England

For other uses, see England (disambiguation).

England
Flag Royal Standard
Motto: [Dieu et mon droit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)  (French) "God and my right"
Anthem: None officially specific to England; the anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the Queen". See also De Facto National anthem of England.
Location of England (inset  — orange) in the United Kingdom (camel) in the European continent (white)
Capital and largest city	London
Official languages	English1
Recognised regional languages	Cornish
Ethnic groups (2006 )	90% White, 5.3% South Asian, 2.7% Black, 1.6% Mixed race, 0.7% Chinese, 0.6% Other
Demonym(s)	English
Government	Constitutional monarchy
• Monarch	Queen Elizabeth II
• Prime Minister of the United Kingdom	Gordon Brown MP
Legislature	Parliament of the United Kingdom
Area
• Total	130,395 km2 (50,346 sq mi)
Population
• 2007 estimate	51,092,0003
• 2001 census	49,138,831
• Density	392/km2 (1,015.3/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2006 estimate
• Total	$1.9 trillion
• Per capita	US$38,000
GDP (nominal)	2006 estimate
• Total	$2.2 trillion
• Per capita	$44,000
HDI (2006)	0.940
Currency	Pound sterling (GBP)
Time zone	UTC0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)
Calling code	44
ISO 3166 code	GB-ENG
Internet TLD	.uk4
English is established by de facto usage. National population projection from the ONS. Assigned on a UK basis, not constituency country.

England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located in the southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; and adjoins the Irish Sea to the north-west, the Celtic Sea to the south-west, the North Sea to the east, and the English Channel separating it from the European continent to the south. In addition to the mainland, England consists of over 100 smaller islands, including the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. The population of England is about 51 million, making up over 83% of the United Kingdom total.

England became a unified state in 927 AD and takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled there during the 5th and 6th centuries. It has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world being the place of origin of the English language, the Church of England and English law, which forms the basis of the common law legal systems of countries around the world. It also formed the world's oldest parliamentary system and consequently the innovations that came from it have been widely adopted by other nations. During the 18th century England gave birth to the Industrial Revolution and became the first country in the world to industrialise. It is home to the Royal Society, which laid the foundations of modern experimental science.

England is a predominantly lowland country, although there are upland regions in the north (including the Lake District, Pennines and Yorkshire Moors) and in the south and south west (including Dartmoor, the Cotswolds, and the North and South Downs). The area has been settled by humans who have adopted various cultures for over 29,000 years. London, the country's capital is the largest urban area in Great Britain and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. The population of England is concentrated in London and the South East, as well as conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, all of which developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.

The Kingdom of England (including Wales) continued as a separate state until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union, putting into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulted in political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1800, Great Britain was united with Ireland through another Act of Union 1800 to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State was established as a separate dominion, but the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act in 1927 reincorporated into the kingdom six Irish counties to officially create the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Etymology

The country's name is derived from the Old English word Englaland, which literally translates as "land of the Angles". The Angles were one of the Germanic ruling elites who inserted monarchies in the area during the Early Middle Ages and created various petty kingdoms. The Angles in particular came from the Angeln peninsula, flanked on either side by the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known usage of "England" referring to the southern part of the island of Great Britain was in 897, with the modern spelling first used in 1538. The earliest attested mention of the term in general, is by Tacitus in his 1st century work Germania, where the Latin word Anglii is used. The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars — some have suggested it simply derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.

Alternatively, in a more poetic sense the name Albion has sometimes been applied to England, though originally it was used to denote the entire island of Great Britain. The oldest mention of it is found in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically De Mundo from the 4th century BC. Within the work it states, "Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and Ierne". The word Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum has two possible origins. It either derives from the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, which is the first view of Britain from the European Continent. An alternative origin is suggested by the ancient merchant's handbook Massaliote Periplus which mentions an "island of the Albiones". Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh Lloegr and used in Arthurian legend.

History

Main article: History of England

Prehistory and antiquity

Main article: Prehistoric Britain

Neolithic monument Stonehenge.

Bones and flint tools found in Norfolk and Suffolk show that Homo erectus lived in what is now England about 700,000 years ago. At this time, Great Britain was joined to mainland Europe by a large land bridge. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and the Seine. This area was greatly depopulated during the period of the last major ice age, as were other regions of the British Isles. In the subsequent recolonisation, after the thawing of the ice, genetic research shows that present-day England was the last area of the British Isles to be repopulated, about 13,000 years ago. The migrants arriving during this period contrast with the other of the inhabitants of the British Isles, coming across lands from the south east of Europe, whereas earlier arriving inhabitants came north along a coastal route from Iberia. These migrants would later adopt the Celtic culture that came to dominate much of western Europe, and spoke various related Brythonic languages.

Boudica led an uprising against the Roman Empire.

