List of political parties in Russia
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This article discusses political parties in Russia.
The Russian Federation has a multi-party system. As of 2020[update] six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia).
After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new, independent parties was blocked.[by whom?] The last-registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration. However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 as of December 2012[update].
History
Party of power
In Russian politics, a "party of power" is a specially established party which unconditionally supports the current president or prime minister in the parliament.[citation needed]
These parties have been considered[by whom?] parties of power:
- Interregional Group of Deputies/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
- Choice of Russia (1993–1995) and Party of Russian Unity and Accord headed by Sergey Shakhray
- Our Home – Russia (1995–1999)
- Ivan Rybkin Bloc (considered as a potential left "party of power", during 1995 Russian legislative election)
- Unity (1999–2001/2003)
- A Just Russia (2006–2008/2010,[citation needed] the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
- United Russia (2001–present)
Legislation
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Social composition of voters
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[1] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. According to researchers[who?], this could be because women place a great value on stability. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[2]
Registered parties
All parties registered by the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections all over the country. The list is placed on the Justice Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2017.
Currently represented in the State Duma
- United Russia (340)
- Communist Party (42)
- Liberal Democratic Party (40)
- A Just Russia (23)
- Rodina (1)
- Civic Platform (1)
Currently represented in regional parliaments
- Patriots of Russia
- Yabloko
- Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice
- Communists of Russia
- Party of Growth
- Communist Party of Social Justice
- People's Freedom Party
- Russian Ecological Party "The Greens"
List of registered parties
Historical parties (1992–present)
- Merged into United Russia:
- Our Home – Russia (1995–2001)
- Fatherland – All Russia (1998–2002)
- Unity (1999–2001)
- Merged into A Just Russia:
- People's Party of the Russian Federation (2000–2007) (Народная партия Российской Федерации, Narodnaya partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii)
- Russian Party of Life (2002–2006) (Российская партия жизни, Rossiyskaya Partiya Zhizni)
- Party of Social Justice (2002–2008) (Партия социальной справедливости, Partiya Sotsial'noy Spravedlivosti)
- United Socialist Party of Russia (2003–2008) (Социалистическая единая партия России, Sotsialisticheskaya yedinaya partiya Rossii)
- Merged into Patriots of Russia:
- Party of Peace and Unity (1996–2008) (Российская политическая партия Мира и Единства, Rossiyskaya politicheskaya partiya Mira i Edinstva)
- Other
- Russian Democratic Reform Movement (1991–1993)
- Russian Communist Workers Party (1991–2001)
- Party of Russian Unity and Accord (1992–1995)
- Civic Union (Russia) (1992–1993)
- Future of Russia–New Names (1993)
- Dignity and Charity (1993)
- Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–2001)
- Women of Russia party (1993–1999)
- Beer Lovers Party (1993–1998) (Партия любителей пива, Partiâ lûbitelej piva)
- Derzhava (Russian party) (1994)
- Party of Workers' Self-Government (1995–1996)
- Conceptual Party Unity (2000–2007) (Yedineniye)
- People's Union (2001–2008)(Народный Союз, Narodnyi Soyuz)
- Green Russia (Зеленая Россия) (2005–2006)
- Russian Section of the Committee for a Workers' International (Социалистическое Сопротивление)
- Social Democratic Party of Russia (Социал-демократическая партия России, Social-Demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii)
- Christian Democratic Party of Russia (Российская Христианско-Демократическая партия)
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза, KPSS '92)
- Conservative Party of Russia (Консервативная партия России)
- Eurasia Party (Евразия, Yevraziya)
- Green Alternative (Зелёная Альтернатива)
Banned parties in Russia
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- National Bolshevik Party (Национал-большевистская партия, Natsional-bol'shevitskaya partiya)
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (Хизб ут-Тахрир)
Soviet parties, 1917–1992
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1912–1991) (Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за, Kommunističeskaja Partija Sovetskogo Soujuza). Factions:
- Left Communists (1907-1921)
- Group of Democratic Centralism (1919-1923)
- Workers' Opposition (1920-1922)
- Workers' Truth (1921-1923)
- Right Opposition (1921-1933)
- Left Opposition (1923-1927)
- Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party (1923-1930)
- United Opposition (1926-1933)
- Anti-Party Group (1956-1958)
- Democratic Union (1988-1991)
- Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (1989–1992)
Parties of the Russian Empire, 1721–1917
- Party of Return to Serfdom (c. 1860s-1900s)
- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (1898-1912) (Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая Па́ртия, Rossijskaja Social-demokrastičeskaja Rabočaja Partija). Factions:
- Mensheviks (1912-1917)
- Bolsheviks (1912-1918)
- Mezhraiontsy (1913-1917)
- Yedinstvo (1914-1918)
- Socialist-Revolutionary Party (1902–1921) (Партия Социалистов-революционеров, Partija Socialistov-revoljucionerov)
- Trudoviks (1906-1917)
- Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (1917-1923)
- Union of the Muslims of Russia (1905-1907) (Иттифак әл-мөслимин, İttifaq âl-Möslimin)
- Constitutional Democratic Party (1905–1917) (Российская Конституционно-демократическая партия, Rossiyskaya Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya)
- Union of October 17 (1905–1917)
- Party of Democratic Reform (1906–1907)
- Popular Socialists (1906-1918)
- Polish Socialist Party (1892-1918)
- Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (1893-1918)
- General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (1897-1921)
- Jewish Socialist Workers Party (1906-1917)
- Union of the Russian People (1905-1917)
Other historical parties
- For Holy Russia (За Русь Святую, Za Rus’ Svyatuyu)
- Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion), a 1906–1928 Zionist socialist political party in Russia
- Pamyat (Память, Pamyat)
- People's National Party (Народная национальная партия, Narodnaya natsional'naya partiya)
- Russian Maoist Party (Российская маоистская партия, Rossiyskaya maoistskaya partiya)
- Russian Movement
- Russian National Socialist Party (previously Russian National Union) (Русская Национальная Социалистическая Партия, Russkaya Natsional'naya Socialisticheskaya partiya)
- Russian National Unity (Русское Национальное Единство, Russkoye Natsional'noye Yedinstvo)
- Union of Social Democrats (Союз социал-демократов)
- Communists of Russia (Коммунисты России)
- Russian Section of the Committee for a Workers' International (Социалистическое Сопротивление)
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Currently, the party is in the process of renaming to the "Party of Changes". The new name has not yet been approved by the Ministry of Justice.
References
- ^ "Russia Analytical Digest" (PDF) (102). University of Basel, Center for Security Studies Zürich, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen. 26 November 2011: 2–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
- ^ "Список зарегистрированных политических партий - Минюст России". minjust.ru.
Further reading
- Gel′man, Vladimir (2013). Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy. CQ Press. pp. 273–289.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Hale, Henry E. (2006). Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge University Press.
- Smyth, Regina (2012). Political parties. Routledge. pp. 115–128.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - White, Stephen (2013). Russia's Client Party System. CQ Press. pp. 306–330.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
External links
- Justice Ministry webpage about Russian political parties
- Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation webpage about Russian political parties
