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COVID-19 recession

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Coronavirus recession
Map showing real GDP growth rates in 2020, as projected by the International Monetary Fund
Date20 February 2020 – present
(4 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)
TypeGlobal recession
Cause
Outcome
Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
Timeline
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Locations
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International response
National responses
Medical response
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The coronavirus recession, also known as the Great Lockdown or the Great Shutdown,[1] is a severe and ongoing global recession. An economic consequence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the first major sign of the coronavirus recession was the 2020 stock market crash on 20 February,[2][3][4][5][6][7] and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported on 14 April that all of the G7 nations had already entered or were entering into a "deep recession" and that there had already been a significant slowdown of growth in emerging economies.[8] IMF projects suggest that the coronavirus recession will be the most severe global economic downturn since the Great Depression, and that it will be "far worse" than the Great Recession of 2009.[9][10][11][12]

The pandemic has led to more than a third of the world's population being placed on lockdown to stop the spread of COVID-19.[13] It has caused severe repercussions for economies across the world,[14] following soon after a global economic slowdown during 2019 that saw stagnation of stock markets and consumer activity worldwide.[15][16]

The recession has seen unusually high and rapid increases in unemployment in many countries, and the inability in the United States for state-funded unemployment insurance computer systems and processes to keep up with applications.[17][18] The United Nations (UN) predicted in April 2020 that global unemployment will wipe out 6.7 per cent of working hours globally in the second quarter of 2020—equivalent to 195 million full-time workers.[19] In western nations, unemployment is expected to be at around 10%, with more severely affected nations from the COVID-19 pandemic having higher unemployment rates.[20][21][22] The developing world is also being affected by a drop in remittances.[23] The UN warned in April of a famine "of biblical proportions", which could affect over 30 developing nations.[24]

The recession saw the collapse of the price of oil triggered by the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war, the collapse of tourism, the hospitality industry, the energy industry and a significant downturn in consumer activity in comparison to the previous decade.[25][26][27] Global stock markets crashed around 20 to 30% during late February and March 2020, respectively. During the crash, global stock markets made unprecedented and volatile swings, mainly due to extreme uncertainty in the markets.[28][29][30]

Background

Corporate debt bubble

Main article: Corporate debt bubble

Since the financial crisis of 2007–08, there has been a large increase in corporate debt, rising from 84% of gross world product in 2009 to 92% in 2019, or about $72 trillion.[31][32] In the world's eight largest economies–China, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany–total corporate debt was about $51 trillion in 2019, compared to $34 trillion in 2009.[33] If the economic climate worsens, companies with high levels of debt run the risk of being unable to make their interest payments to lenders or refinance their debt, forcing them into restructuring.[34] The Institute of International Finance forecast in 2019 that, in an economic downturn half as severe as the 2008 crisis, $19 trillion in debt would be owed by non-financial firms without the earnings to cover the interest payments on the debt they issued.[33] The McKinsey Global Institute warned in 2018 that the greatest risks would be to emerging markets such as China, India, and Brazil, where 25-30% of bonds had been issued by high-risk companies.[35]

2019 global economic slowdown

During 2019, the IMF reported that the world economy was going through a "synchronized slowdown", which entered into its slowest pace since the Great Financial Crisis.[36] 'Cracks' were showing in the consumer market as global markets began to suffer through a 'sharp deterioration' of manufacturing activity.[37] Global growth was believed to have peaked in 2017, when the world's total industrial output began to start a sustained decline in early 2018.[38] The IMF blamed 'heightened trade and geopolitical tensions' as the main reason for the slowdown, citing Brexit and the China–United States trade war as primary reasons for slowdown in 2019, while other economists blamed liquidity issues.[36][39]

In April 2019, the U.S yield curve inverted, which sparked fears of a 2020 recession across the world.[40] The inverted yield curve and trade war fears prompted a sell-off in global stock markets during March 2019, which prompted more fears that a recession was imminent.[41] Rising debt levels in the European Union and the United States had always been a concern for economists. However, in 2019, that concern was heightened during the economic slowdown, and economists began warning of a 'debt bomb' occurring during the next economic crisis. Debt in 2019 was 50% higher than that during the height of the Great Financial Crisis.[42] Economists[who?] have argued that this increased debt is what led to debt defaults in economies and businesses across the world during the recession.[43][44] The first signs of trouble leading up to the recession occurred in September 2019, when the US Federal Reserve began intervening in the role of investor to provide funds in the repo markets; the overnight repo rate spiked above 6% during that time, which would play a crucial factor in triggering the events that led up to the crash.[45][46]

Sino-American trade war

Main article: China-United States trade war

The China–United States trade war occurred during 2018 to early 2020, and caused significant damage across global economies.[47] President Donald Trump in 2018 began setting tariffs and other trade barriers on China with the goal of forcing it to make changes to what the U.S. says are "unfair trade practices".[48] Among those trade practices and their effects are the growing trade deficit, the alleged theft of intellectual property, and the alleged forced transfer of American technology to China.[49]