By AD 43, the time of the main Roman invasion, Britain had already been the target of frequent invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It was first invaded by Julius Caesar in 55 BC, but more successfully by the Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. Like other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans, and their economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south. With the fall of the Roman Empire 400 years later, the Romans left the Province of Britannia, much of which later came to be known as England.

Middle Ages

Main article: England in the Middle Ages

7th century ceremonial helmet found at Sutton Hoo.

The History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of early mediæval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066. Fragmentary knowledge of Anglo-Saxon England in the 5th and 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas (6th century) the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a history of the English people begun in the 9th century), saints' lives, poetry, archaeological findings, and place-name studies. The dominant themes of the seventh to tenth centuries were the spread of Christianity and the political unification of England. Christianity is thought to have come from three directions — from Rome to the south, and Scotland and Ireland to the north and west. From about 500 AD, England was divided into seven petty kingdoms, known as the Heptarchy: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms tended to coalesce by means of warfare. As early as the time of Ethelbert of Kent, one king could be recognised as Bretwalda ("Lord of Britain"). Generally speaking, the title fell in the 7th century to the kings of Northumbria; in the 8th, to those of Mercia; and in the 9th, to Egbert of Wessex, who, in 825, defeated the Mercians at the Battle of Ellendun. In the next century, his family came to rule England. It became politically united through the expansion of the kingdom of Wessex, whose king Athelstan brought the whole of England under one ruler for the first time in 927, although unification did not become permanent until 954, when Edred defeated Eric Bloodaxe and became King of England.

Victory at the Battle of Agincourt fought on Saint Crispin's Day.

In 1016, England was conquered by the Danish king Canute the Great and became the centre of government for his short-lived empire. With the accession of Edward the Confessor, heir of the native English dynasty, in 1042, England once again became a separate kingdom. Its ties and nature, however, were forever changed following the Norman Conquest in 1066. The next few hundred years saw England as a major part of expanding and dwindling empires based in France, with the "Kings of England" using England as a source of troops to enlarge their personal holdings in France for years (Hundred Years' War) ; in fact the English crown did not relinquish its last foothold on mainland France until Calais was lost, in 1558, during the reign of Mary Tudor (the Channel Islands are still crown dependencies, though not part of the UK). In the 13th century Wales (the remaining Romano-Celts) was brought under the control of English monarchs through conquest. This was formalised in the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and Wales was legally annexed to the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. Wales shared a legal identity with England as the joint entity originally called England and later England and Wales. An epidemic of catastrophic proportions, the Black Death first reached England in the summer of 1348. The Black Death is estimated to have killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population. England alone lost as much as 70% of its population, which passed from seven million to two million in 1400. The plague repeatedly returned to haunt England throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. The Great Plague of London in 1665–1666 was the last plague outbreak.

Early Modern

Henry VIII became Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

During the English Reformation in the 16th century, the external authority of the Roman Catholic Church in England was abolished and replaced with Acts of Royal Supremacy and the establishment of the Church of England ("Anglican Church") under the Supreme Governance of the English monarch. This occurred during the reign of Henry VIII. The English Reformation differed from its European counterparts in that its roots were more political than theological. The English Reformation paved the way for the spread of Anglicanism in the church and other institutions. The period known as the English Civil War (1642-1651) saw political machinations and armed conflicts between supporters of the Long Parliament (Roundheads) and of King Charles I (Royalists) in 1642 to 1645 and 1648 to 1649, followed by conflict between supporters of the Rump Parliament and of King Charles II in 1649 to 1651. The War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. It had led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, the replacement of the English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and personal rule by Oliver Cromwell during The Protectorate (1653–1659).

The Restoration restored peace after the Civil War.

After Cromwell's death in 1659, a brief return to Commonwealth rule was attempted before Parliament invited Charles II to return to England in 1660 and restore the monarchy. During the interregnum, the Church of England's monopoly on Christian worship in England came to an end and the Protestant Ascendancy consolidated in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without parliamentary consent, although this would not be cemented until the Glorious Revolution later in the century. Although embattled for centuries, the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland had been drawing increasingly together since the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century and in 1603, with the Scottish king James VI accession to the English crown, the two countries became linked by a personal union, being ruled by the same Stuart dynasty. Following a number of attempts to unite the Kingdoms, a Treaty of Union was agreed on 22 July 1706 by representatives of the English and Scottish parliaments, and put into effect by the Acts of Union which resulted in political union between the states with the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May 1707. (Ireland joining in 1801 with all of Ireland except Northern Ireland leaving in 1922 has resulted in the current name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).

Contemporary

After the Union, England (including Wales) retained its separate legal identity since the continuance of the separate Scottish legal system was enshrined in the Articles of the Treaty of Union. Wales was already part of the Kingdom of England but the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 made explicit that laws passed for England were automatically applicable to Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 also referred to the formerly Scottish burgh of Berwick-upon-Tweed. The border town changed hands several times and was last conquered by England in 1482, but was not officially incorporated into England. Contention about whether Berwick was in England or Scotland was ended by the union of the two in 1707. Berwick remains within the English legal system and so is regarded today as part of England. The county of Monmouthshire has long been an ambiguous area with its legal identity passing between England and Wales at various periods. In the Local Government Act 1972 it was made part of Wales. The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are Crown dependencies and are not part of England.

