Aircel]], which offer [[GSM services]], and Tata Indicom and Reliance Communications, which offer code division multiple access ([[code division multiple access|CDMA]]) services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/486/pr24aug07no71.pdf |title=Press Release 71/2007 |date=2007-08-24 |accessdate=2007-10-04 |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |format=pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055449/http://www.trai.gov.in/trai/upload/PressReleases/486/pr24aug07no71.pdf |archivedate=28 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}, Annexure I lists these six entities as the licensed cellurar operators for the Chennai circle. The CDMA Development Group's official website lists Tata Teleservices and Reliance Communications as the only operators to have deployed CDMA on cellular systems in India. {{cite web|url=http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/index.asp?h_area=1 |title=CDMA Worldwide: Deployment search — Asia-Pacific |accessdate=2007-10-04 |publisher=CDMA Development Group |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073228/http://cdg.org/worldwide/index.asp?h_area=1 |archivedate=11 October 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> Broadband Internet access is provided by [[Sify]], BSNL, Reliance Communications, [[Hathway]], Bharti Airtel<ref>http://www.airtelconnectionchennai.com/</ref> and Tata Indicom through cables or [[WiMAX]]. |
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Historically, Chennai has relied on annual [[monsoon]] rains to replenish water [[reservoir]]s, as no major rivers flow through the area. Steadily growing in population, the city has faced [[water supply]] [[Water crisis|shortages]], and its ground water levels have been depleted. Many residents buy water for drinking as well as other daily uses. An earlier [[Veeranam|Veeranam Lake project]] failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.<ref>{{cite web |
Historically, Chennai has relied on annual [[monsoon]] rains to replenish water [[reservoir]]s, as no major rivers flow through the area. Steadily growing in population, the city has faced [[water supply]] [[Water crisis|shortages]], and its ground water levels have been depleted. Many residents buy water for drinking as well as other daily uses. An earlier [[Veeranam|Veeranam Lake project]] failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Water Supply |work=Management of water supply during acute water scarcity in 2003 & 2004 |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board (CMWSSB) |url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/engg/operationmaintenance/cmwdrw04.htm |accessdate=2007-03-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812071544/http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/engg/operationmaintenance/cmwdrw04.htm |archivedate=2007-08-12 |df= }}</ref> In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and [[rainwater harvesting]] (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its [[Anna Nagar]] Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages. The Metrowater methods have become a model of RWH technology for other cities.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite web |
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| title = Bangalore team visits RWH structures in city |
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| title = Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm| archivedate= 12 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
| title = Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012002902/http://hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm| archivedate= 12 October 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]. Water is drawn from [[Red Hills Lake]] and [[Chembarambakkam Lake]], the primary water reservoirs of the city,<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf}}</ref> and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam<ref name="Metro Water">{{cite web|title=Water Supply System|url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm|publisher=Chennai Metro Water|accessdate=16 Sep 2012}}</ref> and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf}}</ref> The city receives 530 mld of water from [[Krishna River]] through [[Telugu Ganga project]], 180 mld of water from the [[Veeranam]] lake project<ref name="Metro Water"/> and 100 mld of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water [[desalination]] plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx|title=India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=1 August 2010|accessdate=11 Jun 2011}}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant>{{cite news|title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=12 August 2005|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm|accessdate=18 Sep 2007}}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant2>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=R.K.|title=Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end|work=The Hindu|date=4 September 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm|accessdate=18 Sep 2007}}</ref> However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 million litres per day (MLD) in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782|title=Chennai worst in saving water|work=The Deccan Chronicle|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=11 Jun 2011}}</ref> There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/chennai/34060800_1_public-toilets-toilet-complexes-sulabh|title=No response from firms to build toilets|work=The Times of India|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=29 Sep 2012}}</ref> and 2,000 more has been planned by the corporation.<ref>{{cite news |
