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===51% Bumiputra Logistic Equity Control Policy=== |
===51% Bumiputra Logistic Equity Control Policy=== |
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On 27 September 2021, Ismail Sabri has sparked criticism after he announced a new equity policy for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] companies under the five-year development plan, [[Twelfth Malaysia Plan]] (12MP), which was tabled by him in Parliament. The policy is said to ensure sustainable equity holdings by Bumiputeras, an equity safety net would be launched to guarantee that the sale of shares or Bumiputera firms would only be sold solely to Bumiputera companies, consortiums or individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=Rave reviews for 12MP, but Ismail Sabri’s Bumi focus splits opinions|url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/42842/rave-reviews-for-12mp-but-ismail-sabris-bumi-focus-splits-opinions|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Vibes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Ram|date=2021-09-29|title=Malaysian PM Ismail's push on bumiputera equity faces criticism in country|language=en|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/ismails-push-on-bumiputera-equity-faces-criticism-in-malaysia|access-date=2021-10-04|issn=0585-3923}}</ref> [[Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman|Syed Saddiq]] mentioned that the new rulings were unfair as they would be tantamount to taking equity from the non-bumiputeras and giving them to bumiputeras. Former Health Minister, [[Dzulkefly Ahmad]] had also described the policy as "suicidal" and claimed that the new policy would only kill the Bumiputera companies economically if that is their intention. He also said that based on the feedback from Malay businessmen, most were against the idea of the new Bumiputera-only policy being implemented.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The 12th Malaysia Plan and what people think of it|work=Free Malaysia Today|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/10/01/the-12th-malaysia-plan-and-what-people-think-of-it/|access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> Ismail Sabri announced it after revealing that the government’s target to raise Bumiputera equity ownership to 30% had yet to be achieved. He also announced fundings to improve Bumiputera businesses’ sustainability to hit 15% contribution in [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) by Bumiputera micro, small and medium enterprises by 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former minister calls govt’s Bumi equity safety net ‘suicidal’, claims Malay businessmen not keen|url=https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/former-minister-calls-govt-bumi-083357557.html|access-date=2021-10-04|website=malaysia.news.yahoo.com|language=en-MY}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{Cite web|title= Big challenge to find bumi businessmen willing to take up 51% equity, say freight forwarders’ associations | url = https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/09/24/big-challenge-to-find-bumi-businessmen-willing-to-take-up-51-equity-say-freight-forwarders-associations| work = The Star | accessdate = 9 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = |
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Bumiputera’s 51% equity in logistics: A case of “robbing Peter to pay Paul” |
Bumiputera’s 51% equity in logistics: A case of “robbing Peter to pay Paul” |
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| url = https://focusmalaysia.my/bumiputeras-51-equity-in-logistics-a-case-of-robbing-peter-to-pay-paul/| work = Malaysia Kini | accessdate= 9 October 2021}}</ref> |
| url = https://focusmalaysia.my/bumiputeras-51-equity-in-logistics-a-case-of-robbing-peter-to-pay-paul/| work = Malaysia Kini | accessdate= 9 October 2021}}</ref> |
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=== Boycott call === |
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Ismail Sabri caused controversy in February 2015 with a [[Facebook]] comment urging [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] consumers to use their "power" to force the [[Chinese Malaysians|Chinese minority]] to cut prices by boycotting the Chinese businesses.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Seok Hwai|date=2 February 2015|title=Malaysia minister calls for Malays to boycott Chinese businesses|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-minister-calls-for-malays-to-boycott-chinese-businesses|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2021|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> |
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{{quote|[...] Consumers hold the most power. Malay people make up the vast majority of consumers. The Chinese constitute a minority. If Malays boycott their businesses, they will be forced to lower their prices. Consider this: many Chinese eateries do not have a halal logo and have been raided and arrested several times for questionable halal status, [but] Malays continue to flock to the restaurant despite the fact that there are thousands of legitimate halal Malay restaurants. See OldTown White Coffee, [their halal status] has recently been called into question, but Malays continue to refuse to boycott them. Furthermore, the owner is said to be from the Ngeh family [and a member of] DAP Perak, which is known for its anti-Islam stance. If the Malays do not change their ways, the Chinese will seize the opportunity to suppress the Malay.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monday|first=02 Feb 2015 02:42 PM MYT|title=Boycott Chinese businesses to lower price of goods, minister tells Malays {{!}} Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/02/02/boycott-chinese-businesses-to-lower-price-of-goods-minister-tells-malays/832557|access-date=20 August 2021|website=www.malaymail.com|language=en}}</ref>|author=Ismail Sabri Yaakob, 2 February 2015|source=|title=}} |