Governance

Politics

Main article: Politics of England

Palace of Westminster is the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

As part of the United Kingdom the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, joined the England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England. Today however England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, while other countries of the United Kingdom also have devolved governments which England does not have. In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster — there are 529 Members of Parliament for constituencies in England, out of the 646 total. The most recent general election in the United Kingdom took place in 2005 — in this the Labour Party had the most MPs elected in England with 284, while the Conservative Party had 194 MPs elected despite the fact that they received a larger percentage of the popular vote than any other party with 35.7%. The third largest party are the Liberal Democrats who had 47 MPs elected — Respect and Heath Concern each have one MP, there is also an Independent Labour member originally elected for Labour. The two largest parties are led by Gordon Brown for Labour and David Cameron for Conservatives.

Changing of the Guard at the royal residence — Buckingham Palace.

As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, there are also elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as Members of the European Parliament. The most recent European elections were in 2009 which saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs; twenty-three Conservatives, ten Labour, nine UKIP, nine Liberal Democrats, two Greens and two BNP. Since devolution in the United Kingdom, in which other countries of the United Kingdom — Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland — each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but this was rejected in a referendum. One major issue is the West Lothian question, in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation effecting only Engand, while English MPs equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters. This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment, prescriptions, residential care for the elderly and free top-up university fees, has led to a steady rise in English nationalism. Some have suggested the creation of a devolved English parliament, while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only effects England to English MPs.

Law

Main article: English law

The Royal Courts of Justice.

The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the foundation of many legal systems throughout the Anglosphere. Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued as a separate legal system to the one used in Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent —stare decisis — to the facts before them. The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice for civil cases and the Crown Court for criminal cases. The House of Lords is the highest court for both criminal and civil cases in England and Wales though recent constitutional changes will soon see those powers transfer to a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. A decision of the highest appeal court in England and Wales, the House of Lords, is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which follow its directions. Crime increased between 1981—1995, though since then there has been 42% fall in crime for the period 1995—2006. The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000. Her Majesty's Prison Service reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing over 80,000 convicts.

Regions, counties and districts

Main articles: Administrative divisions of England and Counties of England

File:Swyddi seremonïol Lloegr.svg

Northumberland

Tyne and Wear

Durham

Cumbria

Lancashire

North Yorkshire

E. Riding of Yorks.

S. Yorks.

W. Yorks.

Gr. Manc.

Mers.

Cheshire

Derbs.

Notts.

Lincolnshire

Rutland

Leics.

Staffs.

Shropshire

Heref.

Worcs.

W. Mids.

Warks.

Northants.

Cambs.

Norfolk

Suffolk

Essex

Herts.

Beds.

Gr. London

Kent

E. Sussex

Surrey

W. Sussex

Berkshire

Bucks.

Oxon.

Glos.

Bristol

Hampshire

Wiltshire

Somerset

Isle of Wight

Dorset

Devon

Cornwall

The subdivisions of England consist of as many as four levels of subnational division and at some levels there are a variety of types of administrative entites. They have been created for the purposes of local government in England. The highest tier of local government are the nine regions of England — North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West and Greater London. These were created in 1994 as Government Offices, used by the British Government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally. They are also used for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis. After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own regional assemblies as a counterweight. London accepted in 1998 — the London Assembly was created two years later. In 2004 however the proposal was rejected by referendum in the North East, further referendums were cancelled. There are plans to abolish the remaining regional assemblies in 2010 and transfer their functions to respective Regional Development Agencies and new system of Local Authority Leaders’ Boards.

Below regional level are the counties of England and unitary authorities — for administrative and governmental purposes there are metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties while still existing for statistical purposes, no longer have county councils since their powers were devolved to district level, known as metropolitan districts acting practically as unitary authorities — these exist mostly in heavily urbanised areas. Non-metropolitan counties are known as shire counties and they exist typically, though not always, in more rural areas. These exist as part of a two-tier structure, with shire counties having county councils but also the districts which they are made up of act in a unitary authority role. Greater London has a slightly different system for local governance, with thirty-two London boroughs and the City of London covering a small area at the core, which is governed by the City of London Corporation. There are also the ceremonial counties which act in a largely non governmental role. These counties are used primarily for a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages. Each of them also elect a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff, these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally. At the most localised level, much of England is divided into parishes with councils; they do not exist in Greater London.

Geography

Main article: Geography of England

Landscape and rivers

Wastwater in the Lake District.