In the United States, the trade war brought struggles for farmers and manufacturers and higher prices for consumers, which resulted in the U.S manufacturing industry entering into a 'mild recession' during 2019.[50] In other countries it has also caused economic damage, including violent protests in Chile and Ecuador due to transport and energy price surges, though some countries have benefited from increased manufacturing to fill the gaps. It has also led to stock market instability. The governments of several countries, including China and the United States, have taken steps to address some of the damage caused by a deterioration in China–United States relations and tit-for-tat tariffs.[51][52][53][54]During the recession, the downturn of consumerism and manufacturing from the trade war is believed to have inflated the economic crisis.[55][56]

Brexit

Main article: Economic effects of Brexit

In Europe, economies were hampered by the economic effects of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, better known as Brexit. British and EU growth stagnated during 2019 leading up to Brexit, mainly due to uncertainty around the crisis.[57] The United Kingdom experienced a 'near recession' in 2019, which weakened the British economy when entering into 2020. Many businesses left the United Kingdom to move into the EU, which resulted in trade loss and economic downturn for both EU members and the UK.[58][59][60][57]

Causes

Further information: Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is the most impactful pandemic since the Spanish flu in 1918.[61] When the pandemic first arose in late 2019 and more consequently in 2020, the world was going through economic stagnation and significant consumer downturn. Most economists believed a recession, though one which wouldn't be too severe, was coming. As a result of the fast spread of the pandemic, economies across the world have had to initiate 'lockdowns' to curb the spread of the pandemic. This resulted in the collapse of various industries and consumerism all at once, which put major pressure on banks and employment.[62][63][64] This caused a stock market crash and thereafter, the recession. With new social distancing measures taken in response to the pandemic, a "Great Lockdown" occurred of the world economy.[8]

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020.[65][66] The pandemic has led to severe global economic disruption,[67] the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, political and cultural events,[68] and widespread shortages of supplies exacerbated by panic buying.[69][70] Schools, universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries, affecting approximately 47 percent of the world's student population. Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak.[71] However, the virus is already spreading within communities in large parts of the world, with many not knowing where or how they were infected.[72]

Scanning electron microscope image of SARS-CoV-2 (centre, yellow)

The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching consequences beyond the spread of the disease and efforts to quarantine it. As the pandemic has spread around the globe, concerns have shifted from supply-side manufacturing issues to decreased business in the services sector.[73] The pandemic is considered unanimously as a major factor in causing the recession. The pandemic has affected nearly every major industry negatively, was one of the main causes of the stock market crash and has resulted in major curbings of social liberties and movement.[74][75][76][77][78]

Lockdowns

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns

While stay-at-home orders clearly affect many types of business, especially those that provide in-person services (including retail stores, restaurants and hotels, entertainment venues and museums, medical offices, and beauty salons and spas), government orders are not the sole pressure on those businesses. In the United States, people began to change their economic behavior 10–20 days before their local governments declared stay-at-home orders,[79] and by May, changes in individuals' rates of movement (according to smartphone data) did not always correlate with local laws.[80][81][82]

Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

Main article: 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

The reduction in the demand for travel and the lack of factory activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted demand for oil, causing its price to fall.[83] The Russian-Saudi Arabia oil price war became a cause in worsening the recession due to it crashing the price of oil. In mid-February, the International Energy Agency forecasted that oil demand growth in 2020 would be the smallest since 2011.[84] Chinese demand slump resulted in a meeting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to discuss a potential cut in production to balance the loss in demand.[85] The cartel initially made a tentative agreement to cut oil production by 1.5 million barrels per day following a meeting in Vienna on 5 March 2020, which would bring the production levels to the lowest it has been since the Iraq War.[86]

After OPEC and Russia failed to agree on oil production cuts on 6 March and Saudi Arabia and Russia both announced increases in oil production on 7 March, oil prices fell by 25 percent.[87][88] On 8 March, Saudi Arabia unexpectedly announced that it would increase production of crude oil and sell it at a discount (of $6–8 a barrel) to customers in Asia, the US, and Europe, following the breakdown of negotiations as Russia resisted calls to cut production. The biggest discounts targeted Russian oil customers in northwestern Europe.[89]

Prior to the announcement, the price of oil had gone down by more than 30% since the start of the year, and upon Saudi Arabia's announcement it dropped a further 30 percent, though later recovered somewhat.[90][91] Brent Crude, used to price two-thirds of the world's crude oil supplies, experienced the largest drop since the 1991 Gulf War on the night of 8 March. Also, the price of West Texas Intermediate fell to its lowest level since February 2016.[92] Energy expert Bob McNally noted, "This is the first time since 1930 and '31 that a massive negative demand shock has coincided with a supply shock;"[93] in that case it was the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act precipitating a collapse in international trade during the Great Depression, coinciding with discovery of the East Texas Oil Field during the Texas oil boom. Fears of the Russian–Saudi Arabian oil price war caused a plunge in U.S. stocks, and have had a particular impact on American producers of shale oil.[94]

