Barisan Nasional: Difference between revisions
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| ideology = [[ |
| ideology = [[Ketuanan Melayu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tak/47/1/47_KJ00005849019/_pdf|title=The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]|author=Helen Ting|work=Southeast Asian Studies, [[Kyoto University]]|publisher=J-Stage|volume=47|page=3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35]|format=PDF|quote=UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-[[Malayan Union]] Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato’ [[Onn Jaafar]], once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar [[Ariffin Omar]] as “the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else”. Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the “National Front”], is multiethnic in its composition.}}</ref><ref >{{cite book|author1=Jinna Tay|author2=Graeme Turner|title=Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxU-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=24 July 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-00807-9|pages=127–}}</ref><br/>[[Social conservatism]]<ref>Timothy J. Lomperis, September 1996, 'From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam', page 212, {{ISBN|0807822736}}</ref><br>[[Economic liberalism]]<ref name="Senkyr">{{Citation |first=Jan |last=Senkyr |title=Political Awakening in Malaysia |journal=KAS International Reports |issue=7 |year=2013 |pages=73–74}}</ref><br>[[1Malaysia]]<br> |
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| abbreviation = BN |
| abbreviation = BN |
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| slogan = ''Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan'' |
| slogan = ''Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan'' |
Revision as of 14:41, 11 May 2018
This article may be affected by a current event. Information in this article may change rapidly as the event progresses. Initial news reports may be unreliable. The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. |
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Malaysia |
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The National Front (Malay: Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is an opposition political party in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties. Party Chairman Najib Razak was the sixth Prime Minister of Malaysia from 3 April 2009 until 10 May 2018.
The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded, but since 2008 has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat & Pakatan Harapan alliances. Taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), it is considered the longest continuing ruling coalition party in the democratic world.[7]
During the 2018 general election, the Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan (Hope Coalition), and with it, for the first time in Malaysian history, a non-BN government was formed. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition party after more than 61 years in power.
History
Formation
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC). It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.[8] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations began with former opposition parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party, both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).
In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional.[1][9] The Barisan Nasional coalition, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP), Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB)), was formed as a grand coalition of 11 parties under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak.[10] It registered in June 1974 to contest the 1974 general election, which it won with considerable success.
1977–2007
In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt within the Kelantan state legislature against a chief minister appointed by the federal government.[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to Parti Bersatu Sabah.
By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.
Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 until 2008, it maintained consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in the Dewan Rakyat until 2008, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system.[11]
2008–2018
In the 2008 general elections, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak, and Selangor, fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via court ruling following a constitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the Peninsula.[12]
The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained Kedah, but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.[13]
During the 14th General Election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan, winning only a total of 78 parliament seats from a total of 222. This ended its 61-year rule of the country, paving way for the first government change in Malaysian history.
Organisation
As of 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats are held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB). For most of its history, both the Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:
Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.[14]
Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is only possible indirectly through one of the constituent parties. In the Alliance, one could hold direct membership, but this was abolished with the formation of the Barisan Nasional. The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.[15]
As of January 2017, Barisan Nasional's member parties include:
- United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
- Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
- Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
- Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB)
- Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP)
- Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)
- People's Progressive Party (myPPP)
- Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) (quiting BN)
- Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)
- United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) (quiting BN)
- United Sabah Party (PBS)
- Parti Demokratik Progresif (PDP)
- Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)
Barisan Nasional Supreme Council
Source: Organisational Chart of Barisan Nasional
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Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament
Barisan Nasional has 78 MPs in the House of Representatives.