Geographically England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, along with some offshore islands such as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two fellow countries of the United Kingdom — it is bordered to the north by Scotland and is bordered to the west by Wales. England is closer to the European Continent than any other part of mainland Britain, it is divided from France only by a 24-statute mile sea gap, though the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone physically connects them together. As it is located on an island is it surrounded by water in the form of the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The most important rivers in England are the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne due to their ports London, Liverpool and Newcastle. The tides of the North Sea and Atlantic Ocean raise level of water in the estuaries and enabling ships to enter ports. The longest river in England is the Severn which is 354 km long and empties into Bristol Channel. It is famous for the Severn Bore tidal waves which can reach two metres in height. There are many lakes in England but the majority are in the aptly named Lake District; the largest of which is Lake Windermere, it is known by the nickname "Queen of Lakes".

Terrain of Dartmoor, Devon.

The Pennines which are known as the backbone of England, are the oldest range of mountains in the country originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300 million years ago. The total length of the Pennines is 400 km, peaking at Cross Fell in Cumbria. The material which they are made up of itself is mostly sandstone and limestone but also some coal, there are some karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Pennines landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain three national parts, the Yorkshire Dales, Northumberland and the Peak District. The highest point in England is Scafell Pike in Cumbria which is 978 metres high. Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills. The English Lowlands are to the south of the Pennines, consisting of green rolling hills. Some of these are the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs — where they meet the sea they form huge white cliffs such as those at the Dover. The granitic Southwest Peninsula in the West Country provides upland moorland, such as Dartmoor and Exmoor, which flourish with a mind climate; both are national parks.

Climate

Main article: Climate of England

England has a temperate maritime climate meaning that it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0°C in winter and not much higher than 32°C in summer. The weather is damp relatively frequently and is subject to change. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month Months with mild to warm weather with least rainfall are May, June, September and October. The biggest influences on the climate of England comes from the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and warming of the waters around the Gulf Stream. England receives quite a significant proportion of rainfall during the year, with autumn and winter being the wettest time — geographically the Lake District receives more rain than anywhere else in the country. Since weather recording records began, the highest temperature received was 38.5 °C on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale in Kent, while the lowest was −26.1 °C on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire.

Climate data for England
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: Met Office

Major conurbations

The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world. It has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself. Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in Northern England or the English Midlands. There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the United Kingdom in general has sixty-six. While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status. Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester. According to the ONS the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are;

Rank	Urban Area	Population	Localities	Major localities
1	Greater London Urban Area	8,278,25	67	Croydon, Barnet, Ealing, Bromley
2	West Midlands Urban Area	2,284,093	22	Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall
3	Greater Manchester Urban Area	2,240,230	57	Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham
4	West Yorkshire Urban Area	1,499,465	26	Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield
5	Tyneside	879,996	25	Newcastle, North Shields, South Shields, Gateshead, Jarrow
6	Liverpool Urban Area	816,216	8	Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-Roby
7	Nottingham Urban Area	666,358	15	Nottingham, Beeston and Stapleford, Carlton, Long Eaton
8	Sheffield Urban Area	640,720	7	Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough
9	Bristol Urban Area	551,066	7	Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford
10	Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton	461,181	10	Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, Lancing

Infrastructure

Economy

Main articles: Economy of England and Banknotes of the pound sterling

The City of London is a major business, commercial and financial centre.

England's economy is the among the largest in in the world, it has an average GDP per capita of €26,904. Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, while the countries economy takes on many free market principles compared to the Continent, it has an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The official currency in England is the pound sterling also known as the GBP. Taxation in England is quite competitive — the basic rate is 20 per cent on taxable income up to £37,400, taxable income over that stands at 40 per cent. England forms the largest part of the economy of the United Kingdom, which combined with the other countries of the United Kingdom has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world. One of the world's most highly industrialised countries, England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry and the manufacturing side of the software industry. At the centre of the financial economy is London which is home to the London Stock Exchange, the main stock exchange in the United Kingdom and the largest in Europe — one hundred Europe's five hundred largest corporations are based in London. London is the largest financial centre in Europe.

Aston Martin is perhaps the best know automobile company which is still English owned and based.

The Bank of England created in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson is the central bank of the United Kingdom. Originally created to act as private banker to the Government of England, it carried on in this role as part of the United Kingdom — since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution. The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom. Its Monetary Policy Committee has devolved responsibility for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates. England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, towards a more service industry dominated economy. Tourism is a significant industry attracting millions of tourists each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, automobiles — though many English created manufacturers are now foreign owned, some such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley still have headquarters in England, while Aston Martin remains English owned — crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea Oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages. While agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force. Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.