Financial crisis

Main article: 2020 stock market crash
See also: Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Movement of the DJIA between January 2017 and March 2020

The global stock market crash began on 20 February 2020.[95][96][97] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, global markets, banks and businesses were all facing crises not seen since the Great Depression in 1929.[citation needed]

From 24 to 28 February, stock markets worldwide reported their largest one-week declines since the 2008 financial crisis,[98][99][100] thus entering a correction.[101][102][103] Global markets into early March became extremely volatile, with large swings occurring in global markets.[104][105] On 9 March, most global markets reported severe contractions, mainly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and an oil price war between Russia and the OPEC countries led by Saudi Arabia.[106][107] This became colloquially known as Black Monday I, and at the time was the worst drop since the Great Recession in 2008.[108][109]

Three days after Black Monday I there was another drop, Black Thursday, where stocks across Europe and North America fell more than 9%. Wall Street experienced its largest single-day percentage drop since Black Monday in 1987, and the FTSE MIB of the Borsa Italiana fell nearly 17%, becoming the worst-hit market during Black Thursday.[110][111][112] Despite a temporary rally on 13 March (with markets posting their best day since 2008), all three Wall Street indexes fell more than 12% when markets re-opened on 16 March.[113][114] During this time, one benchmark stock market index in all G7 countries and 14 of the G20 countries had been declared to be in Bear markets.[citation needed]

Black Monday I (9 March)

Crash

Prior to opening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average futures market experienced a 1,300-point drop based on the pandemic and fall in the oil price described above, triggering a trading curb, or circuit breaker, that caused the futures market to suspend trading for 15 minutes.[115] This predicted 1,300-point drop would establish 9 March as being among the most points the Dow Jones Industrial Average has dropped in a single day.[116][117] When the market opened on 9 March, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted 1800 points on opening, 500 points lower than the prediction.[118]

The United States' Dow Jones Industrial Average lost more than 2000 points,[119] described by The News International as "the biggest ever fall in intraday trading".[120] The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit a number of trading "circuit breakers" to curb panicked selling.[115] Oil firms Chevron and ExxonMobil fell about 15%.[121] The NASDAQ Composite, also in the United States, lost over 620 points.[clarification needed] The S&P 500 fell by 7.6%.[122] Oil prices fell 22%,[123] and the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell below 0.40% and 1.02% respectively.[124] Canada's S&P/TSX Composite Index finished the day off by more than 10%.[125] Brazil's IBOVESPA gave up 12%, erasing over 15 months of gains for the index.[126] Australia's ASX 200 lost 7.3%—its biggest daily drop since 2008,[127][128] though it rebounded later in the day. London's FTSE 100 lost 7.7%, suffering its worst drop since the 2008 financial crisis.[129][130] BP and Shell Oil experienced intraday price drops of nearly 20%[131] The FTSE MIB, CAC 40, and DAX tanked as well, with Italy affected the most as the COVID-19 pandemic in the country continues. They fell 11.2%, 8.4%, and 7.9% respectively.[132][133][134] The STOXX Europe 600 fell to more than 20% below its peak earlier in the year.[135]

In a number of Asian markets—Japan, Singapore, the Philippines and Indonesia—shares declined over 20% from their most recent peaks, entering bear market territory.[136] In Japan, the Nikkei 225 plummeted 5.1%.[137] In Singapore, the Straits Times Index fell 6.03%.[138] In China, the CSI 300 Index lost 3%.[139] In Hong Kong, the Hang Seng index sank 4.2%.[140] In Pakistan, the PSX saw the largest ever intra-day plunge in the country's history, losing 2,302 points or 6.0%. The market closed with the KSE 100 index down 3.1%.[141] In India, the BSE SENSEX closed 1,942 points lower at 35,635 while the NSE Nifty 50 was down by 538 points to 10,451.[142]

Former George W. Bush administration energy policy advisor Bob McNally noted, "This is the first time since 1930 and '31 that a massive negative demand shock has coincided with a supply shock";[143] in the previous case it was the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act precipitating a collapse in international trade during the Great Depression, coinciding with discovery of the East Texas Oil Field during the Texas oil boom. The Washington Post posited that pandemic-related turmoil could spark a collapse of the corporate debt bubble, sparking and worsening a recession.[144] The Central Bank of Russia announced that it would suspend foreign exchange market purchases in domestic markets for 30 days,[145] while the Central Bank of Brazil auctioned an additional $3.465 billion the foreign exchange market in two separate transactions and the Bank of Mexico increased its foreign exchange auctions program from $20 billion to $30 billion.[146][147] After announcing a $120 billion fiscal stimulus programs on 2 December,[148] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced additional government spending,[149] while Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced additional stimulus as well.[150]

Black Thursday (12 March)

