LGBT rights in Russia: Difference between revisions
typo |
Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3) (Cyberpower678) |
||
Line 160: | Line 160: | ||
===== Athletes ===== |
===== Athletes ===== |
||
{{expand section|date=September 2013}} |
{{expand section|date=September 2013}} |
||
* In 2013 Swedish Olympic athlete [[Emma Green Tregaro]] [[2013 World Championships in Athletics#Gay rights|painted her nails]] in the [[rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|rainbow flag colours]] during the [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|2013 World Championships in Moscow]] as an act of defiance against Russia's recent ban on "gay propaganda".<ref name="Шкель"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Rainbow nail varnish could get Swedish athlete imprisoned |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/swedish-athlete-russia-gay-propaganda-emma-green-tregaro |accessdate=20 August 2013 |publisher=[[Channel 4 News]] |date=15 August 2013 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6J17iyJNH?url=http://www.channel4.com/news/swedish-athlete-russia-gay-propaganda-emma-green-tregaro |archivedate=20 August 2013 |deadurl=no |quote=Self-expression or gay propaganda? How a Swedish athlete at the Moscow World Championships could be imprisoned for her nail varnish. |df=dmy }}</ref> Legendary Russian Olympic athlete [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] condemned Tregaro's action at a press conference, but later said she had been misunderstood due to her poor English.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luhn |first=Alec |title=Isinbayeva says Green Tregaro's gesture was disrespectful to Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/15/yelena-isinbayeva-green-tregaro-rainbow-gesture |accessdate=21 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 August 2013 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6J1kNPtz7?url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/15/yelena-isinbayeva-green-tregaro-rainbow-gesture |archivedate=21 August 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Olympics: Isinbayeva says 'misunderstood' over anti-gay remarks |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130816/olympics-isinbayeva-says-misunderstood-over-anti-gay-remarks |accessdate=20 August 2013 |newspaper=[[GlobalPost]] |date=16 August 2013 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6J187KPlc?url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130816/olympics-isinbayeva-says-misunderstood-over-anti-gay-remarks |archivedate=20 August 2013 |deadurl= |
* In 2013 Swedish Olympic athlete [[Emma Green Tregaro]] [[2013 World Championships in Athletics#Gay rights|painted her nails]] in the [[rainbow flag (LGBT movement)|rainbow flag colours]] during the [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|2013 World Championships in Moscow]] as an act of defiance against Russia's recent ban on "gay propaganda".<ref name="Шкель"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Rainbow nail varnish could get Swedish athlete imprisoned |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/swedish-athlete-russia-gay-propaganda-emma-green-tregaro |accessdate=20 August 2013 |publisher=[[Channel 4 News]] |date=15 August 2013 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6J17iyJNH?url=http://www.channel4.com/news/swedish-athlete-russia-gay-propaganda-emma-green-tregaro |archivedate=20 August 2013 |deadurl=no |quote=Self-expression or gay propaganda? How a Swedish athlete at the Moscow World Championships could be imprisoned for her nail varnish. |df=dmy }}</ref> Legendary Russian Olympic athlete [[Yelena Isinbayeva]] condemned Tregaro's action at a press conference, but later said she had been misunderstood due to her poor English.<ref>{{cite news|last=Luhn |first=Alec |title=Isinbayeva says Green Tregaro's gesture was disrespectful to Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/15/yelena-isinbayeva-green-tregaro-rainbow-gesture |accessdate=21 August 2013 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 August 2013 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6J1kNPtz7?url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/15/yelena-isinbayeva-green-tregaro-rainbow-gesture |archivedate=21 August 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Olympics: Isinbayeva says 'misunderstood' over anti-gay remarks |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130816/olympics-isinbayeva-says-misunderstood-over-anti-gay-remarks |accessdate=20 August 2013 |newspaper=[[GlobalPost]] |date=16 August 2013 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6J187KPlc?url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130816/olympics-isinbayeva-says-misunderstood-over-anti-gay-remarks |archivedate=20 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |quote=Russian pole vault legend Yelena Isinbayeva attempted Friday to play down the furore provoked by her anti-gay remarks, saying she was "misunderstood" and opposed to discrimination against homosexuals. |df=dmy }}</ref> |
||
* New Zealand Olympic [[long track speed skating|speedskater]] [[Blake Skjellerup]] announced his intention of wearing a rainbow-coloured gay-pride pin from the 2012 Olympic Games when he competes at the 2014 Games in Sochi.<ref name="cbsskjellerup">{{cite news |last=Montopoli |first=Brian |title=Olympic hopeful plants to defy anti-gay Russian laws |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57596532/gay-olympic-hopeful-plans-to-defy-anti-gay-russian-laws/ |publisher=CBS News |date=1 August 2013 }}</ref> Skjellerup said that he does not support a boycott of the Sochi Olympics because he and other athletes have worked so hard to compete at the Games. However, he said strongly opposes the anti-gay propaganda law: "I don't think anybody should be persecuted".<ref name="cbsskjellerup"/> |
* New Zealand Olympic [[long track speed skating|speedskater]] [[Blake Skjellerup]] announced his intention of wearing a rainbow-coloured gay-pride pin from the 2012 Olympic Games when he competes at the 2014 Games in Sochi.<ref name="cbsskjellerup">{{cite news |last=Montopoli |first=Brian |title=Olympic hopeful plants to defy anti-gay Russian laws |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57596532/gay-olympic-hopeful-plans-to-defy-anti-gay-russian-laws/ |publisher=CBS News |date=1 August 2013 }}</ref> Skjellerup said that he does not support a boycott of the Sochi Olympics because he and other athletes have worked so hard to compete at the Games. However, he said strongly opposes the anti-gay propaganda law: "I don't think anybody should be persecuted".<ref name="cbsskjellerup"/> |
||
* American [[basketball]] player [[John Amaechi]] said that the Winter Olympics "shouldn't even be in Russia" but a boycott of the Games isn't practical as it would hurt the athletes.<ref name="Amaechi">"{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Scott |title=Former NBA player John Amaechi: 'The Winter Olympics shouldn't even be in Russia' |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/08/15/former-nba-player-john-amaechi-the-winter-olympics-shouldnt-even-be-in-russia/ |newspaper=[[PinkNews]] |date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> |
* American [[basketball]] player [[John Amaechi]] said that the Winter Olympics "shouldn't even be in Russia" but a boycott of the Games isn't practical as it would hurt the athletes.<ref name="Amaechi">"{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Scott |title=Former NBA player John Amaechi: 'The Winter Olympics shouldn't even be in Russia' |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/08/15/former-nba-player-john-amaechi-the-winter-olympics-shouldnt-even-be-in-russia/ |newspaper=[[PinkNews]] |date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> |
||
Line 178: | Line 178: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| Equal age of consent |
| Equal age of consent |
||
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (since 1993<ref group=note>The age of consent for homosexual acts was never specifically mentioned in the old ''Criminal Code of [[RSFSR]]'', which was replaced with the new [[Criminal Code of Russia]] in 1996, and this new Code mentions the age of consent regardless of sexual orientation (although harsher penalties applies in case of an illicit same-sexual intercourse with a person younger than 16) in [http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1697/file/0cc1acff8241216090943e97d5b4.htm/preview Article 134].</ref>) |
| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (since 1993<ref group=note>The age of consent for homosexual acts was never specifically mentioned in the old ''Criminal Code of [[RSFSR]]'', which was replaced with the new [[Criminal Code of Russia]] in 1996, and this new Code mentions the age of consent regardless of sexual orientation (although harsher penalties applies in case of an illicit same-sexual intercourse with a person younger than 16) in [http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1697/file/0cc1acff8241216090943e97d5b4.htm/preview Article 134] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215102618/http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1697/file/0cc1acff8241216090943e97d5b4.htm/preview |date=15 February 2010 }}.</ref>) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Freedom of expression |
| Freedom of expression |
||
Line 260: | Line 260: | ||
== External links == |
== External links == |
||
{{Commons category|LGBT in Russia}} |
{{Commons category|LGBT in Russia}} |
||
* [http://www.gayrussia.eu/ LGBT Human Rights Project GayRussia.Ru (en)(ru)] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314172817/http://www.gayrussia.eu/ LGBT Human Rights Project GayRussia.Ru (en)(ru)] |
||
* [http://www.gay.ru/ Russian National Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual Website (ru)] |
* [http://www.gay.ru/ Russian National Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual Website (ru)] |
||
* [http://old.exile.ru/2007-June-15/russophobe_homo.html Is HOMO what OMON sees in the mirror? – The eXile (en)] |
* [http://old.exile.ru/2007-June-15/russophobe_homo.html Is HOMO what OMON sees in the mirror? – The eXile (en)] |
Revision as of 21:26, 4 May 2017
![]() Russia | |
Status | Decriminalised in 1917; Re-criminalised in 1933; Legal since 1993[1] Age of consent stands at 16 since 2003 |
Gender identity | Legal gender change since 1997[note 1] |
Military | Non-official policy "Don't ask, don't tell" since 2003[2][3] |
Discrimination protections | None |
Family rights | |
Recognition of relationships | No recognition of same-sex relationships |
Restrictions | Article 12 of Family Code de facto states that marriage is a union of a man and a woman |
Adoption | No legal restrictions to adopt by a single person[note 2] |
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in the Russian Federation face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT persons. Although same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults in private was decriminalized in 1993,[1] same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples and there are currently no laws prohibiting discrimination regarding sexual orientation. Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender following sex reassignment surgery, however, there are currently no laws prohibiting discrimination regarding gender identity or expression and recent laws could discriminate against transgender residents.[citation needed] Homosexuality has been declassified as a mental illness since 1999 and although gays and lesbians are allowed to serve openly in the military, there is an unofficial "Don’t ask, don’t tell" policy.[citation needed]
Russia has been viewed as being socially conservative regarding homosexuality, with recent polls indicating that a majority of Russians are against the acceptance of homosexuality and have shown support for laws discriminating against homosexuals.[citation needed] Despite receiving international criticism for the recent increase in social discrimination, crimes, and violence against homosexuals, larger cities such as Moscow[4] and Saint Petersburg[5] have been said to have a thriving LGBT community. However, there has been a historic resistance to gay pride parades by local governments; despite being fined by the European Court of Human Rights in 2010 for interpreting it as discrimination, the city of Moscow denied 100 individual requests for permission to hold Moscow Pride through 2012, citing a risk of violence against participants.
In the 21st century, Russia began to receive worldwide attention for their legal treatment of LGBT citizens, which has been referred to as one of the worst human rights violations in the post-Soviet era. Since 2006, numerous regions in Russia have enacted varying laws restricting the distribution of materials promoting LGBT relationships to minors; in June 2013, a federal law criminalizing the distribution of materials among minors in support of "non-traditional" sexual relationships, was enacted as an amendment to an existing child protection law.[6] The law has resulted in the numerous arrests of Russian LGBT citizens publicly opposing the law and there has reportedly been a surge of homophobic propaganda, violence, and even hate crimes, many of whom use the law as justification.[citation needed] It has received international criticism from human rights observers, LGBT activists, and media outlets and has been viewed as de facto means of criminalizing LGBT culture.[7] Russian historian and human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva has called it "a step toward the Middle Ages."[7] In January 2016, the State Duma rejected a proposal by the Communist Party to punish people who publicly express their homosexuality with fines and arrests.[8]
History
Current situation
- The age of consent currently stands at 16 since 2003, regardless of sexual orientation.
- Transsexual and transgender people can change their legal gender after corresponding medical procedures since 1997.[note 1]
- Homosexuality was officially removed from the Russian list of mental illnesses in 1999 (after endorsement of ICD-10).
- As far as adoptions of children: Single persons living within Russia, regardless of their sexual orientation, can adopt children. Russian children can be adopted by a single homosexual who lives in a foreign country provided that country does not recognize same-sex marriage.[9] A couple can adopt children together, as a couple, only if they are a married heterosexual couple.
Anti-gay sentiment in Russia: Public opinion in Russia tends to be among the most hostile toward homosexuality in the world—outside predominantly Muslim countries and some parts of Africa and Asia—and the level of intolerance has been rising.[10] A 2013 survey found that 74% of Russians said homosexuality should not be accepted by society (up from 60% in 2002), compared to 16% who said that homosexuality should be accepted by society.[11] In a 2007 survey, 68% of Russians said homosexuality is always wrong (54%) or almost always wrong (14%).[12] In a 2005 poll, 44% of Russians were in favor of making homosexual acts between consenting adults a criminal act;[13] at the same time, 43% of Russians supported a legal ban on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.[13] In 2013, 16% of Russians surveyed said that gay people should be isolated from society, 22% said they should be forced to undergo treatment, and 5% said homosexuals should be "liquidated".[14] In Russian psychiatry, Soviet mentality about homosexuality has endured into the present day.[15] For instance, in spite of the removal of homosexuality from the nomenclature of mental disorders, 62.5% of 450 surveyed psychiatrists in the Rostov Region view it as an illness, and up to three quarters view it as immoral behavior.[15] The psychiatrists sustain the objections to pride parades and the use of veiled schemes to lay off openly lesbian and gay persons from schools, child care centers, and other public institutions.[15] A Russian motorcycle club called the Night Wolves, which is closely associated with Russian President Vladimir Putin and which suggests "Death to faggots" as an alternate name for itself,[16] organized a large Anti-Maidan rally in February 2015 at which a popular slogan was "We don't need Western ideology and gay parades!"[17]
Same-sex marriage: Neither same-sex marriages nor civil unions of same-sex couples are allowed in Russia. In July 2013, Patriarch Kirill, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, of which approximately 41% of Russians are adherents,[18] said that the idea of same-sex marriage was "a very dangerous sign of the Apocalypse".[19] At a 2011 press conference, the head of the Moscow Registry Office, Irina Muravyova, declared: "Attempts by same-sex couples to marry both in Moscow and elsewhere in Russia are doomed to fail. We live in a civil society, we are guided by the federal law, [and] by the Constitution that clearly says: marriage in Russia is between a man and a woman. Such a marriage [same-sex] cannot be contracted in Russia."[20] The vast majority of the Russian public are also against same-sex marriage.[13][21]