Transport

Main article: Transport in England

The modern Enviro400 double-decker bus

The Department for Transport is the government institute overseeing transport in England. Since the second half of the 20th century, major road-building programmes were undertaken to facilitate growth in automobile ownership. There are several motorways in England, one of the most important trunk roads is the A1 Great North Road, stretching across the country from London to Newcastle. The longest motorway in England is the M6, stretching from Rugby to the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border. There are other major roads; the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool to Manchester and Yorkshire and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West. Bus transport across the country is common, some major companies include National Express, Arriva and Go-Ahead Group. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. There is a rapid rail network in two English cities; the London Underground and the Tyne and Wear Metro, the latter in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland. There are also tram networks, such as; Blackpool, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro.

File:BAA Heathrow.svg

Heathrow Terminal 5 building, London.

Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world, with the system originating there in 1825. Much of Britain's 16,116 kilometres (10,014 mi) of rail network lies in England, covering the country extensively. These lines are mostly single, double or quadruple track, though there are some narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel which was completed in 1994. There is a wealth of air transport facilities in England connected the public to numerous international locations, the largest airport is London Heathrow Airport which in terms of passenger volume in the busiest in Europe and one of busiest in the world. Other large airports include Manchester Airport, London Stansted Airport, Luton Airport and Birmingham International Airport. By sea there is ferry transport, both for internal and external trips, some of the most common links are to Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium. Travel by waterways such as rivers, canals, docks is common with around 7,100 km (4,400 mi) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by British Waterways. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury, one of the three major ports in Britain.

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in England

Local NHS surgeries such as this are available right across the country.

The National Health Service, also known as the NHS, is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for provided the majority of healthcare in the country. Funded by the taxpayer, it provides most services at no additional cost though there are extra charges associated with eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report, prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge. Private health care has continued in parallel, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the public opposing such involvement. The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments. The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health, who sits in the British Cabinet. Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS — £98.6 billion was spent in 2008-2009. The average life expectancy of people in England is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, though there is a gap between rich and poor.

Education

Main articles: Education in England and List of universities in England

Universities and learning institutions

Christ Church, Oxford.

The body responsible for state education in general up to the age of 19, in the United Kingdom is the Department for Children, Schools and Families — this body directly controls state schools in England. Funded through taxation state-run schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren. There are a minority of faith schools, mostly Church of England or Catholic Church ran. Between three and four is nursery school, four and ten is primary school and then ten to sixteen is secondary school with an option for a two year extension to attend sixth form college. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are some selective intake grammar schools which can be entered by passing the eleven plus exam. Around 7% of English schoolchildren attend private schools which are funded by private sources. Standards are monitored by regular inspections of state-funded schools by the Office for Standards in Education and of private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.

King's College, Cambridge.

After finishing compulsory education, pupils take a GCSE examination. Following this people may decide to continue with further education and attend a further education college. Students normally enter University from 18 onwards and study for an Academic Degree. There are more than 90 state funded universities in England which are monitored by the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills, students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, taking three years. Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree which includes the Master's degree, taking one year and Doctorate degree taking three. England has a strong history of promoting education and its top institutions enjoy a respected reputation internationally. Perhaps the best know universities are Oxford University and Cambridge University. The King's School, Canterbury and The King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English speaking world. The most famous schools in England are now fee-paying institutions, including Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's School, Rugby School and Harrow School.

Science, engineering and innovation

Main articles: English inventions and discoveries and Royal Society

Isaac Newton.

Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, J. J. Thomson, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, Christopher Wren, Alan Turing, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Tim Berners-Lee, Andrew Wiles and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a Metric system was invented by John Wilkins, first secretary of the Royal Society in 1668. As birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th century. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.

Some of the many inventions and discoveries of English people include; the first industrial spinning machine, the first computer and the modern computer, the World Wide Web along with HTTP and HTML, performance of the first blood transfusion, the vacuum cleaner, the lawnmower, the seat belt, the hovercraft, the electric motor, the microphone and steam engines. Theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and the atomic theory. Newton was the promulgator of universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics and infinitesimal calculus, while Robert Hooke promulgator the Hooke's law of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road safety device, joint development of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the seed drill, the jet engine and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering.

Demography

Populance

Main articles: Demography of England, English people, and English diaspora

Population density of English ceremonial counties.

With 50,431,700 inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for some 84% of the combined total. England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world. With a density of 383 people per square kilometre (992/sq mi), it is the most densely populated country in Europe, having recently overtaken the Netherlands. The Office for National Statistics has projected a continuing growth in the population, estimating between the years 2004—2029 a six million figure growth. A projected increase of more than 20% by 2029. The five largest urban areas in England are Greater London (by far with more than eight million), the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire and Tyneside.

84.70% of people fall into the category White British. The general assimilated populace of the English people are a British people, 75—95% of whom biologically descend in the paternal line from the original Preshistoric settlers who came from the Iberian Peninsula. There is a significant Norse element, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons. Over time various cultures have been influential — Prehistoric, Brythonic, Roman, Angle, Saxon, Norse Viking, Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. Due to the economic prosperity in the South East of England there are many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom. There has also been significant Irish migration, with 25% of English people having some recent Irish descent. The white population totals out at 89.90%, including Germans and Poles. Outside of this people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s — 5.30% of people living in England have migrated from the Indian subcontinent, mostly India and Pakistan. 2.30% of the population are black, mostly from the Caribbean and Somalia. There is also a significant number of Chinese. About half of population increase between 1991—2001 was due to foreign-born immigration. The debate over immigration is politically prominent.