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Political analyst [[Wan Saiful Wan Jan]] said in his personal capacity that any Malaysian voter regardless of race would be repelled by Ismail's comments. “I think the reaction of any right-minded Malay or Chinese who believes in [[Malaysian Malaysia|Malaysian unity]] would be of disgust … The Chinese voters will remember what he said when it comes to the vote”.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anisah Shukry|date=5 February 2015|title=Ismail Sabri's future in Bera shaky, say analysts after boycott call|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ismail-sabris-future-in-bera-shaky-say-analysts-after-boycott-call|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205100137/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ismail-sabris-future-in-bera-shaky-say-analysts-after-boycott-call|archive-date=5 February 2015|access-date=15 August 2015|publisher=[[The Malaysian Insider]]}}</ref> [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]'s [[Wee Ka Siong]] slammed the statement, saying, "As a minister in the Cabinet, he should not make such ethnic generalisations. It is not as if only Chinese are businessmen".<ref>{{Cite web|last=CHAN|first=AKIL YUNUS, D. KANYAKUMARI, KATHLEEN ANN KILI and ADRIAN|title=MCA slams minister's call for Malays to boycott Chinese businesses|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/02/02/mca-response-ismail-sabri|access-date=20 August 2021|website=The Star|language=en}}</ref> Inspector-General of Police (IGP) [[Khalid Abu Bakar]] stated that the minister would be investigated under the [[Sedition Act 1948]] and Ismail Sabri has since deleted the Facebook post.<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1318516|title=Police to quiz Ismail Sabri over boycott call|author1=Haikal Jalil|author2=Nabilah Hamudin|work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]]|date=2 February 2015|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> |
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In October 2018, Ismail agreed to pay DAP's [[Ngeh Koo Ham]] RM80,000 in damages and RM5,000 in legal fees after being found guilty of defamation. Ngeh's office clarified that Ngeh has no share or interest in [[OldTown White Coffee]], and that the [[Islamophobia|anti-Islam]] allegation is "false" and "absurd".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roketkini.com/2018/10/25/fitnah-terhadap-ngeh-koo-ham-tidak-masuk-akal-ismail-sabri-tewas-di-mahkamah/|title=Fitnah terhadap Ngeh Koo Ham tidak masuk akal; Ismail Sabri tewas di mahkamah|via=Roketkini|date=25 October 2018|access-date=19 August 2021|website=roketkini.com|language=ms}}</ref> |
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=== Low Yat 2 === |
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Ismail Sabri sparked controversy in 2015 when he proposed establishing "Low Yat 2", a digital gadget mall that would only house Malay traders. He claims that "Low Yat 2" will be able to compete with [[Plaza Low Yat]], Malaysia's most well-known electronic products store.<ref name=LowYat2/> Although the traders are all Malay, Ismail calls on the minorities to support the mall.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Syed Jaymal Zahiid|author2=Hasbullah Awang Chik|date=8 December 2015|title=At 'Low Yat 2' opening, Ismail Sabri calls on minorities to support all-Malay IT mall|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/at-low-yat-2-opening-ismail-sabri-calls-on-minorities-to-support-all-malay|access-date=8 December 2015|publisher=The Malay Mail}}</ref> |
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MCA then-president [[Liow Tiong Lai]] said that the setting up of Low Yat 2 would only hurt racial relations, and described the proposal for the bumiputra-only mall as an “antagonistic approach”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/08/15/mca-low-yat-2-plan-will-hurt-racial-ties-supermarkets-should-be-open-to-all/|title=MCA: Low Yat 2 plan will hurt racial ties|work=The Star|date=15 August 2015|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Fellow UMNO member [[Saifuddin Abdullah]] also criticised the proposal, claiming that Ismail Sabri's proposal would be detrimental to [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and [[Malaysians]] in general, and that having commercial sectors divided by ethnicity would be counterproductive.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ministers-low-yat-2-for-malays-will-deepen-idiotic-bigotry-in-country-bn-le|title=Minister's 'Low Yat 2' for Malays will deepen 'idiotic bigotry' in country, BN leaders says|author=Ida Lim|publisher=[[The Malay Mail]]|date=13 August 2015|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> |
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=== Taylor's University sponsorship cancellation === |
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[[Taylor's University]] terminated the services of a bus operator who utilised their vehicles with the university's logo to transport passengers to the racially-motivated [[2015 Malay Dignity rally]]. According to Ismail Sabri, the sponsorship for the next intake of students to [[Taylor's University]] will be terminated by [[Majlis Amanah Rakyat|MARA]]. However, he did not specify the reasons for the revocation. When questioned if this was due to the cancellation of the service, he answered, "There are many reasons." Ismail stated that he will notify Mara's director-general to evaluate its funding of Taylor's University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/09/21/ismail-sabri-mara-terminate-taylors/|title=Ismail Sabri: Mara to terminate sponsorship for Taylor's University students|author=Rahmah Ghazali|work=The Star|date=21 September 2015|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> |
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[[Democratic Action Party|DAP]]'s [[Teresa Kok]] criticised the decision, calling it a "personal vendetta and abuse of power", and called for the cabinet to censure Ismail Sabri, as well as challenging him to publicly reveal the reasons for the decision, as well as publish the internal report which led to the decision. [[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]]'s [[Chai Kim Sen]] said the minister's inability to state even one reason for this decision was not only “unbecoming” but “even childish”. He said his latest announcement about [[Majlis Amanah Rakyat|MARA]] would only “further weaken his already-tarred reputation as a racist”. He further added that the education institutes are expected to remain apolitical.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 October 2015|title=Minister vilified by MCA, DAP for decision on Taylor's {{!}} Free Malaysia Today|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/09/22/minister-vilified-by-mca-dap-for-mara-taylors-decision/|access-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013035732/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/09/22/minister-vilified-by-mca-dap-for-mara-taylors-decision/|archive-date=13 October 2015}}</ref> |
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=== Alleged sea turtle egg consumption === |