Military service: According to reporting in Pravda.ru, in the past some young Russians would claim they were gay as a pretense to avoid military service duty.[22] The Major-General of the Medical Service attempted to change that in 2003 when he announced that under a new statute, homosexuality would not be a justification for exclusion from military service: "The issue of a person's homosexuality is not medical. There is no such diagnosis as homosexuality in medicine. There is no such illness in the classification of [the] World Health Organization. The new statute about military and medical expertise follows international law practice. Therefore the reasons for evaluating the ability to serve for homosexuals are the same: physical and mental health".[22] However, he added that people of non-standard sexual orientation should not reveal their sexual orientation while serving in the army because "other soldiers are not going to like that, they can be beaten".[22] President Vladimir Putin said in a U.S. television interview in 2010 that openly gay men were not excluded from military service in Russia.[23] In 2013, it was reported that the Defense Ministry had issued a guideline on assessment of new recruits' mental health that recommends recruits be asked about their sexual history and be examined for certain types of tattoos, especially genital or buttocks tattoos, that would allegedly indicate a homosexual orientation.[23][24]
Visibility of LGBT organizations & services: There is a visible LGBT community network, mostly in major cities like Moscow and Saint Petersburg, including nightclubs and political organizations.[citation needed]
Gay pride events: There have been notable objections to the organization of gay pride parades in several Russian cities, most prominently Moscow, where authorities have never approved a request to hold a gay pride rally.[25] Former Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov supported the city's refusal to authorize the first two editions of Nikolay Alexeyev's Moscow Pride events, calling them as "satanic". The events still went on as planned, in defiance of their lack of authorization.[26][27] In 2010, Russia was fined by the European Court of Human Rights, ruling that, as alleged by Alexeyev, Russian cities were discriminating against gays by refusing to authorize pride parades.. Although authorities had claimed allowing pride events to be held would pose a risk of violence, the Court ruled that their decisions "effectively approved of and supported groups who had called for [their] disruption."[28] In August 2012, contravening the previous ruling, the Moscow City Court upheld a ruling blocking requests by the organizers of Moscow Pride for authorization to hold the parade yearly through 2112, citing the possibility of public disorder and a lack of support for such events by residents of Moscow.[29][30][31][32]
- Chechnya
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017) |
It has been reported that authorities in Chechnya have been arresting and torturing men suspected to be gay. Over 100 men have been arrested and tortured in secret detention facilities that some human rights groups charge to be concentration camps. Prisoners are being starved, electroshocked, beaten, and sometimes beaten to death. Detainees are being held for ransom. Prisoners are being forced to reveal who else is gay. News reports are saying that at least three men have been killed, but the number killed may be as many as twenty. The Chechen authorities are denying this and are denying that LGBT people exist, saying, "You cannot arrest or repress people who just don’t exist in the republic."[33][34][35][36][37]
Public opinion
Russia has traditionally been socially conservative on LGBT rights, with 2013 polls indicating a large majority of Russians oppose legal recognition of same-sex marriage and support laws discriminating against LGBT people.[39][40]
Employment discrimination
Anton Krasovsky, a television news anchor at government-run KontrTV, was immediately fired[41] from his job in January 2013 when he announced during a live broadcast that he is gay and disgusted by the national anti-gay "propaganda" legislation that had been proposed although had not yet passed.[19][42]
In September 2013, a Khabarovsk teacher and gay rights activist, Alexandr Yermoshkin, was fired from his two jobs as school teacher and university researcher.[43] A week earlier, he had been attacked by members of a local neo-nazi group "Shtolz Khabarovsk".[44] A homophobic activist group called "Movement against the propaganda of sexual perversions" had campaigned for his dismissal.[45]
Viewpoints of political parties
The federal law banning of LGBT propaganda among minors was passed unanimously by the Russian Duma; as the bill amended an existing child protection law, it is difficult to know whether or not all of the MPs, and their respective political parties, supported every aspect of the bill or not. A few political parties without members in the Duma, have expressed some, limited support for LGBT rights.
Yabloko is a member of the Liberal International, and has organized public demonstrations against intolerance under the banner of building a "Russia without pogroms."[46]
The Libertarian Party of Russia, formed in 2007, has objected to the government ban on "gay propaganda" as a violation of people's right to freedom of speech.[47]
In 2016, two openly gay men ran for seats in the Russian duma. While they admit that they probably will not win a seat, they are supported by a liberal coalition. They are also probably the first openly gay candidates to run for seats in the Russian parliament [4].
Hate crimes
Unlike in many western nations, LGBT persons in Russia are not protected by specific legal protections. Violent criminal acts carried out against these persons are prosecuted as criminal offenses under Russian law, but the fact that these crimes are motivated by the sexual orientation or gender identity of the victim is not considered an aggravating factor when the court determines the sentence. Among the more vicious crimes that would qualify as hate crimes outside of Russia and are reported in the press would include the following;
- On 9 May 2013, after Victory Day parades in Volgograd, the body of a 23-year-old man was found tortured and murdered by three males who stated anti-homosexual motivations, even though family and friends state the victim had no behavior inclination.[48]
- On 29 May 2013, the body of 38-year-old deputy director of Kamchatka airport Oleg Serdyuk (rus: Олег Сердюк) was found in his burned out car, having been beaten and stabbed the previous day.[49] Local authorities said the murder was motivated by homophobia.[50] Three suspects (who were local residents) were tried and sentenced to prison terms of 9 to 12 years.[51]
- From October 2013 – February 2014, anti-gay attacks targeting the LGBT community in Moscow were reported at Russia’s largest gay nightclub Central Station, including gunfire and gas attacks. Several attacks and victim responses were documented in an ABC News Nightline special "Moscow is Burning".[52][53] Several employees subsequently left the country.[54]
Transgender issues
In Tsarist Russia, young women would sometimes pose as men or act like tomboys. This was often tolerated among the educated middle classes, with the assumption that such behavior was asexual and would stop when the girl married.[55] However, cross-dressing was widely seen as sexually immoral behavior, punishable by God promoted through the Church and later criminalized by the government.[55]
In Soviet Russia, sex reassignment surgeries were first tried during the 1920s[citation needed] but became prohibited until the 1960s. Later they were performed by Prof. Irina Golubeva, an endocrinologist, authorized by psychiatrist Prof. Aron Belkin, who was the strongest Soviet advocate for transgender people until his death in 2003.[55]
On 29 December 2014, Russia passed a road safety law, allowing the government to deny driver's licenses to people with several classes of mental disorders according to ICD-10.[56] Class "F60-69 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour" includes "F64 Transsexualism"[57] Russian and foreign critics perceived the law as a ban on transgender drivers: Yelena Masyuk questioned the relevance of a person's transgender identity in regards to their ability to drive.[58][59] On 14 January 2015, Russia's Health Ministry clarified the law, stating that it would only deny licenses to those with disorders that would impair their ability to drive safely, and explicitly stated that one's sexual orientation would not be considered a factor under the law, as it is not considered a psychiatric disorder.[60] The World Health Organization also stated that it planned to review its list of "sexual disorders" to account for modern developments.