- Perlis
- P001 – Padang Besar – Zahidi Zainul Abidin (UMNO)
- P003 – Arau – Shahidan Kassim (UMNO)
- Kedah
- P007 – Padang Terap – Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
- P016 – Baling – Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim (UMNO)
- Kelantan
- P026 – Ketereh – Annuar Musa (UMNO)
- P027 – Tanah Merah – Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz (UMNO)
- P029 – Machang – Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
- P030 – Jeli – Mustapa Mohamed (UMNO)
- P032 – Gua Musang – Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah (UMNO)
- Terengganu
- P033 – Besut – Idris Jusoh (UMNO)
- P038 – Hulu Terengganu – Rosol Wahid (UMNO)
- Penang
- P041 – Kepala Batas – Reezal Merican Naina Merican (UMNO)
- P042 – Tasek Gelugor – Shabudin Yahaya (UMNO)
- Perak
- P054 – Gerik – Hasbullah Osman (UMNO)
- P055 – Lenggong – Shamsul Anuar Nasarah (UMNO)
- P056 – Larut – Hamzah Zainudin (UMNO)
- P058 – Bagan Serai – Noor Azmi Ghazali (UMNO)
- P059 - Bukit Gantang - Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal (UMNO)
- P061 – Padang Rengas – Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz (UMNO)
- P067 – Kuala Kangsar – Mastura Mohd Yazid (UMNO)
- P069 – Parit – Mohd Zaim Abu Hassan (UMNO)
- P072 – Tapah – Saravanan Murugan (MIC)
- P073 – Pasir Salak – Tajuddin Abdul Rahman (UMNO)
- P075 – Bagan Datuk – Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (UMNO)
- Pahang
- P078 – Cameron Highlands – C.Sivarraajh (MIC)
- P079 – Lipis – Abdul Rahman Mohamad (UMNO)
- P081 – Jerantut – Ahmad Nazlan Idris (UMNO)
- P084 – Paya Besar – Abdul Manan Ismail (UMNO)
- P085 – Pekan – Najib Razak (UMNO)
- P086 – Maran – Ismail Muttalib (UMNO)
- P087 – Kuala Krau – Ismail Mohamed Said (UMNO)
- P090 – Bera – Ismail Sabri Yaakob (UMNO)
- P091 – Rompin – Hasan Arifin (UMNO)
- Selangor
- P092 - Sabak Bernam - Mohd Fasiah Mohd Fakeh (UMNO)
- P095 – Tanjong Karang – Noh Omar (UMNO)
- Federal Territory of Putrajaya
- P125 – Putrajaya – Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor (UMNO)
- Negeri Sembilan
- P126 – Jelebu – Jalaludin Alias (UMNO)
- P127 – Jempol – Mohd Salim Sharif (UMNO)
- P131 – Rembau – Khairy Jamaluddin (UMNO)
- Malacca
- P134 – Masjid Tanah – Mas Ermieyati Samsudin (UMNO)
- P139 – Jasin – Ahmad Hamzah (UMNO)
- Johor
- P147 – Parit Sulong – Noraini Ahmad (UMNO)
- P148 – Ayer Hitam – Wee Ka Siong (MCA)
- P153 – Sembrong – Hishammuddin Hussein (UMNO)
- P154 – Mersing – Abdul Latiff Ahmad (UMNO)
- P155 – Tenggara – Halimah Mohd Sadique (UMNO)
- P156 – Kota Tinggi – Noor Ehsanuddin Mohd Harun Narrashid (UMNO)
- P157 – Pengerang – Azalina Othman Said (UMNO)
- P164 – Pontian – Ahmad Maslan (UMNO)
- Federal Territory of Labuan
- P166 – Labuan – Rozman Isli (UMNO)
- Sabah
- P167 – Kudat – Abdul Rahim Bakri (UMNO)
- P168 – Kota Marudu – Maximus Johnity Ongkili (PBS)
- P170 – Tuaran – Madius Tangau (UPKO)* (quiting BN)
- P176 – Kimanis – Anifah Aman (UMNO)
- P177 – Beaufort – Azizah Mohd Dun (UMNO)
- P178 – Sipitang – Sapawi Ahmad (UMNO)
- P182 – Pensiangan – Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
- P183 – Beluran – Ronald Kiandee (UMNO)
- P184 – Libaran – Juslie Ajirol (UMNO)
- P187 – Kinabatangan – Bung Moktar Radin (UMNO)
- Sarawak
- P193 – Santubong – Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar (PBB)
- P194 – Petra Jaya – Fadillah Yusof (PBB)