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On 4 November 2015, a photo of Ismail Sabri having dinner at a seafood restaurant in Sandakan with [[Beluran (federal constituency)|Beluran]] Umno chief Datuk [[James Ratib]] went viral.<ref name="turtleeggviral">{{cite web|author=Dina Murad|date=4 November 2015|title=Ismail Sabri: I didn't eat turtle eggs, I only ate fish|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/11/04/ismail-sabri-turtle-eggs/|access-date=5 November 2015|work=The Star}}</ref> A plate of a dozen [[sea turtle]] eggs on the dinner table was seen in the photo. On 19 November 2015, other photos surfaced and went viral on Facebook showing fragments of turtle eggshells on the table in front of some of the diners.<ref name="eggsfragments">{{cite web|author=Hasbullah Awang Chik|date=19 November 2015|title=Ismail Sabri says wouldn't eat eggs with a fork, to sue over claims|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ismail-sabri-says-wouldnt-eat-eggs-with-a-fork-to-sue-over-claims|access-date=20 November 2015|publisher=The Malay Mail}}</ref> Turtle eggs are one of the protected species under the Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. Ismail denied consuming the turtle eggs, citing health reasons.<ref name="turtleeggviral"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Julia Chan|date=10 November 2015|title=Ismail Sabri: I honestly didn't know there were laws against turtle eggs|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ismail-sabri-i-honestly-didnt-know-there-were-laws-against-turtle-eggs|access-date=10 November 2015|publisher=The Malay Mail}}</ref> |
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In March 2017, Ismail filed a RM10 million suit in the Kuala Lumpur [[High court (Malaysia)|High Court]], alleging that Sabah Publishing and James Sarda had wrongfully and maliciously published three articles in the [[Sabah]]-based [[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]] over the matter. The suit was settled out of court without a trial in September 2018 after the [[plaintiff]] and [[defendant]] reached an amicable agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/396519/ismail-sabris-turtle-eggs-suit-be-settled-amicably|title=Ismail Sabri's 'turtle eggs' suit to be settled amicably|date=31 July 2018|publisher=New Straits Times|work=Bernama|access-date=20 August 2021|language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Support of the vaping industry === |
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On 9 November 2015, Ismail Sabri stated that he supports the [[Electronic cigarette|vaping industry]] in Malaysia. He says that the Malay-dominated industry is a success story for [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]] entrepreneurism despite health warnings by the Malaysian Health Ministry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/11/10/vapes-ismail-sabri/|title=Ismail Sabri: New vape move will kill Malay-dominated industry|author=Rahmah Ghazali|work=The Star|date=10 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref> He has gone further in hoping that the unregulated industry can expand globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/11/09/vape-ismail-sabri-malaysia-products/|title=Ismail Sabri expects no vape ban, wants business to expand worldwide|author=Akil Yunos|work=The Star|date=9 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref> Many prominent doctors and physicians have publicly chided Ismail Sabri's support for the industry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/vaping-i-beg-differ-doctor-tells-ismail-sabri-80385|title=Vaping: "I beg to differ," doctor tells Ismail Sabri|author=Fatimah Zaharah Rosli|publisher=Astro Awani|date=11 November 2015|access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref> including the [[Sultan of Johor]] [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]], who publicly decreed that all vape outlets must be shut down by 1 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/sultan-of-johor-orders-all-vape-outlets-in-the-state-to-close-shop-by-jan-1|title=Sultan of Johor orders all vape outlets in the state to close shop by Jan 1|publisher=The Straits Times|date=29 November 2015|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> |
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=== Nurul Izzah Anwar defamation suit === |
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PKR's [[Nurul Izzah Anwar]] sued Ismail Sabri Yaakob and IGP [[Khalid Abu Bakar]] in November 2015 for allegedly accusing her of being a traitor to the country. She claimed that Ismail Sabri said words that implied she was a traitor to the country and had declared war on the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 November 2015|title=Nurul Izzah Boleh Dianggap Sebagai Penderhaka – Ismail Sabri – Semasa {{!}} mStar|url=https://www.mstar.com.my/lokal/semasa/2015/11/22/nurul-izzah-boleh-dianggap-penderhaka|access-date=20 August 2021|website=www.mstar.com.my|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2015|title=Nurul Izzah sues IGP, Ismail Sabri|url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/nurul-izzah-sues-igp-ismail-sabri|access-date=20 August 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}</ref> She also claimed that Khalid said defamatory words about her in another press conference. Both incidents occur just a few days after photographs of her with Jacel Kiram, daughter of [[Jamalul Kiram III]], who is said to have ordered or led the [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff|2013 invasion of Sabah]] surfaced. In April 2018, the [[High court (Malaysia)|High Court]] ordered Ismail and Khalid to pay Nurul RM600,000 and RM400,000 in damages, respectively, after ruling that their statements had defamed Nurul in their natural and ordinary meaning.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/496287|access-date=20 August 2021|website=Malaysiakini|last=Bernama|date=17 October 2019|title=Nurul Izzah gets RM850k from defamation suit against Ismail Sabri, ex-IGP|language=en}}</ref> |
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=== 2018 pre-general election comment === |
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Ismail Sabri sparked another controversy in April 2018, ahead of the GE14, when he stated that every vote for the DAP is a vote for the [[Pakatan Harapan]] to eliminate the purported Malay "special rights" and "uniqueness" of Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ismail-sabri-malay-special-rights-and-islam-in-jeopardy-if-vote-given-to-da|title=Ismail Sabri: Malay 'special rights' and Islam in jeopardy if vote given to DAP|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> [[Lim Kit Siang]] responded that Ismail Sabri appeared to be attempting to frame the upcoming general election as a battle between Malays and Chinese, as well as between Islam and its enemies.<ref name="Kit Siang respond">{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/419682|title=Kit Siang hurls 'turtle egg' at Ismail Sabri over 'fake news'|publisher=Malaysiakini|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Lim also explained that Pakatan Harapan's basic documents, including its election manifesto, had been clear and specific in giving unconditional support to [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|Article 153 on Malay special rights]] and [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 3 – Islam|Article 3 on Islam as the official religion of the Federation]].<ref name="Kit Siang respond"/> He also stated that although the DAP or other races party managed to form a new government in the country if winning the election, the Malays will never perish since the overwhelming majority of Malaysian voters are still Malays and the overwhelming majority of parliamentary and state assembly constituencies in the country are Malay voter-majority constituencies.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/malays-will-never-perish-even-if-umno-loses-assures-dap-leader|title=Malays will never perish even if Umno loses, assures DAP leader|work=The Malay Mail|publisher=Today Online|date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref> |