Propaganda bans
![]() |
Federal laws passed on 29 June 2013 ban the distribution of "propaganda" to minors which promotes "non-traditional sexual relationships".[61] Critics contend the law makes illegal holding any sort of public demonstration in favour of gay rights, speak in defence of LGBT rights, and distribute material related to LGBT culture, or to state that same-sex relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships.[62][63][64][65] Additionally the laws have received international condemnation from human rights campaigners, and media outlets that even displays of LGBT symbols, such as the rainbow flag, have resulted in arrests, and incited homophobic violence, like is documented in the Channel 4 documentary Hunted which followed anti-gay groups as they lured young gay men into traps where they were humiliated, with the footage later posted online.[6]
Regional laws
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg/420px-Legislative_bans_on_%22propaganda%22_of_LGBT_in_Russian_regions.svg.png)
Between 2006 and 2013, ten regions enacted a ban on "propaganda of homosexualism" among minors. The laws of nine of them prescribe punishments of administrative sanctions and/or fines. The laws in some of the regions also forbid so-called "propaganda of bisexualism and transgenderism" to minors. As of May 2013 the regions that had enacted these various laws, and the years in which they had passed the laws, included: Ryazan Oblast (2006), Arkhangelsk Oblast (2011), Saint Petersburg (2012), Kostroma Oblast (2012), Magadan Oblast (2012), Novosibirsk Oblast (2012), Krasnodar Krai (2012), Samara Oblast (2012), Bashkortostan (2012),[note 3] and Kaliningrad Oblast (February 2013).[note 4] Then, Arkhangelsk (2013) and Saint Peterburg (2014) removed the law.
National laws
In June 2013 the national parliament (the State Duma) unanimously adopted, and President Vladimir Putin signed,[66] a nationwide law banning distribution of materials promoting LGBT relationships among minors.[7][61][67][68][69] The law does not explicitly mention the word "homosexuality", but instead uses the euphemism "non-traditional sexual relationships".[7][70] Under the statute it is effectively illegal to perform any of the following in the presence of minors: hold gay pride events, speak in favor of gay rights, or say that gay relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships.[7][65][67][68][69]
The law subjects Russian citizens found guilty to fines of up to 5,000 rubles and public officials to fines of up to 50,000 rubles.[71] Organizations or businesses will be fined up to 1 million rubles and be forced to cease operations for up to 90 days. Foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, as well as fined up to 100,000 rubles. Russian citizens who have used the Internet or media to promote "non-traditional relations" will be fined up to 100,000 rubles.[7]
The statute amended a law that is said to protect children from pornography and other "harmful information".[66] One of the authors of the statute, Yelena Mizulina, who is the chair of the Duma's Committee on Family, Women, and Children and who has been described by some as a moral crusader,[72][73][74] told lawmakers as the bill was being considered, "Traditional sexual relations are relations between a man and a woman.... These relations need special protection".[65] Mizulina argued that a recent poll had shown 88% of the public were in support of the bill.[75]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%92.%D0%92._%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg)
Commenting on the bill prior to its passage, President Putin said, during a visit to Amsterdam in April 2013, "I want everyone to understand that in Russia there are no infringements on sexual minorities' rights. They're people, just like everyone else, and they enjoy full rights and freedoms".[70] He went on to say that he fully intended to sign the bill because the Russian people demanded it.[65] As he put it, "Can you imagine an organization promoting pedophilia in Russia? I think people in many Russian regions would have started to take up arms.... The same is true for sexual minorities: I can hardly imagine same-sex marriages being allowed in Chechnya. Can you imagine it? It would have resulted in human casualties."[65] Putin also mentioned that he was concerned about Russia's low birth-rate and that same-sex relationships do not produce children.[66]
Critics say that the statute is written so broadly that it is in effect a complete ban on the gay rights movement and any public expression of LGBT culture.[19][65][70]
In July 2013, four Dutch tourists were arrested for allegedly discussing gay rights with Russian youths. The four were arrested for allegedly spreading "propaganda of nontraditional relationships among the under-aged" after talking to teens at a camp in the northern city of Murmansk.[76]
Domestic reactions
According to a survey conducted in June 2013 by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM), at least 90% of those surveyed were in favor of the law.[19][77]
Some of Russia's biggest stars, including Dima Bilan, Philipp Kirkorov and Nikolay Baskov, voiced their opposition to the laws. Other stars such as Valeriya support the anti-gay laws.[78] In February 2012, the feminist protest band Pussy Riot put on a controversial performance within Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior to protest the Orthodox Church's political support of President Vladimir Putin, which included his stance on LGBT rights in Russia. Weeks after the performance, three members of the band were arrested and charged with "hooliganism motivated by religious hatred", which then sparked a global protest movement against the trio's arrest.[79]
Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko, responding to questions raised in the international community about the implications of the new law on the upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics Games in Sochi said the controversy over Russia's anti-gay propaganda law is an "invented problem" created by the Western media[80] and that the law does not discriminate against anyone.[81] He said that the law is intended to protect the right of children, whose young minds are still developing, from being exposed to propaganda about non-traditional sexual relationships, in the same way that children should be protected from messages promoting alcoholism and drug abuse.[81] He also said that the rights of all Olympic athletes, organisers, and visitors in Sochi would be respected. "An athlete of non-traditional sexual orientation isn't banned from coming to Sochi. But if he goes out into the streets and starts to propagandize, then of course he will be held accountable".[82]
The screenplay writer, Yuri Arabov, who is working on a new biopic of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky due to be released in 2015, has claimed that "it is far from a fact that Tchaikovsky was a homosexual," this is held in tension with the majority of scholars that acknowledge Tchaikovsky was definitely homosexual.[83] He further added that he would "not sign my name to a film that advertises homosexuality".[83] The film has been given Russian government funding, and Arabov's claim has been reinforced by Russia's culture minister, Vladimir Medinsky, who when questioned on the issue claimed: "Arabov is actually right – there is no evidence that Tchaikovsky was a homosexual."[84] Scholars have pointed out that Tchaikovsky's homosexuality is in fact extensively documented in the composer's personal papers and correspondence.[84][85] There has been speculation in the Western press that the removal of all evidence of Tchaikovsky's homosexuality in the film – promoted by its director Kirill Serebrennikov as "the true story of the tragic love and death of the brilliant Russian composer" - is in response to Russia's anti-gay propaganda law.[83][84][85][86][note 5] Russian human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva described the passing of the law as "a step toward the Middle Ages."[7]
On 12 October 2013 a demonstration was organised by 15 to 20 LGBT rights activists in Russia's second largest city Saint Petersburg against the new law banning "homosexual propaganda" on the day after the National Coming Out Day.[87][88] The demonstration was blocked by far-right groups, such as radical Orthodox Christians, Cossack paramilitaries and nationalists.[89] After a fight broke out between the groups, the police arrested 67 people from the two opposing groups.[89]
Political parties in Russia have generally been reluctant to oppose this or other discriminatory policies against the LGBT community due to prevailing public opinion and the fact that the current laws effectively criminalize public support for LGBT-rights. Only a handful of small political parties have expressed any support for LGBT-rights.
The Libertarian Party of Russia sees the ban on "promoting" homosexuality as a violation of the right to the freedom of speech and expression.