Black Thursday[151] was a global stock market crash on 12 March 2020, as part of the greater 2020 stock market crash. US stock markets suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash.[152] Following Black Monday three days earlier, Black Thursday was attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic and a lack of investor confidence in US President Donald Trump after he declared a 30-day travel ban against the Schengen Area.[153] Additionally, the European Central Bank, under the lead of Christine Lagarde, decided to not cut interest rates despite market expectations,[154] leading to a drop in S&P 500 futures of more than 200 points in less than an hour.[155]

Bank Indonesia announced open market purchases of Rp4 trillion (or $276.53 million) in government bonds,[156] while Bank Indonesia Governor Perry Warjiyo stated that Bank Indonesia's open market purchases of government bonds had climbed to Rp130 trillion on the year and Rp110 trillion since the end of January.[157] Despite declining to cut its deposit rate, the European Central Bank increased its asset purchases by €120 billion (or $135 billion),[158] while the Federal Reserve announced $1.5 trillion in open market purchases.[159] Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced a A$17.6 billion fiscal stimulus package.[160] The Reserve Bank of India announced that it would conduct a six-month $2 billion currency swap for U.S. dollars,[161] while the Reserve Bank of Australia announced A$8.8 billion in repurchases of government bonds.[162] The Central Bank of Brazil auctioned $1.78 billion Foreign exchange spots.[163]

Asia-Pacific stock markets closed down (with the Nikkei 225 of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hang Seng Index of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and the IDX Composite of the Indonesia Stock Exchange falling to more than 20% below their 52-week highs),[164][165][166] European stock markets closed down 11% (with the FTSE 100 Index on the London Stock Exchange, the DAX on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the CAC 40 on the Euronext Paris, and the FTSE MIB on the Borsa Italiana all closing more than 20% below their most recent peaks),[167][168] while the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed down an additional 10% (eclipsing the one-day record set on 9 March), the NASDAQ Composite was down 9.4%, and the S&P 500 was down 9.5% (with the NASDAQ and S&P 500 also falling to more than 20% below their peaks), and the declines activated the trading curb at the New York Stock Exchange for the second time that week.[169][170] Oil prices dropped by 8%,[171] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities increased to 0.86% and 1.45% (and their yield curve finished normal).[172]

Crash

The US's Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index suffered from the greatest single-day percentage fall since the 1987 stock market crash, as did the UK's FTSE 100, which fell 10.87%.[173] The Canadian S&P/TSX Composite Index dropped 12%, its largest one-day drop since 1940.[174] The FTSE MIB Italian index closed with a 16.92% loss, the worst in its history.[175] Germany's DAX fell 12.24% and France's CAC 12.28%.[176] In Brazil, the Ibovespa plummeted 14.78%, after trading in the B3 was halted twice within the intraday; it also moved below the 70,000 mark before closing above it.[177][178] The NIFTY 50 on the National Stock Exchange of India fell 7.89% to more than 20% below its most recent peak, while the BSE SENSEX on the Bombay Stock Exchange fell 2,919 (or 8.18%) to 32,778.[179] The benchmark stock market index on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange fell by 9.3%.[180] The MERVAL on the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange fell 9.5% to 19.5% on the week.[181] 12 March was the second time, following 9 March, that the 7%-drop circuit breaker was triggered since being implemented in 2013.[153]

In Colombia, the peso set an all-time low against the U.S. dollar, when it traded above 4000 pesos for the first time on record.[182][183] The Mexican peso also set an all-time record low against the U.S. dollar, trading at 22.99 pesos.[184] The cryptocurrency Bitcoin dropped 40%, its worst day in seven years.[185] Other cryptocurrencies fell sharply as well.[186][187]

Black Monday II (16 March)

Over the preceding weekend, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced a $13 billion credit-line package to small and medium-sized companies,[188] while South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced a fiscal stimulus package.[189] The Federal Reserve announced that it would cut the federal funds rate target to 0%–0.25%, lower reserve requirements to zero, and begin a $700 billion quantitative easing program.[190][191][192]

Dow futures tumbled more than 1,000 points and Standard & Poor's 500 futures dropped 5%, triggering a circuit breaker.[193] On Monday 16 March, Asia-Pacific and European stock markets closed down (with the S&P/ASX 200 setting a one-day record fall of 9.7%, collapsing 30% from the peak that was reached on 20 February).[194][195][196] The Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ Composite, and the S&P 500 all fell by 12–13%, with the Dow eclipsing the one-day drop record set on 12 March and the trading curb being activated at the beginning of trading for the third time (after 9 and 12 March).[197] Oil prices fell by 10%,[198] while the yields on 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury securities fell to 0.76% and 1.38% respectively (while their yield curve remained normal for the third straight trading session).[199]