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=== Petition against his appointment as prime minister === |
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Hours after Ismail Sabri was announced and nominated by his party as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia on 19 August 2021, an [[online petition]] was launched to address to the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] as well as the [[Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim|Istana Negara]], calling on all Malaysians against his possible appointment as the nation's next prime minister after the collapse of the [[Perikatan Nasional]] administration on 16 August 2021. The petition, which was started by Kyle Mohd on change.org web, has gained over 200,000 signatures within 8 hours after it went online and has since garnered more than 350,000 signatures.<ref name="msn20aug21" /> According to the petition, the former deputy prime minister was responsible for mishandling the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia|COVID-19 pandemic]], leading to large-scale [[infection]]s. Additionally, the petitioner stated that Ismail had issued numerous remarks which were deemed inappropriate such as the boycott call in 2015, where he urged [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] consumers to use their "[[Ketuanan Melayu|power and rights]]" to pressure the [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] minority to lower prices as well as promoting [[racial segregation]] between the Malays and ethnic Chinese in the country, and more.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 August 2021|title=Petition against Ismail Sabri as PM gets over 329,000 signatures|url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/38923/petition-against-ismail-sabri-as-pm-gets-over-329000-signatures|access-date=20 August 2021|website=The Vibes|language=en}}</ref> Ismail has been also criticised in the petition for the sometimes confusing and conflicting health protocols, namely [[Standard operating procedure|Standard Operating Procedures]] (SOP), including on which economic sectors should stay shut as COVID-19 cases kept rising non-stop.<ref name=":7" /> |
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== Ideology == |
== Ideology == |
Revision as of 02:24, 13 October 2021
United Malays National Organisation | |
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Malay name | Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu ڤرتوبوهن كبڠساءن ملايو برساتو |
Abbreviation | UMNO / PEKEMBAR |
President | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
Chairperson | Badruddin Amiruldin |
Secretary-General | Ahmad Maslan |
First Deputy President | Mohamad Hasan |
Second Deputy President (Women Chief) | Noraini Ahmad |
Vice-President | Ismail Sabri Yaakob Mahdzir Khalid Mohamed Khaled Nordin |
Treasurer-General | Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor |
Youth Chief | Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki (Pemuda) Zahida Zarik Khan (Puteri) |
Founder | Onn Jaafar |
Founded | 11 May 1946 |
Legalised | 11 May 1946 13 February 1988 (UMNO Baru) |
Preceded by | United Malays Organisation USNO (in Sabah) BERJAYA (in Sabah) |
Headquarters | Tingkat 38, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Jalan Tun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
Newspaper | New Straits Times Berita Harian[nb 1] Harian Metro[nb 2] |
Youth wing | Pergerakan Pemuda UMNO Malaysia |
Women's wing | Pergerakan Wanita UMNO Malaysia |
Women's youth wing | Pergerakan Puteri UMNO Malaysia |
Student wing | Kelab Mahasiswa UMNO |
Membership (End of 2020) | 3.35 Million[2] |
Ideology | Ketuanan Melayu[3][4] Malay nationalism Islamic conservatism[5] Right-wing populism National conservatism Kleptocracy[6] Bureaucracy[7] National conservatism[8] |
Political position | Right-wing |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
National affiliation | Alliance (1952–1973) Barisan Nasional (since 1973) Muafakat Nasional (since 2019) Perikatan Nasional (2020-2021) (Ahmad Zahid Hamidi-aligned) (2020-) (Ismail Sabri Yaakob-aligned) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (since 2020) |
Colours | Red and white |
Slogan | United, Loyal, In Service Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat |
Anthem | Bersatu, Bersetia, Berkhidmat |
Dewan Negara: | 10 / 70 |
Dewan Rakyat: | 38 / 222 |
Dewan Undangan Negeri: | 141 / 607 |
Chief minister of states | 5 / 13 |
Party flag | |
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Website | |
umno umno-online | |
1. Red and white have been used since before independence. |
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Malaysia |
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The United Malays National Organisation (Malay: Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu; Jawi: ڤرتوبوهن كبڠساءن ملايو برساتو), abbreviated UMNO (Jawi: امنو; /ˈʌmnoʊ/) or lesser known as PEKEMBAR (Jawi: ڤکمبر), is a political party in Malaysia. Often referred to as Malaysia's "Grand Old Party",[9] it is a founding and dominant member of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition which, with its predecessor the Alliance, has been the federal government of Malaysia and dominated the politics from independence in 1957 to its defeat in the general election in 2018. Until then and since 2021, all of Prime Ministers of Malaysia are members of UMNO, until Mahathir Mohamad became the first prime minister from Pakatan Harapan in 2018, and the first prime minister to have tenures with two different parties. Following Mahathir's resignation in 2020, the party subsequently rejoined the government with nine ministerial positions in the Muhyiddin cabinet, but 15 of its MPs withdrew their support, resulting in the collapse and dissolution of Muhyiddin cabinet on 16 August 2021. The party returned to the government and reclaimed the Prime Minister position with the appointment of its Vice-President Ismail Sabri Yaakob to the position five days later on 21 August 2021.