International reactions and boycott
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg/300px-Russian_Embassy_in_Helsinki%2C_LGBT_pavement.jpg)
International human rights organisations and the governments of developed democracies around the world have strongly condemned this Russian law.[90][91][92][93] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has condemned this Russian statute and another similar one in Moldova (which was later repealed) as discriminatory and has made clear that the Russian statute in question is a violation of international human rights law, including the right of gay children to receive proper information.[94][95][96][97][98] The European Parliament has condemned Russia for homophobic discrimination and censorship[99] and the Council of Europe has called on Russia to protect LGBT rights properly.[100] The European Court of Human Rights had previously fined Russia for other infringements of LGBT rights.[101] In 2012 the UN Human Rights Committee ruled that a similar statute in the Russia's Ryazan Region was discriminatory, infringed on freedom of expression, and was inadmissible under international law—a Russian court in Ryazan later agreed and struck it down.[102][103] Some members of the gay community commenced a boycott of Russian goods, particularly Russian vodka.[104] Notable individuals have also responded to that ban.
Many Western celebrities and activists are openly opposed to the law and have encouraged a boycott of Russian products—notably Russian vodka—as well as a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, which were scheduled to be held in Sochi, unless the Games were relocated out of Russia.[105][106][107][108] The boycott against Stolichnaya vodka was called off after the owners publicly explained they were not a Russian company after all, were supporters of the LGBT community, and were opposed to the anti-gay laws. Also a game to dress up Putin as a gay man was released during Sochi's Olympics to support the LGBT community and reached more than 500,000 players.[109][110] Tying into the international spotlight of the February 2014 Olympic games, months of protests took place before the Games, with many campaigns targeted at the worldwide Olympic sponsors.
Political figures
United States President Barack Obama said that while he did not favour boycotting the Sochi Olympics over the law, "Nobody's more offended than me about some of the anti-gay and lesbian legislation that you've been seeing in Russia".[111] Obama subsequently, in September 2013, met with Russian gay rights activists during a visit to St. Petersburg to attend a meeting of the G-20 nations' leaders. Obama said that he was proud of the work the activists were doing. His aides had said that Obama's opposition to the anti-gay propaganda law was one reason Obama had canceled a meeting previously planned to have been held with Russian President Putin during the trip.[111]
The law was also condemned by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and German cabinet secretaries,[112] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[113] Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr,[114] as well as Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird.[115]
Celebrities
- In 2013, pop singer Madonna, during a concert in St. Petersburg, denounced a newly enacted local law banning homosexual "propaganda". She told the audience, "I am here to say that the gay community and gay people here and all around the world have the same rights – to be treated with dignity, with respect, with tolerance, with compassion, with love".[116] In a Facebook posting, she had called the law a "ridiculous atrocity".[117] Conservative groups filed a lawsuit against her seeking the equivalent of nearly $11 million, arguing that her performance would hurt Russia's birthrate and, as a result, the nation's ability to adequately maintain its army.[116] One of the claimants said at the trial that although Madonna had "brutally violated" the city's laws, the precedent of the lawsuit would ensure that in the future "any artist coming to our city will know now what laws exist".[116] The day the case was heard, a member of the Russian parliament said that the singer Lady Gaga, who was due to perform in St. Petersburg the following month, should be banned from performing the song "Born This Way" during her Born This Way concert tour stop in Russia.[118] The case against Madonna was dismissed by the presiding judge.[118][119]
- British actress Tilda Swinton tweeted a picture of herself with a rainbow flag with Moscow in background, adding in comment: "In solidarity. From Russia with love".[120]
- Polish singer and Eurovision Song Contest 2010 contestant Marcin Mroziński cancelled his concert in Russia due to the worsening situation of the LGBT community.[121]
- American singer Lady Gaga condemned the Russian government for its increasingly anti-gay policies in August 2013.[122] One of the sponsors of the St. Petersburg municipal law against homosexual propaganda requested that Lady Gaga and Madonna both be investigated to see whether either had violated immigration or tax laws during their 2012 concerts in St Petersburg.[122]
- In December 2013, Elton John told fans at a Moscow concert that the laws were "inhumane and isolating" and he was "deeply saddened and shocked over the current legislation."[123] In a January 2014 interview, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke of Elton John in an attempt to show that there was no gay discrimination in Russia, stating; "Elton John – he's an extraordinary person, a distinguished musician, and millions of our people sincerely love him, regardless of his sexual orientation."[124] Elton responded by offering to introduce the President to Russians abused under Russian legislation banning "homosexual propaganda".[124]
- British actor Stephen Fry published on his website an open letter to the International Olympic Committee advocating the boycotting and relocation of the 2014 Winter Olympics, scheduled to be held in Sochi.[107]
- Several prominent entertainers, including Stephen Fry,[125] American television talk-show host and comedian Jay Leno,[19] American actor and playwright Harvey Fierstein,[126] and American author and gay-rights activist Dan Savage,[126] drew parallels between the treatment of LGBT people in Russia and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany in the years leading up to The Holocaust. Fierstein, who is Jewish, wrote in a July 2013 op-ed article in The New York Times:
- In 1936 the world attended the Olympics in Germany. Few participants said a word about Hitler's campaign against the Jews. Supporters of that decision point proudly to the triumph of Jesse Owens, while I point with dread to the Holocaust and world war. There is a price for tolerating intolerance.[127]
- American actor Wentworth Miller announced he would boycott the St. Petersburg International Film Festival.[128]
- According to Dagbladet, Norwegians Trine Skei Grande and Johann Olav Koss were in support of protests during the Olympic Games in Sochi.[129]
- On 7 February 2014, American new wave band Blondie posted a picture on the social media websites Twitter and Facebook of an offer to perform live at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi with the words "Pass. Human rights" written on top of it in black ink.[130][131] Lead singer Debbie Harry later commented on this saying she wouldn't "feel good participating in a situation where biases and prejudices are paramount."[132]
- American singer and actress Cher was offered to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics but refused because of Russia's anti-gay laws.[133]
- English singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding declined an offer to perform at the 2014 Winter Olympics in protest to the anti-gay laws.[134]
- English singer-songwriter Sam Smith told in an interview with the Rolling Stone that "[he] will never go to Russia because what they do there to gay people makes [him] sick".