The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]]. Water is drawn from [[Red Hills Lake]] and [[Chembarambakkam Lake]], the primary water reservoirs of the city,<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf}}</ref> and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam<ref name="Metro Water">{{cite web|title=Water Supply System|url=http://www.chennaimetrowater.tn.nic.in/departments/operation/developwss.htm|publisher=Chennai Metro Water|accessdate=16 Sep 2012}}</ref> and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf}}</ref> The city receives 530 mld of water from [[Krishna River]] through [[Telugu Ganga project]], 180 mld of water from the [[Veeranam]] lake project<ref name="Metro Water"/> and 100 mld of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water [[desalination]] plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |title=India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=1 August 2010 |accessdate=11 Jun 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803150810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-Chennai/Article1-580562.aspx |archivedate=2010-08-03 |df= }}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant>{{cite news|title=IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=12 August 2005 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |accessdate=18 Sep 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213183507/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/08/12/stories/2005081202820300.htm |archivedate=2009-02-13 |df= }}</ref><ref name=HinduDesalinationPlant2>{{cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=R.K.|title=Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end|work=The Hindu|date=4 September 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/04/stories/2007090460440400.htm|accessdate=18 Sep 2007}}</ref> However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 million litres per day (MLD) in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |title=Chennai worst in saving water |work=The Deccan Chronicle |date=6 May 2011 |accessdate=11 Jun 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011034707/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/chennai-worst-saving-water-782 |archivedate=2012-10-11 |df= }}</ref> There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/chennai/34060800_1_public-toilets-toilet-complexes-sulabh|title=No response from firms to build toilets|work=The Times of India|date=24 September 2012|accessdate=29 Sep 2012}}</ref> and 2,000 more has been planned by the corporation.<ref>{{cite news |
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Revision as of 10:06, 4 October 2016
 | It has been suggested that Chennai Corporation be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2015. |
The administration of Chennai can refer to either the administration of the City of Chennai or the administration of the Chennai Metropolitan Area. The city is administered by the Chennai Corporation, consisting of 200 councillors and headed by the city's mayor. The suburbs, which comprise the metropolitan region, are administered by local municipalities, town panchayats, or panchayat unions. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) plans development for the city as well as its suburbs.
Administration
| City officials, as of Nov 2011[1][2] | ||
| Mayor | Saidai Sa. Duraisamy | |
| Deputy Mayor | B. Benjamin | |
| Corporation Commissioner | P. W. C. Davidar | |
| Commissioner of Police | J. K. Tripathy | |
Chennai city is governed by the Corporation of Chennai, consisting of 200 councillors who represent 200 wards and are directly elected by the city's residents. From among themselves, the councillors elect a mayor and a deputy mayor who preside over about 10 standing committees.[3] The first native Indian to govern the Madras Presidency as well as serve later as the first Mayor post-independence of erstwhile Madras was L. Sriramulu Naidu. Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu state, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings on the Fort St George campus but also in several other buildings in the city. The Madras High Court, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, is the highest judicial authority in the state. The district of Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies—Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South—and elects 18 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.
The metropolitan region of Chennai covers many suburbs that are part of Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities, and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. While the city covers an area of 174 km² (67 mi²),[4] the metropolitan area is spread over 1,189 km² (458 mi²).[5] The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has drafted a Second Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. Contiguous satellite towns include Mahabalipuram to the south, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagar to the southwest, and Kanchipuram town, Sriperumpudur, Tiruvallur and Arakkonam to the west.
The Greater Chennai Police department, a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, is the law enforcement agency in the city. The city police force is headed by a commissioner of police, and administrative control rests with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. The department consists of 36 subdivisions with a total of 121 police stations, of which 15 are ISO 9001:2000 certified.[6] The city's traffic is managed by the Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP). The Metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, and outer district areas are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.
Utilities
The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services. Garbage in most zones was previously handled by JBM Fanalca Environment Management, a private company, and by the Chennai Corporation in the other zones. Now, garbage collection in some of the wards is contracted to Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, a private company,[7] while the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others,[8] with a superintendent engineer managing the channels. As of 2011, 8 transfer stations exist within the city for treating the waste.[9] Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city—One in Kodungaiyur and another in Perungudi, with a major portion of the latter covering the Pallikaranai marshland.[10] In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.[11] Water supply and sewage treatment are handled by the Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board, popularly referred to as Metro Water. Electricity is supplied by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[12] Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service.[13] The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.[14] The city's telephone service is provided by four landline companies: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Tata Indicom, Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel.[15] There are six mobile phone companies: BSNL, Vodafone Essar, Bharti Airtel and Aircel, which offer GSM services, and Tata Indicom and Reliance Communications, which offer code division multiple access (CDMA) services.[16] Broadband Internet access is provided by Sify, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Hathway, Bharti Airtel[17] and Tata Indicom through cables or WiMAX.