Language

Main articles: English language and History of the English language

Distribution of the English language.

As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today, although not officially designated as such. An Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family, it is closely related to Scots. After the Norman conquest, the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by the aristocracy. By the 17th century, English came back into fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins; Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility.

It is most commonly accepted that — thanks in large part to the British Empire — the English language is now the world's unofficial lingua franca. English language learning and teaching is an important economic sector, including language schools, tourism spending, and publishing houses. There is no United Kingdom legislation in respect of language use within England, but English is the only language used in England for general official business. Despite the relatively small size of the nation, there are many distinct English regional accents. Those with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood elsewhere in the country. Some people have attempted to revive extinct Brythonic languages such as Cornish as a second or third tongue, in the county of Cornwall 0.1% have the ability to speak the modern reconstruction which uses Welsh and Breton. It is supported by the government under the ECRM, yet the United Nations has placed it on a list as extinct.

Religion

Main article: Religion in England

Canterbury Cathedral.

Christianity is the largest religion in England and has been since the Early Middle Ages, though its existence on the island dates back to the Roman introduction in antiquity and continued through Early Insular Christianity. Around 71.6% of English people identify as Christians. The largest form practiced in the present day is Anglicanism, dating from the 16th century Reformation period, with the 1536 split from Rome over Henry VIII wanting to divorce Catherine of Aragon, the religion regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed. There are both High Church and Low Church traditions, with some Anglicans regarding themselves as Anglo-Catholics after the Tractarian movement. Head of the Church is the monarch of the United Kingdom as the Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are around 26 million adherents to the Church of England and they form part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as the symbolic worldwide head. Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral.

Saint George.

The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church which traces its formal, corporate history in England to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion on the entire island for around a thousand years. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English). There has been one Pope from England to date, Adrian IV; while saints Bede and Anslem are regarded as Doctors of the Church. A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley. It gained popularity in the old mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, also amongst tin miners in Cornwall. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and the Salvation Army.

The patron saint of England is Saint George, he is represented in the national flag, as well as the Union Flag as part of a combination. There are many other English and associated saints, some of the best known include; Cuthbert, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward the Confessor, John Fisher, Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket. There are also some non-Christian religions practiced. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070. They were expelled from England in 1290 only to be allowed back in 1656. Especially since the 1950s Eastern religions from the former British colonies have began to appear, due to foreign immigration; Islam is the most common of these accounting for around 3.1% in England. Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism are next in number adding up to 2% combined, introduced from India and South East Asia. Prior to the rise of Christianity — Celtic, Roman and Anglo-Saxon polytheism was practiced. Around 14.6% claim to have no religion.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of England and English Renaissance

Architecture

St. Paul's, English Baroque.

Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period, amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England. Another well preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset. Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno—Saxon monasticism, to Early Christian basilica and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Some of the best known medieval castles include the Tower of London, Warwick Castle, Durham Castle and Windsor Castle amongst others.

The Broadway Tower is a folly, or mock tower in Worcestershire.

Throughout the Plantagenet era an English Gothic architecture flourished — the medieval cathedrals such as Canterbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and York Minster are prime examples. Expanding on the Norman base there was also castles, palaces, great houses, universities and parish churches. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th century Tudor style; the four-centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity, synthesised with Christianity appeared — the English Baroque style, architect Christopher Wren was particularly championed. Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched — in addition to this around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as The Crystal Palace. Since the 1930s various modernist forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in high places.

Folklore

Main article: English folklore

A man dressed as Robin Hood.

The Matter of Britain acts as a fountain for much folklore, which is shared with the British Isles in general and Wales especially. Most famous of all are the stories of Arthurian legend surrounding King Arthur, Camelot, Excalibur, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table like Lancelot and Tristan. These stories are most centrally brought together within Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Another early figure from Brythonic times is Old King Cole based on a historical figure who ruled much of what would become northern England in the post-Roman period. Pixies, giants, elfs, ogres, bogeymen, trolls, hobgoblins and dwarf are mythological creatures which run through many stories. Brutus of Troy a legendary descendent of Aeneas is said to have founded London as a "New Troy". Other legends developed after the Norman invasion; Robin Hood is perhaps the best known, he "stole from the rich to give to the poor", his Merry Men, Sherwood Forest and the Sheriff of Nottingham feature prominently.

File:Dancing around the Maypole.jpg

Maypole dance.

Many folkish figures are based on semi-historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have rode naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch. On 5 November people make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the Gunpowder Plot centred around Guy Fawkes. The chivalrous bandit is also a reacurring character such as Dick Turpin, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. There are various national folk traditions such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill. There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard and Beefeaters.