UMNO's goals are to uphold the aspirations of Malay nationalism and the concept of Ketuanan Melayu, as well as the dignity of race, religion and country.[10] The party also aspires to protect the Malay culture as the national culture and to uphold, defend and expand Islam across Malaysia.[11][12]
In the 2018 UMNO leadership election, which was considered by many as crucial to the party's progression, former Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was elected UMNO president, defeating former UMNO Youth Chief Khairy Jamaluddin, and UMNO veteran Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah.[13]
History
After the British returned to Malaya in the aftermath of World War II, the Malayan Union was formed. However, the Union was met with much opposition due to its constitutional framework, which allegedly threatened Malay sovereignty over Malaya. A series of Malay congresses were held, culminating in the formation of the nationalist party, UMNO on 10 May 1946 at the Third Malay Congress in Johor Bahru, with Datuk Onn Jaafar as its leader. UMNO strongly opposed the Malayan Union, but originally did not seek political power. UMNO had no choice but continue playing a supporting role to the British colonial administration. The British cooperated with UMNO leaders and helped to defeat the communist insurgency.[14]
In 1949, after the Malayan Union had been replaced by the semi-autonomous Federation of Malaya, UMNO shifted its focus to politics and governance. According to at least one official school textbook published during UMNO's time in government, the party fought for other races once they were at the helm of the country.[15]
In 1951, Onn Jaafar left UMNO after failing to open its membership to non-Malay Malayans to form the Independence of Malaya Party.[16] Tunku Abdul Rahman replaced Dato' Onn as UMNO President. In the following year, the Kuala Lumpur branch of UMNO formed an ad hoc and temporary electoral pact with the Selangor branch of Malayan Chinese Association to avoid contesting the same seats in the Kuala Lumpur municipal council elections.[17] UMNO and MCA eventually carried nine out of the twelve seats, dealing a crushing blow to the IMP. After several other successes in local council elections, the coalition was formalised as an "Alliance" in 1954.[18]
In 1954, state elections were held. In these elections, the Alliance won 226 of the 268 seats nationwide. In the same year, a Federal Legislative Council was formed, comprising 100 seats. 52 would be elected, and the rest would be appointed by the British High Commissioner. The Alliance demanded that 60 of the seats be elected, but despite the Tunku flying out to London to negotiate, the British held firm. Elections for the council were held in 1955, and the Alliance, which had now expanded to include the Malayan Indian Congress, issued a manifesto stating its goals of achieving independence by 1959, requiring a minimum of primary school education for all children, protecting the rights of the Malay rulers as constitutional monarchs, ending the Communist emergency, and reforming the civil service through the hiring of more Malayans as opposed to foreigners.[19][20]
When the results were released, it emerged that the Alliance had won 51 of the 52 seats contested, with the other seat going to PAS (the Pan-Malayan Islamic Party, a group of Islamists that split from UMNO). The Tunku became the first Chief Minister of Malaya.[21]
Throughout this period, the Malayan Emergency had been on-going. The Malayan Races Liberation Army, supported by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), committed acts such as tearing down farms, disrupting transportation and communication networks, attacking police stations, and so forth. Their stated goal was the end of colonialism in Malaya. The British declared the MCP, along with several left-wing political groups, illegal in 1948. In 1955, the Alliance government together with the British High Commissioner declared an amnesty for the communist insurgents who surrendered. Representatives from the Alliance government also met with leaders of the MCP in an attempt to resolve the conflict peacefully, as their manifesto in the election stated. Chin Peng, the MCP Secretary-General, insisted that the MCP be allowed to contest elections and be declared a legal political party as a pre-condition to laying down arms. However, the Tunku rejected this, leading to an impasse.[22]
In 1956, the Tunku led a group of negotiators, comprising Alliance politicians and representatives of the Malay rulers, to London. There, they brokered a deal with the British for independence. The date of independence was set as 31 August 1957 on the condition that an independent commission is set up to draft a constitution for the country. The Alliance government was also required to avoid seizing British and other foreign assets in Malaya. A defence treaty would also be signed.[23]
The Reid Commission, led by Lord William Reid, was formed to draft the constitution. Although enshrining concepts such as federalism and a constitutional monarchy, the proposed constitution also contained provisions protecting special rights for the Malays, such as quotas in admission to higher education and the civil service, and making Islam the official religion of the federation. It also made Malay the official language of the nation, although the right to vernacular education in Chinese and Tamil would be protected. Although the Tunku and the Malay rulers had asked the Reid Commission to ensure that "in an independent Malaya all nationals should be accorded equal rights, privileges and opportunities and there must not be discrimination on grounds of race and creed," the Malay privileges, which many in UMNO backed, were cited as necessary by the Reid Commission as a form of affirmative action that would eventually be phased out. These measures were included as Articles 3, 152 and 153 of the Constitution.[24][25]
Independence was declared by the Tunku in Merdeka Stadium on 31 August 1957, marking a transition into a new era of Malayan and Malaysian politics.