Athletes
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013) |
- In 2013 Swedish Olympic athlete Emma Green Tregaro painted her nails in the rainbow flag colours during the 2013 World Championships in Moscow as an act of defiance against Russia's recent ban on "gay propaganda".[69][135] Legendary Russian Olympic athlete Yelena Isinbayeva condemned Tregaro's action at a press conference, but later said she had been misunderstood due to her poor English.[136][137]
- New Zealand Olympic speedskater Blake Skjellerup announced his intention of wearing a rainbow-coloured gay-pride pin from the 2012 Olympic Games when he competes at the 2014 Games in Sochi.[138] Skjellerup said that he does not support a boycott of the Sochi Olympics because he and other athletes have worked so hard to compete at the Games. However, he said strongly opposes the anti-gay propaganda law: "I don't think anybody should be persecuted".[138]
- American basketball player John Amaechi said that the Winter Olympics "shouldn't even be in Russia" but a boycott of the Games isn't practical as it would hurt the athletes.[139]
Others
- On 21 August 2013 Dagbladet reported that the painting over of pedestrian crossing markings near Russia's embassy in Oslo—in the rainbow colors—was a "mild" protest.[140] Furthermore, the same form of protest appeared in Stockholm earlier in the same month and in Helsinki during September.[141][142]
- In September 2013, same-sex "kiss-in's" were held in 50 cities worldwide in protest against Russia's anti-gay laws.[143]
Summary table
Notes | |
---|---|
Same-sex sexual activity legal | ![]() |
Equal age of consent | ![]() |
Freedom of expression | ![]() |
Anti-discrimination laws in employment | ![]() |
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services | ![]() |
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (including indirect discrimination, hate speech) | ![]() |
Same-sex marriage(s) | ![]() |
Recognition of same-sex couples | ![]() |
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples | ![]() |
Adoption by single homosexuals in Russia or (in case of Russian children) in foreign countries that do not recognise same-sex marriage | ![]() |
Adoption of Russian children by single homosexuals or same-sex couples in foreign countries that do recognise same-sex marriage | ![]() |
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples | ![]() |
Joint adoption by same-sex couples | ![]() |
Conversion therapy banned on minors | ![]() |
Gays allowed to serve openly in the military | ![]() |
Right to change legal gender | ![]() |
MSM allowed to donate blood | ![]() |
See also
- Anti-LGBT rhetoric
- Human rights in Russia
- List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-gay hate groups
- LGBT culture in Russia
- LGBT history in Russia
- LGBT rights in Chechnya
- LGBT Human Rights Project Gayrussia.ru
- LGBT rights protests surrounding the 2014 Winter Olympics
- Moscow Helsinki Watch Group
- Nikolay Alexeyev
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia
- Think of the children
- Vitaly Milonov
Notes
- ^ a b c The Federal Law On Acts of Civil Status (1997) provides for the possibility to rectify acts of civil status based on the document confirming sex transformation issued by a health institution (art.70). Also, transgender people can change their passport on the grounds of sex transformation. See the Administrative Legislation section of the Russian LGBT Network 2009 Report.
- ^ a b Adoption is being regulated by the Civil Procedure Code of Russia (Chapter 29[dead link]); Family Code of Russia (Chapter 19[dead link]); Federal Law On Acts of Civil Status (Chapter V[dead link]). None of these documents contain any direct restriction or ban for homosexual people to adopt, though unmarried couples are not allowed to adopt children (Article 127.2 of the Family Code of Russia), and since same-sex marriage is not officially recognized, gay couples cannot adopt children together; nevertheless, single individuals can adopt (see also the Parent Relations section of the Russian LGBT Network 2009 Report). The Court makes the decision to allow or deny adoption considering many documents and testimonies, so it is unclear whether LGBT affiliation of the candidate adopter can be in fact an issue for a judge to make a negative decision.
- ^ Bashkortostan is the only region where the law does not include any kind of administrative sanctions or fines.
- ^ Kaliningrad Oblast's measure bans "propaganda of homosexualism" not only among minors, but among the population in general.
- ^ The Guardian reported that late in 2012 the director Kirill Serebrennikov had admitted to the cinema website KinoPoisk that he was having trouble finding funding due to officials' concerns about the composer's homosexuality.
- ^ The age of consent for homosexual acts was never specifically mentioned in the old Criminal Code of RSFSR, which was replaced with the new Criminal Code of Russia in 1996, and this new Code mentions the age of consent regardless of sexual orientation (although harsher penalties applies in case of an illicit same-sexual intercourse with a person younger than 16) in Article 134 Archived 15 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
References
- ^ a b "Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 29 February 2000. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ a b "Gays are not Willingly Accepted in the Russian Army". english.pravda.ru. 1 December 2003. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ a b "New Soldiers Face Gay Tattoo Check". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ "Gay in Putin's Moscow: why the city is pinker than you think". The Guardian. 13 June 2015.
- ^ "Inside the gay club scene in St Petersburg, Russia". Daily Xtra. 31 May 2014.
- ^ a b Paul Gallagher; Vanessa Thorpe (2 February 2014). "Shocking footage of anti-gay groups". Irish Independent. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Elder, Miriam (11 June 2013). "Russia passes law banning gay 'propaganda'". The Guardian.
- ^ "Russian Duma Rejects Bill Criminalizing Gay 'Coming Out'". Radio Free Europe. 19 February 2016.
- ^ a b "Russia's Putin signs law limiting adoption by gays". USA Today. The Associated Press. 3 July 2013.
- ^ Morello, Carol (4 June 2013). "Acceptance of gays in society varies widely". Washington Post.
- ^ "The global divide on homosexuality: greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries". Pew Research Global Attitudes Project. 4 June 2013.
- ^ Smith, Tom W. (April 2011). "Cross-national differences in attitudes toward homosexuality" (PDF). Charles R. Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation (UCLA Law School).
- ^ a b c "Public opinion poll: Majority of Russians oppose gay marriages and a gay President but support ban on sexual orientation discrimination". Gayrussia.ru. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ "87% of Russians oppose gay parades". The Moscow Times. 12 March 2013.
- ^ a b c Savenko, Yuri; Perekhov, Alexei (13 February 2014). "The State of Psychiatry in Russia". Psychiatric Times.
- ^ Walker, Shaun (15 January 2015). "Patriotic group formed to defend Russia against pro-democracy protesters". The Guardian.
- ^ "Thousands take part in 'Anti-Maidan' protest in Moscow against uprising in Ukraine". Telegraph.co.uk. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
- ^ a b c d e Herszenhorn, David M. (11 August 2013). "Gays in Russia find no haven, despite support from the West". The New York Times.
- ^ "Same-sex marriages not allowed in Russia – Moscow registrar". Interfax-Religion. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Nixed By Russians". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 17 February 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ a b c "Gays are not willingly accepted in the Russian army". Pravda.ru. 1 December 2003.
- ^ a b "Russian army put on alert for tell-tale tattoos". BBC News. 25 January 2013.
- ^ Spinella, Peter (25 January 2013). "New soldiers face gay tattoo check". Moscow Times.
- ^ "Moscow says No to May 25 gay pride parade". RIA Novosti. 15 May 2013.
- ^ "Moscow bans 'satanic' gay parade". BBC News. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ "Gay Pride parade 'satanic': mayor". Sydney Morning Herald. 30 January 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ "European court fines Russia for banning gay parades". BBC News. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- ^ "European court fines Russia for banning gay parades". BBC News. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
- ^ "Gay parades banned in Moscow for 100 years". BBC. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Clemons, Steve (8 June 2012). "Not The Onion: Moscow Bans Gay Pride for Next 100 years". The Atlantic. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ^ "Moscow bans gay pride for century ahead". Russia Today. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/pleas-help-gay-men-chechnya-rise-russian-group-says-n745646
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2017/04/12/world/europe/12reuters-russia-lgbt-protest.html?_r=0
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/04/11/chechnya-accused-detaining-torturing-dozens-gay-men/
- ^ http://www.advocate.com/world/2017/4/10/report-chechyna-torturing-gay-men-concentration-camps
- ^ https://76crimes.com/2017/04/11/report-chechnya-opens-concentration-camps-for-homosexuals/
- ^ "Vast majority of Russians oppose gay marriage and gay pride events – poll". Levada Public Opinion Center. RT. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ Tom W. Smith (April 2011). "Cross-national Differences in Attitudes towards Homosexuality" (PDF). NORC at the University of Chicago.