Cuisine

Main article: English cuisine

Fish and chips is a widely consumed part of English cuisine.

Since the Early Modern Period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach such as meat and two veg, honesty of flavour, and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce. During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanisation of the populace. In banter with the French, they sometimes refer to English people as les rosbifs, as a stereotype to suggest English food is crude or unsophisticated. However in recent times it has had a revival with the critics, with good performances in Restaurant's best restaurant in the world charts. An early gastronomical artifact of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II.

Apple pie has been consumed in England since the Middle Ages.

Some traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast; featuring a roasted joint, usually beef or chicken, served with assorted boiled vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy. Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast — consisting of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie, shepherd's pie, cottage pie, Cornish pasty and pork pie, the later of which is consumed cold. Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole. Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew. Some of the most popular cheeses are Cheddar and Wensleydale. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created such as chicken tikka masala and balti. Some sweet dishes include apple pie, mince pies, spotted dick, scones, Eccles cakes, custard and sticky toffee pudding. Common drinks include tea, which became far more widely drunk due to Catherine of Braganza, while alcoholic drinks include wines and beers, usually drank in public houses such as bitter, mild, stout and brown ale.

Visual arts

Main articles: English art and Arts Council England

The Lady of Shalott by John William Waterhouse in the Pre-Raphaelite style.

The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and cave art pieces, most prominent in North Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumbria, but also feature further south, for example at Creswell Crags. With the arrival of Roman culture in the 1st century, various forms of art utilising statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at Lullingstone and Aldborough. During the Early Middle Ages the style was sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs. Some of these blended Gaelic and Anglian styles, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and Vespasian Psalter. Later Gothic art was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as Benedictional of St. Æthelwold and Luttrell Psalter.

The Tudor era saw prominent artists as part of their court, portrait painting which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German Hans Holbein, natives such as Nicholas Hilliard built on this. Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include — Anthony van Dyck, Peter Lely, Godfrey Kneller and William Dobson. The 18th century was a time of significance with the founding of the Royal Academy, a classicism based on the High Renaissance prevailed — Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds became two of England's most treasured artists. The Norwich School continued the landscape tradition, while the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood with their vivid and detailed style revived the Early Renaissance style — Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais were leaders.

Literature, poetry and philosophy

Main article: English literature

Geoffrey Chaucer.

Early authors wrote in Latin such as Bede and Alcuin. While the period of Old English literature provided the epic poem Beowulf, along with Christian writings such as Judith, Cædmon's Hymn and saintly hagiographies. The best known secular prose is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Following the Norman conquest Latin continued amongst the educated classes, as well as an Anglo-Norman literature. Middle English literature emerged with Geoffrey Chaucer author of The Canterbury Tales, along with Gower, the Pearl Poet and Langland. Franciscans, William of Ockham and Roger Bacon were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. Julian of Norwich with her Revelations of Divine Love was a prominent Christian mystic. With the English Renaissance literature in the Early Modern English style appeared. William Shakespeare who authored the plays Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and A Midsummer Nights Dream, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature. Marlowe, Spenser, Sydney, Kyd, Donne, Jonson are other giants of the Elizabethan age. Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes wrote on empiricism and materialism, including scientific method and social contract. Filmer wrote on the Divine Right of Kings. Marvell was the best known poet of the Commonwealth, while John Milton authored Paradise Lost during the Restoration.

This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.

William Shakespeare.

Some of the most prominent philosophers from the Enlightenment were Locke, Paine, Johnson and Benthem. More radical elements were later countered by Edmund Burke who is regarded as the founder of conservatism. The poet Alexander Pope with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in romanticism — Coleridge, Byron, Keats, M Shelley, PB Shelley, Blake and Wordsworth were major figures. In response to the Industrial revolution, agrarian writers looked to find a way between liberty and tradition; Cobbett, Chesterton and Belloc were main exponents, while founder of guild socialism, Penty and cooperative movement advocate Cole are somewhat related. Empiricism continued through Mill and Russell, while Williams was involved in analytics. Authors from around the time of the Victorian era include Dickens, Brontë sisters, Austen, Kipling, Wells, Underhill and Orwell. Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as CS Lewis, Blyton, Christie, Tolkien author of The Lord of the Rings and JK Rowling author of Harry Potter.

Music

Main article: Music of England

The traditional folk music of England is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly sea shanties, jigs, hornpipes and dance music. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Wynkyn de Worde printed ballads of Robin Hood from the 16th century are an important artefact, as are John Playford's The Dancing Master and Robert Harley's Roxburghe Ballads collections. Some of the best known songs are The Good Old Way, Pastime with Good Company, Maggie May and Spanish Ladies amongst others. Many nursery rhymes are of English origin such as Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roses are red, Jack and Jill, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush and Humpty Dumpty. Some of the early composers in classical music include Renaissance artists Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, followed up by Henry Purcell from the Baroque period. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century with Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frederick Delius and others.