Independence
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg/170px-Tunku_abd_rahman.jpg)
In Malaya's first general elections in 1959, the Alliance coalition led by UMNO won 51.8% of the votes and captured 74 out of 104 seats, enough for a two-thirds majority in parliament, which would not only allow them to form the government again but amend the constitution at will. However, for the Alliance, the election was marred by internal strife when MCA leader Lim Chong Eu demanded his party be allowed to contest 40 of the 104 seats available. When the Tunku rejected this, many of Lim's supporters resigned, and ran in the election as independents, which cost the Alliance some seats.[26]
In 1961, the Tunku mooted the idea of forming a federation named "Malaysia", which would consist of the British colonies of Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak, and also the British Protectorate of Brunei. The reasoning behind this was that this would allow the federal government to control and combat communist activities, especially in Singapore. It was also feared that if Singapore achieved independence, it would become a base for Chinese chauvinists to threaten Malayan sovereignty. To balance out the ethnic composition of the new nation, the other states, whose Malay and indigenous populations would balance out the Singaporean Chinese majority, were also included.[27]
After much negotiation, a constitution was hammered out with some minor changes. For instance, the Malay privileges were now made available to all "Bumiputra", a group comprising the Malays and other indigenous peoples of Malaysia. However, the new states were also granted some autonomy unavailable to the original nine states of Malaya. After negotiations in July 1963, it was agreed that Malaysia would come into being on 31 August 1963, consisting of Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Brunei ultimately decided to opt-out of the federation due in part because of an armed revolt by the People's Party (Parti Rakyat Brunei) which objected to the formation of Malaysia,[28] and the Sultan of Brunei Omar Ali Saifuddien III's demand that he be recognised as the most senior Malay ruler—a demand that was rejected.[29]
The Philippines and Indonesia strenuously objected to this development, with Indonesia claiming Malaysia represented a form of neocolonialism and the Philippines claiming Sabah as its territory. The United Nations sent a commission to the region which approved the merger after having delayed the date of Malaysia's formation to investigate. Despite further protests from the Indonesian President, Sukarno, the formation of Malaysia was proclaimed on 16 September 1963. Indonesia then declared a "confrontation" with Malaysia, sending commandos to perform guerilla attacks in East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak). The confrontation was ended when Suharto replaced Sukarno as president. The Philippines, which had withdrawn diplomatic recognition from Malaysia, also recognised Malaysia around the same time.[30]
To reflect the change of name to Malaysia, UMNO's coalition partners promptly altered their names to the Malaysian Chinese Association and the Malaysian Indian Congress. Several political parties in East Malaysia, especially Sarawak, also joined the Alliance to allow it to contest elections there.
In the 1963 Singapore state elections, the Alliance decided to challenge Lee Kuan Yew's governing People's Action Party through the Singapore Alliance Party. UMNO politicians actively campaigned in Singapore for the Singapore Alliance, contending that the Singapore Malays were being treated as second-class citizens under the Chinese-dominated PAP government. All of the UMNO-backed Malay candidates lost to PAP candidates. UMNO Secretary-General Syed Jaafar Albar travelled to Singapore to address the Malay populace. At one rally, he called the PAP Malay politicians un-Islamic and traitors to the Malay race, greatly straining PAP-UMNO relations. The PAP politicians, who saw this as a betrayal of an earlier agreement with the Alliance not to contest elections in Malaysia and Singapore respectively, decided on running on the mainland in the 1964 general election. Although the PAP contested nine Parliamentary seats and attracted large crowds at its rallies, it won only one seat. The strain in race relations caused by the communal lines along which the political factions had been drawn led to the 1964 Race Riots in Singapore.
Alliance leaders also were alarmed at Lee's behaviour, which they considered unseemly for the Chief Minister of a state. They thought he was acting as if he were the Prime Minister of a sovereign nation. Finance Minister Tan Siew Sin of the MCA labelled Lee as the "greatest, disruptive force in the entire history of Malaysia and Malaya." Lee now seemed determined to press forward politically and continue contesting elections nationwide, with the formation of the Malaysian Solidarity Council—a coalition of political parties which called for a "Malaysian Malaysia", duplicating the effort introduced earlier by Dato' Onn Ja'afar.
On 7 August 1965, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, seeing no alternative to avoid further bloodshed, advised the Parliament of Malaysia that it should vote to expel Singapore from Malaysia. Despite last-ditch attempts by PAP leaders, including Lee Kuan Yew, to keep Singapore as a state in the union, the Parliament on 9 August 1965 voted 126–0 in favour of the expulsion of Singapore.
Tunku opened his speech in Parliament with the words, "In all the 10 years of my leadership of this House I have never had a duty so unpleasant as this to perform. The announcement which I am making concerns the separation of Singapore from the rest of the Federation."[31][32] On that day, Lee Kuan Yew announced that Singapore was a sovereign independent nation and assumed the role of prime minister. After the separation and independence of Singapore in 1965, the Singapore branch of UMNO was renamed the Singapore Malay National Organisation (Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura).