- ^ David M. Herszenhorn (11 August 2013). "Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West". The New York Times.
- ^ "Connect The World: Becky Anderson interview of Anton Krasovsky". CNN. 13 August 2013.
- ^ Garcia, Michelle (14 August 2013). "Russian TV presenter comes out on air, gets fired". Advocate.com.
- ^ "Хабаровского учителя выгнали из школы и из университета за то, что он гей - Быстрый Slon". Slon.ru. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "khabarovskie_natsisty". Amurburg.ru. Retrieved 7 November 2013.[dead link]
- ^ "khabarovskie_gomofoby_". Amurburg.ru. Retrieved 7 November 2013.[dead link]
- ^ "Russian liberals march for tolerance in St. Petersburg". Liberal International. 7 November 2013.
- ^ Libertarian Party of Russia. Press Release. 23 April 2012
- ^ МК: В Волгограде отпраздновали 9 мая жестоким убийством гея, MK: In Volgograd, 9 May was celebrated by murdering a gay.
- ^ Murder in Kamchatka: homophobes or rednecks? Echo of Moscow radio station, 3 June 2013, 17:01
- ^ КП:Замдиректора камчатского аэропорта убили за то, что он был геем, KP: Deputy director of Kamchatka airport was killed because he was gay.
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/world/europe/russia-3-jailed-in-anti-gay-case.html
- ^ [1]"Russia's Largest Gay Nightclub Strives to Be a Haven Despite Horrific Attacks," 14 February 2014, Melia Patria via Nightline, ABC News
- ^ [2]"Russia's Largest Gay Club Has Shut Down," ABC News, 27 March 2014, by Melia Patria
- ^ [3]"Russian Drag Performer Builds New Life in US," ABC News, 26 June 2014, by Melia Patria
- ^ a b c Healey, Daniel (19 July 2005) [2004]. "Russia". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ "Постановление Правительства РФ от 29 декабря 2014 г. N 1604 "О перечнях медицинских противопоказаний, медицинских показаний и медицинских ограничений к управлению транспортным средством"".
- ^ "ICD-10 Version:2016".
- ^ "Russia says drivers must not have 'sex disorders'". BBC News. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ^ "Transgender people in Russia banned from driving, says legal amendment". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ "Health Ministry Says Transsexuals Can Still Drive in Russia". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ a b Российская Федерация. Федеральный закон №436-ФЗ от 24 декабря 2010 г. «О защите детей от информации, причиняющей вред их здоровью и развитию», в ред. Федерального закона №135-ФЗ от 29 июня 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 5 Федерального закона "О защите детей от информации, причиняющей вред их здоровью и развитию" и отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в целях защиты детей от информации, пропагандирующей отрицание традиционных семейных ценностей». Вступил в силу с 1 сентября 2012 года. Опубликован: Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (www.pravo.gov.ru) от 30 June 2013 г. (№ 0001201306300001), 29 декабря 2010 г.. (The Russian Federation. Federal law #436-FZ of 24 December 2010 On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development, as amended by the Federal law #135-FZ of 29 June 2013 On the introduction of amendments to Article 5 of the Federal law "On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development" and divers legislative acts of the Russian Federation aimed at protecting children from information which propagandises the rejection of traditional family values. Effective as of 1 September 2012.).
- ^ "Putin signs 'blasphemy' and 'gay propaganda' bills". The Moscow Times. 2 July 2013.
- ^ "Russia: Use Leadership to Repeal Discriminatory Propaganda Law". Human Rights Watch. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Nakamura, David (6 September 2013). "Obama meets with gay rights activists in Russia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Alpert, Lukas I. (11 June 2013). "Russia passes bill banning gay 'propaganda'". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b c Rose, Scott (1 July 2013). "Putin signs law banning gay 'propaganda' among children". Bloomberg.
- ^ a b "Госдума приняла закон о "нетрадиционных отношениях"". BBC Russia. 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "ГД приняла закон об усилении наказания за пропаганду гомосексуализма среди подростков". РБК. 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Шкель, Тамара (13 June 2013). Закон под "браво!. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
(translation) .. It is now possible to impose a fine of 50 to 100 thousand rubles for gay propaganda on the Internet.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Q&A: Gay rights in Russia". BBC News Online. 13 August 2013.
- ^ "Putin signs anti-gay bill into law". RIA Novosti. 30 June 2013.
- ^ Sonne, Paul (27 August 2013). "Parody painting of Putin in women's underwear seized in Russian raid". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Mills, Laura (10 August 2013). "Morality crusader fuels the fire". The Vancouver Sun.
- ^ Lipman, Masha (11 August 2013). "The battle over Russia's anti-gay law". The New Yorker.
- ^ Flintoff, Corey (18 June 2013). "Russian parliament may pass anti-gay law". NPR.
- ^ "Russia's Anti-Gay Laws: How a Dutch Activist Got Caught in the Crosshairs". Time. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
- ^ Weaver, Courtney (16 August 2013). "Russia gay propaganda law fuels homophobic attacks". Financial Times.
- ^ "Russian Pop Stars Chime in on 'Sodomite Propaganda'". Sputnik News. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Pussy Riot: The story so far". BBC News. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ "Russia's anti-gay law uproar an 'invented problem' – sports minister". The Guardian. 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Russia: gay relationships like drug or alcohol abuse, says sports minister – video". The Guardian. 18 August 2013.
- ^ Mills, Laura (1 August 2013). "Russia will enforce anti-gay law during Olympics". The Big Story. Associated Press.
- ^ a b c "Screenwriter Questions Whether Tchaikovsky Was Gay, Sparking Furor in Russia". The New York Times. 23 August 2013.
- ^ a b c "Tchaikovsky was not gay, says Russian culture minister". The Guardian. 18 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Sorry, Russia, but Tchaikovsky was definitely gay". The Atlantic Wire. 23 August 2013.
- ^ "Tchaikovsky's sexuality 'downplayed' in biopic under Russia's anti-gay law". The Guardian. 25 August 2013.
- ^ "Gay rights protest in St. Petersburg ends in clashes, arrests". Reuters. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ "Gay rights protest in St Petersburg ends in clashes". The Guardian. 12 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ a b "Dozens arrested in Russia as anti-gay activists harass LGBT protesters". RT. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ "G20 leaders must reject Russia's homophobic law". Amnesty International. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch blasts Olympics over growing Russian anti-gay hate". Americablog.com. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "Danish Government warns Russia over anti-gay law". PinkNews. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Andrew Potts (23 August 2013). "Australian Foreign Minister condemns Russia's "gay propaganda" ban". Gay Star News.
- ^ Andrew Potts (14 October 2013). "Moldova repeals 'gay propaganda' ban". Gay Star News.