In the field of popular music many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, Rod Stewart and The Rolling Stones are among the highest selling recording artists in the world. Many musical genres have origins or strong associations with England, such as British invasion, hard rock, glam rock, heavy metal, mod, britpop, drum and bass, progressive rock, punk rock, indie rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, UK garage, trip hop and dubstep. Large outdoor music festivals in the summer and autumn are popular, such as Glastonbury, V Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals. The most prominent opera house in England is the Royal Opera House at Covent Gardens. A major cultural event held annually is The Proms, a season of orchestral classical music concerts held at the Royal Albert Hall.

Museums, libraries and galleries

Main articles: Museums, libraries and galleries in England

British Museum in London.

English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The charity National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty holds a contrasting role. Seventeen of the twenty-five United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England. Some of the best known of these include; Hadrian's Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Studley Royal Park and various others. There are many museums in England, but the most notable of all is London's British Museum. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books. The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.

Sports

Main article: Sport in England

Inside Wembley Stadium. The most expensive stadium ever built.

England has a very strong sporting heritage and codified many sports in the 19th century which are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football, cricket, rugby union, rugby league, tennis, badminton, squash, rounders, hockey, boxing, snooker, billiards, curling, darts, table tennis, bowls, netball, thoroughbred horseracing and fox hunting. It has also helped the development of sailing and Formula One. Football is the most popular of these sports. The England national football team, who play at Wembley Stadium, won the FIFA World Cup in 1966, the year the country hosted the competition. At club level England is recognised by FIFA as the birth-place of club football, due to Sheffield FC founded in 1857 being the oldest club. The Football Association is the oldest of its kind, FA Cup and The Football League were the first cup and league competitions respectively. In the modern day the Premier League is the world's most lucrative football league and amongst the elite. The European Cup has been won by Liverpool, Manchester United, Nottingham Forest and Aston Villa, while Arsenal, Chelsea and Leeds United have reached the final.

England rugby union players celebrating World Cup success.

The England national rugby union team won the Rugby World Cup in 2003 and was one of the host nations of the competition in 1991. England will host the 2015 Rugby World Cup . The top level of club participation is the English Premiership. Leicester Tigers, London Wasps, Bath Rugby and Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup. In another form of the sport — rugby league which was born in Huddersfield in 1898, the England national rugby league team are ranked third in the world and first in Europe. Since 2008 England has become a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, which won three World Cups but is now retired. At a domestic level, clubs previously played in the Rugby League Championship, now known as the Super League. Some of the most successful clubs include Wigan Warriors, St Helens, Leeds Rhinos and Huddersfield Giants; the former three have all won the World Club Challenge previously. In tennis the Wimbledon Championships are the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is widely considered the most prestigious.

The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales team — cricket is regarded as England's national sport. One of the game's top rivalries is The Ashes test games between England and Australia, competed since 1882, England has won it 92 times. England has hosted four Cricket World Cups and hosted the ICC World Twenty20 in 2009. At domestic level the County Championship is played where Yorkshire are by far the most successful club, ahead of Sussex and Middlesex. William Penny Brookes was prominent in organising the format for the modern Olympic Games — London has hosted the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1948, as well as being set to host in 2012. The Commonwealth Games held every four years is also competed in by England. Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. A Grand Prix is usually held at Silverstone but will be moved to Donington.

National symbols

Main article: National symbols of England

The Tudor rose, England's national floral emblem.

The national flag of England, known as St. George's Cross, has been the national flag since the 13th century. Originally the flag was used by the maritime state the Republic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards, so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross acted as a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with St. George, along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner. Since 1606 the St George's Cross has also formed part of the design of the Union Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by James I.

England's coat of arms.

There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's floral emblem, the White Dragon and the Three Lions featured on the nation's coat of arms. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace. It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians — cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the royal house. It is also known as the Rose of England. The oak tree is also a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The term Royal Oak is also used to denote the escape of Charles II from the grasps of the parliamentarians after his father's execution; he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before making it safely into exile.

The national coat of arms of England, featuring three lions dates back to its adoption by Richard the Lionheart from 1198— 1340. They are described as gules, three lions passant guardant or and provide one of the most prominent symbols of England; it is similar to the traditional arms of Normandy. England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has God Save the Queen. However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems: Jerusalem, Land of Hope and Glory (used recently for the Commonwealth Games), Heart of Oak and I Vow to Thee, My Country. England's National Day is St George's Day, as Saint George is the patron saint of England, it is held annually on 23 April.

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External links

• Official website of the United Kingdom Government
• English Heritage  – national body protecting English heritage
• English Nature  – wildlife and the natural world of England
• Enjoy England  – website of the English Tourist Board
• BBC England  – news items from the BBC relating to England
• Template:Wikitravel

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