The Cboe Volatility Index closed at 82.69 on 16 March, the highest ever closing for the index (though there were higher intraday peaks in 2008).[200][201] Around noon on 16 March, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York announced that it would conduct a $500 billion repurchase through the afternoon of that day.[202] Indonesian Finance Minister Sri Mulyani announced an additional Rp22 trillion in tax-related fiscal stimulus.[203] The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey lowered its reserve requirement from 8% to 6%.[204] The Bank of Japan announced that it would not cut its bank rate lower from minus 0.1% but that it would conduct more open market purchases of Exchange-traded funds.[205] After cutting its bank rate by 25 basis points on 7 February,[206] the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would keep its bank rate at 6%,[207] while the Bank of Korea announced that it would cut its overnight rate by 50 basis points to 0.75%.[208] The Central Bank of Chile cut its benchmark rate,[209] while the Reserve Bank of New Zealand cut its official cash rate by 75 basis points to 0.25%.[210] The Czech National Bank announced that it would cut its bank rate by 50 basis points to 1.75%.[211]

Impact by country

Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa is poised to enter its first recession in 25 years, but this time for a longer duration.[212] The World Bank predicts that overall sub-Saharan Africa's economy will be between 2.1% and 5.1% smaller by the end of the year. [213] Africa owes $152 billion to China from loans taken 2000–2018; as of May 2020, China was considering granting deadline extensions for repayment.[214]

Botswana

Botswana has been affected by sharp falls in the diamond trade, tourism and other sectors.[215]

Egypt

The Egyptian economy is taking a heavy toll by the global recession. Tourism, which employs one in ten Egyptians and contributes about 5% of the GDP, has largely stopped, while remittances from migrant workers abroad (9% of GDP) are also expected to fall.[216] The cheap fuel prices and slower demand have also led some shipping companies to avoid the Suez Canal, and instead opt for traveling by the Cape of Good Hope, leading to reduced transit fees for the government.[216]

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is heavily dependent for export income on its national carrier, Ethiopian Airlines, which has announced suspensions on 80 flight routes.[215] Exports of flowers and other agricultural products have dropped sharply.[215]

Namibia

Namibia's central bank sees the nation's economy shrinking by 6.9%[217] This will be the biggest shrink of GDP since its independence in 1990. The tourism and hospitality industries has accounted for N$26 billion being lost as 125 000 jobs have been affected.[218] The central bank also announced that the diamond-mining sector will decline by 14.9% in 2020, while uranium mining may shrink 22%.[219]

Zambia

Zambia is facing a severe debt crisis.[220] Almost half the national budget goes towards interest payments, with questions about whether the country will be able to make all future payments.[220]

Americas

Argentina

Argentina may face its 9th sovereign default in history due to the recession.[221]

Belize

The fall in travel is expected to drive Belize into a deep recession in 2020.[215]

Brazil

The Brazilian government forecast that its economy will experience its biggest crash since 1900, with a gross domestic product contraction of 4.7%.[222]

Canada

By April 2020, the national unemployment rate in Canada was 13%.[223]

Total employment dropped by 3 million and total hours worked fell by 30% between February and April 2020. Canadian manufacturing sales in March fell to the lowest level since mid-2016, as sales by auto manufacturers and parts suppliers plunged more than 30%.[224]

In response, the Government of Canada introduced several benefits including, the Canada Emergency Response Benefit, the Canada Emergency Student Benefit, and the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy.[225]

Mexico

Mexico's outlook was already poor before the crisis, with a mild recession in 2019.[226] The economic development plans of president Andrés Manuel López Obrador were predicated on revenue from the state oil company Pemex, but the oil price collapse has now raised doubts on those plans.[226] Beyond oil, the country's economy also relies on tourism, trade with the United States, as well as remittances, which all are also being affected.[227] All of this leading to what could be Mexico's worst recession in a century, and the worst in Latin America after Venezuela.[227]

United States

Before the pandemic, there were signs of recession. The US yield curve inverted in mid-2019, usually indicative of a forthcoming recession.[228][229]

Starting in March 2020, job loss was rapid. About 16 million jobs were lost in the United States in the three weeks ending on 4 April.[230] Unemployment claims reached a record high, with 3.3 million claims made in the week ending on 21 March. (The previous record had been 700,000 from 1982.)[231][232] On 8 May, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a U-3 unemployment (official unemployment) figure of 14.7%, the highest level recorded since 1941, with U-6 unemployment (total unemployed plus marginally attached and part time underemployed workers) reaching 22.8%.[233]

Restaurant patronage fell sharply across the country,[234] and major airlines reduced their operations on a large scale.[235] The Big Three car manufacturers all halted production.[236] In April, construction of new homes dropped by 30%, reaching the lowest level in five years.[237]

The St. Louis Fed Financial Stress Index increased sharply from below zero to 5.8 during March 2020.[238][239] The United States Department of Commerce reported that consumer spending fell by 7.5 percent during the month of March 2020. It was the largest monthly drop since record keeping began in 1959. As a result, the country's gross domestic product reduced at a rate of 4.8 percent during the first quarter of 2020.[240]

The largest economic stimulus legislation in American history, a $2 trillion package called the CARES Act, was signed into law on March 27, 2020.[citation needed]