Post-separation
After the separation of Singapore from the Federation, the Alliance leaders focused on continuing its policies. One involved the Malay language, which was the official language of Malaysia. UMNO sought to reduce the reliance on English in government affairs. In this, it was aided by PAS, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, which backed special rights for the Bumiputra, and the strengthening of Islam's position in public affairs. However, the PAP's Malaysian branch, which had now become Democratic Action Party (DAP), took a very strong stance against this, and continued the expelled PAP's call for a "Malaysian Malaysia". In 1968, the newly formed Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia or Gerakan, led by Lim Chong Eu, also adopted the DAP's stance.[33]
Matters came to a head in the 1969 general election. When polling closed on the mainland peninsula (West Malaysia) on 10 May, it emerged the Alliance had won less than half of the popular vote, although it was assured of 66 out of 104 Parliamentary seats available. Much of the losses came from the MCA, thus straining relations between the two parties.[clarification needed] However, the Alliance was dealt an even larger blow on the state level, losing control of Kelantan, Perak, and Penang.[34]
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) declared a national emergency after being advised by the national government to do so. Parliament was suspended, with a National Operations Council (NOC) led by Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak of UMNO, taking over the government. Further polling in East Malaysia as a continuation of the general election was also postponed indefinitely. Although the Cabinet still met under the Tunku as Prime Minister, his role was largely symbolic, with Tun Razak taking over the role of chief executive.[35]
UMNO backbencher Mahathir Mohamad, who had lost his Parliamentary seat in the election, wrote a letter to the Tunku criticising his leadership. Mahathir organised a campaign with University of Malaya lecturer Raja Muktaruddin Daim, circulating his letter among the student bodies of local universities. Mass demonstrations broke out calling for "Malay sovereignty" and the Tunku's ousting. After rioting broke out in June, Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman and Tun Razak agreed to expel Mahathir and former Executive Secretary of UMNO Musa Hitam from the party for breaching party discipline.
The suspended elections in East Malaysia were held in 1970, and restored the Alliance government's two-thirds majority in parliament. On 31 August that year, the Tunku announced the national ideology of Rukunegara and his planned retirement as Prime Minister in favour of Tun Razak. He also stated Parliament would be restored the following year.[36]
The New Economic Policy
After Tun Razak succeeded the Tunku in 1970, he began asserting UMNO's leadership in the Alliance more strongly. When the Tunku led the coalition, he had always consulted Alliance leaders regarding policy—if an Alliance leader objected, the policy was not passed. Under Tun Razak, UMNO was the base of the Alliance and thus the government. The NOC which he led until Parliament reconvened consisted of 7 Malays, one Chinese and one Indian.[37]
In Tun Razak's cabinet, the two most powerful men other than him were Ismail Abdul Rahman and Ghazali Shafie, who had declared the Westminster-style Parliamentary system inappropriate for Malaysia. Tun Razak also readmitted to the party "ultras" who had been expelled, like Mahathir and Musa Hitam. Mahathir gained notoriety after his expulsion from UMNO by authoring The Malay Dilemma, a book promptly banned from Malaysia, which posited that the Malays are the definitive people of Malaysia, and thus deserved special rights as the sovereign people of the nation. It also controversially argued that the Malays needed affirmative action to overcome deficiencies in their genetic stock.[38]
Hussein Onn, son of UMNO founder Dato' Onn Ja'afar, soon became a rising star in UMNO. After Ismail died suddenly of a heart attack in 1973, Hussein Onn succeeded him as Deputy Prime Minister. In the cabinet reshuffle that promoted Hussein Onn, Mahathir was given the key post of Minister for Education.[39]
The Tun Razak government announced the New Economic Policy in 1971. Its stated goal was to "eventually eradicate poverty... irrespective of race" through a "rapidly expanding economy" which emphasised to increase the Malays' share in the national economy to a reasonable portion between all the races. The NEP targeted a 30 per cent Malay share of the economy by 1990. The government contended that this would lead to a "just society" ("Masyarakat Adil"), the latter slogan being used to promote acceptance of the policy. Quotas in education and the civil service that the Constitution had explicitly provided for were expanded by the NEP, which also mandated government interference in the private sector. For instance, 30% of all shares in initial public offerings would be disbursed by the government to selective Bumiputras. The old civil service hiring quota of 4 Malays for every non-Malay's was effectively disregarded in practice; between 1969 and 1973, 98% of all new government employees were Malay. Five new universities were opened under the NEP, two of which were targeted to focus on the poor Malays and Muslim citizens.[40]
Tun Razak also began shoring up the government by bringing in several former opposition parties into the fold of the Alliance. Gerakan, PPP, PAS, and several former opposition parties in East Malaysia joined the coalition, which was renamed as Barisan Nasional. Barisan was formally registered as an organisation in 1974, the same year in which a general election was held.[41]
There had been much internal conflict in the National Front regarding the election; in 1973, Lim Keng Yaik and several supporters of his aggressive pro-Chinese stance left the MCA for Gerakan. This contributed to internal strife, as the MCA was no longer the sole representative of Chinese interests in the National Front.[42]