- ^ "U.N. rights office rejects anti-gay laws of Russia, Moldava". 76 CRIMES. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "United Nations Asks Russia to Kill Anti-Gay 'Propaganda' Bill". South Florida Gay News. August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "UN rights experts advise Russian Duma to scrap bill on 'homosexuality propaganda'". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Dan Littauer (2013). "German and EU foreign ministers slam Russia on gay rights". Gay Star News. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "EU: The European Parliament has adopted a resolution condemning Russian homophobic censorship law". Secular Europe Campaign. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "Council of Europe head says Russia must protect LGBT rights". Reuters. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "European court fines Russia for banning gay parades". BBC News Online. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ "UN Human Rights Committee: "Homosexual Propaganda" Conviction Violated Freedom of Expression". International Justice Resource Center. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Jean Ann Esselink (3 October 2013). "A Russian court has struck down a Russian city's 'Gay Propaganda' law". The New Civil Rights Movement. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Dodds, Eric (5 August 2013). "The Faulty Logic of the Russian-Vodka Boycott". Time.
- ^ Smith-Spark, Laura; Black, Phil (4 August 2013). "Protests, boycott calls as anger grows over Russia anti-gay propaganda laws". CNN.
- ^ "Lady Gaga: The Russian Government is criminal in its oppression of LGBT people". PinkNews. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ a b "An Open Letter to David Cameron and the IOC". Stephen Fry. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ Crary, David; Leff, Lisa (29 July 2013). "Russia's anti-gay laws impact Olympics, vodka sales". The Huffington Post.
- ^ "Putin Gay Dress-up – Make a stand against discrimination!". Putin Gay Dressup. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Here's How You Can Make President Vladimir Putin Dress Like a Gay Dude From the Castro". SF Weekly. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b Nakamura, David (6 September 2013). "Obama meets with gay rights activists in Russia". The Washington Post.
- ^ "German ministers say Russian gay law smacks of dictatorship". Reuters. 12 August 2013.
- ^ "David Cameron rejects Stephen Fry's call for Russian Winter Olympics boycott". The Daily Telegraph. 10 August 2013.
- ^ Potts, Andrew (23 August 2013). "Australian foreign minister condemns Russia's 'gay propaganda' ban". Gay Star News.
- ^ "Harper joins controversy over Russia's anti-gay law". The Globe and Mail. 9 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Elder, Miriam (22 November 2012). "Russian court rejects complaint over Madonna gay rights comments". The Guardian.
- ^ Radia, Kirit (23 March 2012). "Madonna may be charged under St. Petersburg anti-gay law". ABC News.
- ^ a b Kramer, Andrew E. (22 November 2012). "Russian judge dismissed suit against Madonna". The New York Times.
- ^ "Russia: Lawmaker accuses Madonna and Lady Gaga of breaking visa conditions and says Russian performances were illegal". PinkNews. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ "Tilda Swinton joins protests against Russian LGBT crackdown". 76 CRIMES. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ "Rosja: polski piosenkarz rezygnuje z konkursu piosenki". Tablica (in Polish). Queer.pl. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Roberts, Scott (5 August 2013). "Lady Gaga: The Russian Government is criminal in its oppression of LGBT people". PinkNews. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Michaels, Sean (9 December 2013). "Elton John voices gay rights concerns at Moscow concert". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Elton John to Putin: I will show you gay people victimised under Russian law". The Guardian. 13 December 2014.
- ^ Gibson, Owen; Luhn, Alec (7 August 2013). "Stephen Fry calls for ban on Winter Olympics in Russia over anti-gay laws". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Brydum, Sunnivie (15 August 2013). "Harvey Fierstein, Dan Savage equate Russia to 1933 Nazi Germany". The Advocate.
- ^ Fierstein, Harvey (21 July 2013). "Russia's anti-gay crackdown". The New York Times.
- ^ "Prison Break-stjerne ut av skapet i protest mot russisk homolov". Kjendis.no. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ kl.16:31 (28 August 2013). "Heiberg vil ikke kommentere Skei Grandes diktator-utspill". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Blondie – Timeline Photos". Facebook. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Blondie [@BlondieOfficial] (7 February 2014). "#pass4humanrights #Sochi2014" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 August 2015 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Blondie snubs Sochi Olympics over Russia's 'biases and prejudices'". The Independent. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Sean Michaels. "Cher: I won't play Winter Olympics due to Russia's anti-gay laws". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Ellie Goulding boycotts Putin over anti-gay laws". The Independent. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Rainbow nail varnish could get Swedish athlete imprisoned". Channel 4 News. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
Self-expression or gay propaganda? How a Swedish athlete at the Moscow World Championships could be imprisoned for her nail varnish.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Luhn, Alec (15 August 2013). "Isinbayeva says Green Tregaro's gesture was disrespectful to Russia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Olympics: Isinbayeva says 'misunderstood' over anti-gay remarks". GlobalPost. Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
Russian pole vault legend Yelena Isinbayeva attempted Friday to play down the furore provoked by her anti-gay remarks, saying she was "misunderstood" and opposed to discrimination against homosexuals.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Montopoli, Brian (1 August 2013). "Olympic hopeful plants to defy anti-gay Russian laws". CBS News.
- ^ "Roberts, Scott (13 August 2013). "Former NBA player John Amaechi: 'The Winter Olympics shouldn't even be in Russia'". PinkNews.
- ^ Arnhild Aass Kristiansen (21 August 2013). "Fotgjengerfeltet ved den russiske ambassaden malt i regnbuefargene". Dagbladet. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Kristjan Molstad; Mona W. Claussen; Olav Eggesvik (21 August 2013). "Regnbueprotest utenfor Russlands ambassade i Oslo". Osloby.no. Aftenposten. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Rainbow zebra crossing protest at Russian embassy". Yle. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
- ^ Shingler, Benjamin (8 September 2013). "'Kiss-in' rallies across globe protest Russia's anti-gay laws". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ "Russian Health Ministry Ends Ban on Blood Donations by Gays". UK Gay News. 23 May 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Sources with multiple references
- Duberman, Martin; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George (1989). Hidden from history: reclaiming the gay and lesbian past. New York: New American Library. ISBN 978-0-453-00689-7. OCLC 19669484.
- Petrov, Igor; Kirichenko, Ksenia (5 April 2009). "Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in Russia". Report by the Moscow Helsinki Group in cooperation with the Russian LGBT Network. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|work=
Further reading
- Engle, Eric Allen (2013). "Gay Rights in Russia? Russia's Ban on Gay Pride Parades and the General Principle of Proportionality in International Law". Journal of Eurasian Law. 6 (2): 165–186. SSRN 2296803.
- Clark, F. (2014). "Discrimination against LGBT people triggers health concerns." Lancet, 383(9916), 500-502.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- LGBT Human Rights Project GayRussia.Ru (en)(ru)
- Russian National Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual Website (ru)
- Is HOMO what OMON sees in the mirror? – The eXile (en)
- LGBT History: Russia (en)
- State Duma rejected "sexual hatred" to be the reason for criminal prosecution 14 February 2004 (en)
- Bashkortostan Parliament's deputy proposes legitimating homosexual marriages 22 May 2004 (en)