The Congressional Budget Office reported in May 2020 that:

  • The unemployment rate increased from 3.5% in February to 14.7% in April, representing a decline of more than 25 million people employed, plus another 8 million persons that exited the labor force.
  • Job declines were focused on industries that rely on "in-person interactions" such as retail, education, health services, leisure and hospitality. For example, 8 of the 17 million leisure and hospitality jobs were lost in March and April.
  • The economic impact was expected to hit smaller and newer businesses harder, as they typically have less financial cushion.
  • Real (inflation-adjusted) consumer spending fell 17% from February to April, as social distancing reached its peak. In April, car and light truck sales were 49% below the late 2019 monthly average. Mortgage applications fell 30% in April 2020 versus April 2019.
  • Real GDP was forecast to fall at a nearly 38% annual rate in the second quarter, or 11.2% versus the prior quarter, with a return to positive quarter-to-quarter growth of 5.0% in Q3 and 2.5% in Q4 2020. However, real GDP was not expected to regain its Q4 2019 level until 2022 or later.
  • The unemployment rate was forecast to average 11.5% in 2020 and 9.3% in 2021.[241]

Asia-Pacific

Australia

Australia before the recession was suffering from an unusually severe and expensive bushfire season which damaged the economy and domestic trade routes.[242] Not only that, but Australia had experienced significant slowdown in their economic growth, with economists in late 2019 saying that Australia was 'teetering on the edge of a recession'.[243] As a result of this and the effects of the recession, Australia is expecting a deep recession with at least 10.0% of the able working population becoming unemployed according to the Australian treasury and at least a 6.7% GDP retraction according to the IMF.[244][245] In April 2020, a water consultant predicted a shortage of rice and other staples during the pandemic unless farmers' water allocations were changed.[246]

The unemployment level of 5.1% is projected to rise to a 25-year high of 10.0%, according to Treasury data released in April 2020.[247][248] The Jobseeker Allowance unemployment benefit was doubled in April, but Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that this would likely be reduced when the pandemic ends.[249]

As of April 2020, up to a million people have been laid off due to effects of the recession.[250] Over 280,000 individuals applied for unemployment support at the peak day.[251]

Bangladesh

The Bangladeshi economy is heavily dependent on the garment industry and remittances from migrant workers.[252] The garment industry has been heavily affected, having already been contracting in 2019.[252] Remittances in turn are expected to fall 22 percent.[252]

China

As a result of the recession, China's economy contracted for the first time in almost 50 years.[253] The national GDP for the first quarter of 2020 dropped 6.8% year-on-year, and the GDP for Hubei Province dropped 39.2% in the same period.[254]

India

Further information: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India

The IMF predicted the growth rate of India in the financial year of 2020–21 as 1.9%,[255] but in the following financial year, they predict it to be 7.4%.[256] IMF also predicted that India and China are the only two major economies that will maintain positive growth rates.[257]

Iraq

As 90% of the government income comes from oil, it will be extremely heavily hit by the drop in prices.[226]

Japan

In Japan, the 2019 4th quarter GDP shrank 7.1% from the previous quarter[258] due to two main factors. One is the government's raise in consumption tax from 8% to 10% despite opposition from the citizens. The other is the devastating effects of Typhoon Hagibis, also known as the Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon (令和元年東日本台風, Reiwa Gannen Higashi-Nihon Taifū), or Typhoon Number 19 (台風19). The 38th depression, 9th typhoon and 3rd super typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, it was the strongest typhoon in decades to strike mainland Japan, and one of the largest typhoons ever recorded at a peak diameter of 825 nautical miles (950 mi; 1529 km). It was also the costliest Pacific typhoon on record, surpassing Typhoon Mireille's record by more than US$5 billion (when not adjusted for inflation).[259] In the resort town of Hakone, record rainfall of almost a meter (942.3 mm, 37.1 inches) fell in only 24 hours.[260] This adds to the effect of the pandemic on people's lives and the economy, the prime minister unveiling a 'massive" stimulus amounting to 20% of GDP.[261]

Lebanon

Further information: 2019–20 Lebanese protests and Lebanon liquidity crisis

Since August 2019, Lebanon had been experiencing a major economic crisis that was caused by an increase in the official exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and the United States dollar.[262][263]

Nepal

As millions of Nepalis work outside of the country, at least hundreds of thousands are expected to return due to layoffs abroad, in what has been labelled a "crisis" that may "overwhelm the Nepali state".[264]

New Zealand

The New Zealand Treasury projected that the country could experience an unemployment rate of 13.5% if the country remains in lockdown for four weeks. Finance Minister Grant Robertson has vowed that the Government will keep the unemployment rate below 10%. Prior to lockdown, the unemployment rate was at 4.2% [265] [266][267]

BNZ economists are predicting a 12% fall in property prices and an even larger decline in the construction of new homes. [268]

Pakistan

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

Philippines

The Philippines' real GDP contracted by 0.2% in the first quarter of 2020, the first contraction since the fourth quarter of 1998, a year after the Asian financial crisis, with a technical recession deemed "likely" to be posted within 2020.[269]