- P197 – Kota Samarahan – Rubiah Wang (PBB)
- P199 – Serian – Richard Riot Jaem (SUPP)
- P200 – Batang Sadong – Nancy Shukri (PBB)
- P201 – Batang Lupar – Rohani Abdul Karim (PBB)
- P202 – Sri Aman – Masir Kujat (PRS)
- P204 – Betong – Robert Lawson Chuat (PBB)
- P206 – Tanjong Manis – Norah Abdul Rahman (PBB)
- P207 – Igan – Wahab Dolah (PBB)
- P210 – Kanowit – Aaron Ago Dagang (PRS)
- P213 – Mukah – Leo Michael Toyad (PBB)
- P215 – Kapit – Alexander Nanta Linggi (PBB)
- P216 – Hulu Rajang – Wilson Ugak Kumbong (PRS)
- P217 – Bintulu – Tiong King Sing (SPDP)
- P218 – Sibuti – Ahmad Lai Bujang (PBB)
- P220 – Baram – Anyi Ngau (SPDP)
- P221 – Limbang – Hasbi Habibollah (PBB)
- P222 – Lawas – Henry Sum Agong (PBB)
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Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
Barisan Nasional state governments
General election results
Election | Total seats won | Share of seats | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1974 | 135 / 154
|
87.7% | 1,287,400 | 60.8% | 135 seats; Governing coalition | Abdul Razak Hussein |
1978 | 131 / 154
|
85.1% | 1,987,907 | 57.2% | 4 seats; Governing coalition | Hussein Onn |
1982 | 132 / 154
|
85.7% | 2,522,079 | 60.5% | 1 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
1986 | 148 / 177
|
83.6% | 2,649,263 | 57.3% | 16 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
1990 | 127 / 180
|
70.6% | 2,985,392 | 53.4% | 21 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
1995 | 162 / 192
|
84.4% | 3,881,214 | 65.2% | 35 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
1999 | 148 / 193
|
76.2% | 3,748,511 | 56.53% | 15 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
2004 | 198 / 219
|
90.4% | 4,420,452 | 63.9% | 51 seats; Governing coalition | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
2008 | 140 / 222
|
63.1% | 4,082,411 | 50.27% | 58 seats; Governing coalition | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
2013 | 133 / 222
|
59.9% | 5,237,555 | 47.38% | 7 seats;[17] Governing coalition | Najib Razak |
2018 | 78 / 222
|
35.59% | 3,794,827 | 33.96% | 54 seats;Opposition | Najib Razak |
State election results
State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Sarawak State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | |
2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
|
1974 | 12 / 12 |
24 / 26 |
36 / 36 |
27 / 28 |
23 / 27 |
31 / 42 |
32 / 32 |
30 / 33 |
21 / 24 |
16 / 20 |
31 / 32 |
30 / 48 |
||
1976 | ||||||||||||||
1978 | 12 / 12 |
19 / 26 |
23 / 36 |
28 / 28 |
20 / 27 |
32 / 42 |
32 / 32 |
29 / 33 |
21 / 24 |
16 / 20 |
31 / 32 |
239 / 257
| ||
1979 | ||||||||||||||
1981 | ||||||||||||||
1982 | 11 / 12 |
24 / 26 |
26 / 36 |
23 / 28 |
25 / 27 |
38 / 42 |
31 / 32 |
31 / 33 |
22 / 24 |
18 / 20 |
32 / 32 |
|||
1983 | 30 / 48 |
30 / 32
| ||||||||||||
1985 | 6 / 48 |
6 / 48
| ||||||||||||
1986 | 14 / 14 |
25 / 28 |
29 / 39 |
30 / 32 |
23 / 33 |
33 / 46 |
32 / 33 |
37 / 42 |
24 / 28 |
17 / 20 |
35 / 36 |
1 / 48 |
300 / 351
| |
1987 | 28 / 48 |
28 / 48
| ||||||||||||
1990 | 14 / 14 |
26 / 28 |
0 / 39 |
22 / 32 |
19 / 33 |
33 / 46 |
31 / 33 |
35 / 42 |
24 / 28 |
17 / 20 |
32 / 36 |
0 / 48 |
253 / 351
| |
1991 | 49 / 56 |
49 / 56
| ||||||||||||
1994 | 23 / 48 |
23 / 48
| ||||||||||||
1995 | 15 / 15 |
34 / 36 |
7 / 43 |
25 / 32 |
32 / 33 |
51 / 52 |
37 / 38 |
45 / 48 |
30 / 32 |
22 / 25 |
40 / 40 |