Historically, Chennai has relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area. Steadily growing in population, the city has faced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. Many residents buy water for drinking as well as other daily uses. An earlier Veeranam Lake project failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.[18] In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and rainwater harvesting (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its Anna Nagar Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages. The Metrowater methods have become a model of RWH technology for other cities.[19] Moreover, newer projects like the Telugu Ganga project that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh have eased water shortages. The city is constructing sea water desalination plants to further increase the water supply.[20][21]
The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakkam Lake, the primary water reservoirs of the city,[22] and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam[23] and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.[24] The city receives 530 mld of water from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project, 180 mld of water from the Veeranam lake project[23] and 100 mld of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water desalination plant.[25][26][27] However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 million litres per day (MLD) in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD.[28] There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation,[29] and 2,000 more has been planned by the corporation.[30] The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.[31]
Waste management
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day. The city has three dumpyards, one each at Perungudi, Kodungaiyur, and Pallikaranai. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, Minjur, Vallur, and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from 20 acres to 100 acres.[32][33] According to studies by the civic body, green waste and wood account for 39 percent of the city's garbage and food waste around 8 percent. The civic body also spends ₹4 billion (US$48 million) a year on solid waste management.[34] The corporation is planning to create a 200-acre park at the 269-acre Kodungaiyur dump yard and a 150-acre park at the 200-acre Perungudi dumpsite.[35]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Who's who". Chennai Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Chennai City Police". Tamil Nadu Police. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Chennai Corporation — General Statistics". Chennai Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "General statistics". Corporation of Chennai. Retrieved 2005-08-04.
- ^ "Chennai Metropolitan Area — Profile". Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ *"Chennai Police ISO 9001:2000". Govt. of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 2005-12-18. Retrieved 2005-08-09.
- ^ "New firm to begin conservancy work next week". The Hindu. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 6 Feb 2012.
- ^ "New garbage collection, street cleaning mechanism". The Hindu. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Soild Waste Management". Corporation of Chennai. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
- ^ Madhavan, D. (7 April 2012). "Cluster-based solid waste mgmt may ease pressure on dump yards". The Times of India.
- ^ Ramakrishnan, Deepa H (25 January 2012). "SMS fillip for garbage collection". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 Feb 2012.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "Emergency and Utility Services Contact Details at Chennai". Govt. of Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Contact us". Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service. Retrieved 1 Sep 2012.
- ^ "List of fire stations". Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service. Retrieved 1 Sep 2012.
- ^ "Touchtel arrives in Coimbatore". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Press Release 71/2007" (PDF). Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 2007-08-24. Archived from the original (pdf) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help), Annexure I lists these six entities as the licensed cellurar operators for the Chennai circle. The CDMA Development Group's official website lists Tata Teleservices and Reliance Communications as the only operators to have deployed CDMA on cellular systems in India. "CDMA Worldwide: Deployment search — Asia-Pacific". CDMA Development Group. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-04.{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.airtelconnectionchennai.com/
- ^ "Chennai Water Supply". Management of water supply during acute water scarcity in 2003 & 2004. Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board (CMWSSB). Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Bangalore team visits RWH structures in city". The Hindu. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
- ^ "IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai". The Hindu. 2005-08-12. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end". The Hindu. 2007-09-04. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Second Master Plan (PDF). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. pp. 157–159.
- ^ a b "Water Supply System". Chennai Metro Water. Retrieved 16 Sep 2012.
- ^ Second Master Plan (PDF). Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. p. 163.
- ^ "India's biggest desalination plant opens in Chennai". The Hindustan Times. 1 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-08-03. Retrieved 11 Jun 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "IVRCL to set up desalination plant near Chennai". The Hindu. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 18 Sep 2007.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Radhakrishnan, R.K. (4 September 2007). "Preliminary work on desalination plant to be completed by December-end". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 Sep 2007.
- ^ "Chennai worst in saving water". The Deccan Chronicle. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 11 Jun 2011.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "No response from firms to build toilets". The Times of India. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 29 Sep 2012.
- ^ "From Feb 24, use public toilets for free, says mayor". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 2 Nov 2012.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Residents to soon have free use of community halls". The Hindu. Chennai: The Hindu. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 2 Nov 2012.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "City to finally be free of garbage dumps". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 Oct 2012.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "Corpn plans to move dump yards; residents breathe easy". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 30 Oct 2012.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Philip, Christin Mathew (3 November 2012). "Don't dump waste on others: Experts". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. Retrieved 3 Nov 2012.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Ramkumar, Pratiksha (3 November 2012). "Garbage to make way for green spaces". The Times of India. Chennai: The Times Group. Retrieved 3 Nov 2012.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)