Singapore

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore

Property investment sales in Singapore fell 37 per cent to $3.02 billion in the first quarter of this year from the previous three months as the pandemic took its toll on investor sentiment, a report from Cushman & Wakefield on 13 April showed.[270]

On 28 April, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) said in its latest half-yearly macroeconomic review Singapore will enter into a recession this year because of the blow from the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in job losses and lower wages, with "significant uncertainty" over how long and intense the downturn will be. Depending on how the pandemic evolves and the efficacy of policy responses around the world, Singapore's economic growth could even dip below the forecast range of minus four to minus one per cent to record its worst-ever contraction.[271]

On 29 April, the Ministry of Manpower (MOM) said that total employment excluding foreign domestic workers dropped by 19,900 in the first three months of the year, mainly due to a significant reduction in foreign employment. Among Singapore citizens, the unemployment rate increased from 3.3 per cent to 3.5 per cent, while the resident unemployment rate, which includes permanent residents, increased from 3.2 per cent to 3.3 per cent.[272]

On 14 May, Singapore Airlines (SIA) posted its first annual net loss in 48 years - a net loss of S$732.4 million in the fourth quarter, reversing from a net profit of S$202.6 million in the corresponding quarter a year ago.[273]

Europe

The European Purchasing Managers' Index, a key indicator of economic activity, crashed to a record-low of 13.5 in April 2020.[274] Normally, any figure below 50 is a sign of economic decline.[274]

Belarus

The Belarusian economy is being negatively affected by the loss of Russian oil subsidies, and the drop in price of Belarus' refined oil products.[215]

France

France's yellow vest movement caused significant economic damage to the French economy in 2019, alongside a global slowdown.[275][276] France has being significantly hit hard by the pandemic, with two months of 'strict lockdown' imposed on the French society.[277] On 8 April, the Bank of France officially declared that the French economy was in recession, shrinking by 6 percent in the first quarter of 2020.[278]

Germany

Minister of Finance of Hesse, Thomas Schäfer, was found dead on 28 March 2020. Schäfer left a suicide note, where he mentions the "hopeless" economic situation in the country as one of the reasons.[279]

Italy

Italy's unemployment rate is expected to rise to 11.2%, with 51% fearing unemployment in March.[280][281]

The preliminary estimate of 1Q20 Italian GDP shows a 4.7% quarter on quarter fall (-4.8% YoY), a much steeper decline than in any quarter seen either during the financial crisis or the sovereign debt crisis.[282]

United Kingdom

On 19 March 2020 the Bank of England cut the interest rate to a historic low of 0.1%.[283] Quantitative easing was extended by £200 billion to a total of £645 billion since the start of the Great Recession.[284] A day later, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced the government would spend £350 billion to bolster the economy.[285] On 24 March non-essential business and travel were officially banned in the UK to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2.[286] In April the Bank agreed to extend the government's overdraft facility from £370 million to an undisclosed amount for the first time since 2008.[287] Household spending fell 41.2% in April 2020 compared with April 2019.[288] April's Purchasing Managers' Index score was 13.8 points, the lowest since records began in 1996, indicating a severe downturn of business activity.[289]

By the start of May, 23% of the British workforce had been furloughed (temporarily laid off). Government schemes were launched to help furloughed employees and self-employed workers whose incomes had been affected by the outbreak, effectively paying 80% of their regular incomes, subject to eligibility.[290] The Bank estimated that the UK economy could shrink 30% in the first half of 2020 and that unemployment was likely to rise to 9% in 2021.[291] Economic growth was already weak before the crisis, with 0% growth in the fourth quarter of 2019.[292] On 13 May, the Office for National Statistics announced a 2% fall in GDP in the first quarter of 2020, including a then-record 5.8% monthly fall in March. The Chancellor warned it was very likely the UK was going through a significant recession.[293]

Summary of national impacts

Effect on national economies[294]
Region Effect on annual GDP (%) Unemployment (%)
Australia -4.2 6.2
Austria -6.0 4.5
Argentina -6.7 8.9
Belgium -6.3 5.2
Brazil -5.5 11.6
Canada -3.2 13.0
Chile -4.9 7.8
Colombia -2.7 12.2
Eurozone -5.9 7.3
France -5.3 8.1
Germany -6.0 3.2
Greece -6.0 16.4
Hong Kong -2.3 5.2
Israel -2.3 3.4
Italy -7.0 9.7
Japan -1.6 2.4
Malaysia -1.0 3.3
Mexico -6.5 3.7
Netherlands -7.0 3.8
Norway -6.0 3.8
Peru -2.5 7.6
Russia -2.6 4.6
Saudi Arabia -3.0 5.7
Singapore -3.2 2.3
South Africa -4.0 29.1
South Korea -1.8 4.2
Spain -6.0 13.6
Sweden -2.3 7.1
Taiwan -1.9 3.8
Thailand -5.9 1.1
Turkey -3.5 13.8
United Kingdom -4.7 4.0
United States -2.9 14.7

Impact by sector

Various service sectors are expected to be hit especially hard by the coronavirus recession.[295]

Automotive industry

New vehicle sales in the United States have declined by 40%.[296] The American Big Three have all shut down their US factories.[297] The German automotive industry is coming into the crisis after having already suffered from the Dieselgate-scandal, as well as competition from electric cars.[298]

Energy

Oil tankers sit off the coast of Southern California, 23 April 2020.