338 / 394
| ||
1996 | 57 / 62 |
57 / 64
| ||||||||||||
1999 | 12 / 15 |
24 / 36 |
2 / 43 |
4 / 32 |
30 / 33 |
44 / 52 |
30 / 38 |
42 / 48 |
32 / 32 |
21 / 25 |
40 / 40 |
31 / 48 |
312 / 329
| |
2001 | 60 / 62 |
60 / 62
| ||||||||||||
2004 | 14 / 15 |
31 / 36 |
21 / 45 |
28 / 32 |
38 / 40 |
52 / 59 |
41 / 42 |
54 / 56 |
34 / 36 |
26 / 28 |
55 / 56 |
59 / 60 |
452 / 504
| |
2006 | 62 / 71 |
62 / 71
| ||||||||||||
2008 | 14 / 15 |
14 / 36 |
6 / 45 |
24 / 32 |
11 / 40 |
28 / 59 |
37 / 42 |
20 / 56 |
21 / 36 |
23 / 28 |
50 / 56 |
59 / 60 |
307 / 504
| |
2011 | 55 / 71 |
55 / 71
| ||||||||||||
2013 | 13 / 15 |
21 / 36 |
12 / 45 |
17 / 32 |
10 / 40 |
31 / 59 |
30 / 42 |
12 / 56 |
22 / 36 |
21 / 28 |
38 / 56 |
48 / 60 |
275 / 505
| |
2016 | 72 / 82 |
72 / 82
|
References
- ^ a b c d Joseph Liow; Michael Leifer (20 November 2014). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-317-62233-8.
- ^ Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35].
UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as "the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else". Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the "National Front"], is multiethnic in its composition.
- ^ Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.
- ^ Timothy J. Lomperis, September 1996, 'From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam', page 212, ISBN 0807822736
- ^ Senkyr, Jan (2013), "Political Awakening in Malaysia", KAS International Reports (7): 73–74
- ^ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Ke-12" (in Malay). Utusan Malaysia. 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ Anuradha Raghu; Niluksi Koswanage (5 May 2013). "Malaysians vote to decide fate of world's longest-ruling coalition". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ Keat Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
- ^ Cheah Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-981-230-175-8.
- ^ Dr Nam-Kook Kim (28 February 2014). Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 219–. ISBN 978-1-4724-0233-2.
- ^ John R. Malott (8 July 2011). "Running Scared in Malaysia". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 July 2011. (subscription required)
- ^ Stuart Grudgings; Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Niluksi Koswanage; Raju Gopalakrishnan (5 May 2013). "Malaysia coalition extends rule despite worst electoral showing". Reuters. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- ^ "A dangerous result". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
- ^ Rachagan, S. Sothi (1993). Law and the Electoral Process in Malaysia, p. 12. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 967-9940-45-4.
- ^ Rachagan, p. 21.
- ^ Kow Kwan Yee (7 May 2013). "GE13: Azlan Man sworn in as Perlis MB". The Star. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ Arno Maierbrugger (16 August 2013). "Malaysia gov't bashed for $155m election ad spending". Inside Investor. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
Literature
- Chok, Suat Ling (4 October 2005). "MPs in the dock". New Straits Times, p. 1, 6.
- Chin, James. 2002. Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy. In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), How Asia Votes, pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press. ISBN 1-889119-41-5.
- Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Not Today