The demand shock to oil was so severe that the price of American oil futures contracts became negative (bottoming out at $-37.63 per barrel on the West Texas Intermediate), as traders started paying for buyers to take the product before storage capacity ran out.[299] This was despite an earlier OPEC+ deal which cut world production by 10% and ended the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war.[300]

Tourism

The global tourism industry may shrink up to 50% due to the pandemic.[301]

Restaurants

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the restaurant business. In the beginning of March 2020, some major cities in the US announced that bars and restaurants would be closed to sit-down diners and limited to takeout orders and delivery.[302] Some employees were fired, and more employees lacked sick leave in the sector compared to similar sectors.[303][304]

Retail

Shopping centers and other retailers around the world have reduced hours or closed down entirely. Many were expected not to recover, thereby accelerating the effects of the retail apocalypse.[305] Department stores and clothing shops have been especially hit.[305]

Ecommerce has also been affected, with categories such as Disposable Gloves seeing a 670% increase in March 2020 from a 2019, followed closely by bread machines at 652%.[306]

Transportation

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation
See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism
A nearly empty flight from Beijing to Los Angeles during the pandemic

The pandemic has had a significant impact on the aviation industry due to the resulting travel restrictions as well as slump in demand among travelers. Significant reductions in passenger numbers have resulted in planes flying empty between airports and the cancellation of flights.[citation needed]

The following airlines have gone bankrupt or into administration:

The cruise ship industry has also been heavily affected by a downturn, with the share prices of the major cruise lines down 70–80%.[310]

Food insecurity

See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry

Unlike the Great Recession, it is expected that the coronavirus recession will also affect the majority of less-economically developed nations. On 21 April, the United Nations World Food Programme warned that a famine "of biblical proportions" was expected in several parts of the world as a result of the pandemic.[311][312] The release of 2020 Global Report on Food Crises indicated that 55 countries were at risk,[313] with David Beasley estimating that in a worst-case scenario "about three dozen" countries would succumb to famine.[312][314] This is particularly an issue in several countries affected by war, including the Yemeni Civil War, the Syrian Civil War, insurgency in the Maghreb and the Afghanistan Conflict and occurs on a background of the 2019 locust storms in East Africa. Nestlé, PepsiCo, the United Nations Foundation and farmers' unions have written to the G20 for support in maintaining food distributions in order to prevent food shortages.[315] It is estimated that double the number of people "will go hungry" when compared to pre-pandemic levels.[315]

The United Nations forecasts that the following member states will have significant areas with poor food security categorised as under "stress" (IPC phase 2), "crisis" (IPC phase 3), "emergency" (IPC phase 4) or "critical emergency" (IPC phase 5) in 2020:[313]

It also raises alerts around:[313]

National fiscal responses

Several countries have announced stimulus programs to counter the effects of the recession. Below is a summary table based on data from the International Monetary Fund (unless otherwise specified).[215]

Country Direct spending (billions US$) Direct spending (% GDP) Loan guarantees and asset purchases (billions US$) Notes Additional sources
 Australia 139 9.7 125
 Austria 43 9
 Azerbaijan 1.5 3
 Bahrain 1.5 4 9.8
 Belgium 10 2 60
 Canada 145 8.4 170
 Chile 11.75 4.7
 China 380 2.5 770
 Czech Republic 4 2 40
 Denmark 9 2.5 Another 2.5% is estimated to come from automatic stabilizers.
 Egypt 6.4 2
 Estonia 2 7
 European Union 600 4 870
 France 50 2 300
 Germany 175 4.9 825 States have announced additional spending.
 Greece 17 7.5
 Hong Kong 36.69 10
 Iran 55 10+
 Ireland 8.1 2
 Israel 20 5.7 10
 Italy 90 3.1 400
 Japan 991 20 15
 Kazakhstan 12 6
 Macau 6.6 12.1
 South Korea 14 0.6 90
 Malaysia 7.5 2.1 10
 New Zealand 11 5.7
 Pakistan 8.8 3.8
 Peru 20 8 announced expenditure of 12% from total GDP
 Russia 72.7 4.3 Total of the recovery plan in 2020-2021.[316]
 Qatar 20.6 13
 Singapore 54.5 11
 Switzerland 42 6
 Thailand 16.7 3
 Turkey 20 2
 United Arab Emirates 7.22 2
 United States 2900 14.5 4000

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to COVID-19 recession.

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