Discontent among student organisations in Malaysian universities soon posed a new problem for the UMNO-led government. However, Mahathir in his capacity as Minister for Education issued a stern warning to university students and faculty not to become involved in politics. However, after stories that children of rubber tappers had died after consuming poisonous wild yam due to poverty, university students reacted by staging the 1974 Baling demonstrations. The demonstrations resulted in the arrest of over 1,000 students, including Anwar Ibrahim who wasdetained under the Internal Security Act. In 1975, parliament passed amendments to the Universities and University Colleges Act which banned students from expressing support of or holding positions in any political party or trade union without written consent from the university's Vice-Chancellor.[43] The act also banned political demonstrations from being held on university campuses. In 1976, however, mass demonstrations were held at the MARA Institute of Technology, protesting the UUCA. Mahathir then threatened to revoke the scholarships of the students, most of whom relied on public support to pay their way through university.[44]
BN was also challenged in Sarawak after the 1974 election, which saw the Sarawak National Party led by James Wong become tied with the DAP as the largest opposition party in Parliament, both of them holding nine seats each. SNAP had campaigned against BN on a platform of opposing Chief Minister Abdul Rahman Ya'kub's pro-Malay policies, charging them with alienating the rural indigenous natives of Sarawak, such as the Iban. SNAP had been expelled from the Alliance in 1965 for supporting increased autonomy for Sarawak. In the aftermath of the election, Abdul Rahman ordered the detention of James Wong under the Sedition Act. SNAP elected a new leader, Leo Moggie, who secured the release of Wong and the entry of SNAP into BN in 1976.[45]
In Sabah, BN controlled the state government through the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO), which strongly backed UMNO's pro-Malay and pro-Islam policies. In 1973, Islam was made the official Sabah state religion (the official religion of Sabah was originally Christianity, as permitted by the agreement signed before the merger), and usage of indigenous languages such as those of the Kadazan people was discontinued in favour of the Malay language. The USNO Chief Minister, Mustapha Harun, was also known for favouring political patronage as a means of allocating valuable timber contracts, and living an extravagant lifestyle, being ferried to his A$1 million Queensland home by jets provided with Sabahan public funds.[46]
UMNO Baru (New UMNO)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mahathir_Mohamad_addressing_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly_%28September_25_2003%29.jpg/220px-Mahathir_Mohamad_addressing_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly_%28September_25_2003%29.jpg)
On 24 April 1987, UMNO held its Annual General Assembly and triennial Party election. The then Prime Minister and party President, Mahathir Mohamad, faced his first party election in 12 years, having been elected unopposed since the 1975 UMNO election.
The politics of the Malays, particularly UMNO politics, had undergone a sea change in the first few years of the Mahathir stewardship, and the party presidency was challenged for the second time in 41 years. The first challenge was a dull affair in which Hussein Onn was opposed by a minor party official named Sulaiman Palestin. In fact, in the early 1950s, Tunku Abdul Rahman's presidency had also been challenged by C. M. Yusof, who later became the Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, but Tunku was not properly considered an incumbent then, being only a care-taker president.
The 1987 contest was a vastly different matter. Mahathir was opposed by his very popular former Finance Minister, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. The press took to referring to Mahathir and his supporters as Team A, and Razaleigh's camp as Team B. Team B included then Deputy Prime Minister Tun Musa Hitam, who was also the incumbent Deputy President of UMNO seeking re-election, as well as Datuk Suhaimi Kamaruddin, the former head of UMNO Youth and president of the Belia 4B youth organisation.[47]
Team B was critical of Mahathir's policies, arguing that the Malaysian New Economic Policy had failed to benefit the poor Malays. It also criticised Mahathir's leadership style, alleging he acted unilaterally without consulting other leaders in UMNO and the Barisan Nasional. Team B was also perceived as less Islamist than Mahathir's faction.[48]
Mahathir claimed that the charges against him were groundless, and suggested that his opponents were fracturing Malay unity and were only motivated by greed.[48]
Eventually, Mahathir was returned to office. However, he was elected with such a small majority of 43 (761 against 718 votes) that questions were immediately raised about his mandate. Team B supporters, many of whom had been anticipating a victory of similar margins, suspected that the election had been fixed. The Team B candidate for Deputy President, Musa Hitam, had also been defeated by Ghafar Baba of Team A, while two of the three Vice-Presidents were Team A candidates. The Supreme Council comprised 16 Team A candidates and 9 Team B candidates.[49]
Allegations were made that several delegates who had voted were drawn from UMNO branches not properly registered. There were also several unproved allegations being bandied about that the balloting process had not been above board.[50]
Nevertheless, Razaleigh pledged to support Mahathir, provided that a "witch hunt" was not launched. However, Mahathir promptly purged the government cabinet of all Team B members, and launched similar reshuffles in state and local governments.[51]
On 25 June 1987, an appeal was filed by 12 of the UMNO delegates to have the assembly and the election of April 1987 declared null. After one of the delegates, Hussain bin Manap, withdrew unexpectedly in August from filing the appeal, the remaining litigants have since become famous as the "UMNO 11." Although Razaleigh and Musa Hitam were not among the plaintiffs, it was widely believed that Razaleigh was funding the appeal.[50]
After a series of interlocutory hearings over the discovery of documents that took more than seven months, the matter finally came before Justice Harun Hashim in the Kuala Lumpur High Court on 4 February 1988. The judge ruled that under the existing law he had no option but to find the party, UMNO, to be an unlawful society due to the existence of several unregistered branches—an illegal act under the Societies Act of 1966. The question of the Assembly itself being illegal therefore became academic.[52]
"'It is a very hard decision to declare UMNO unlawful,' said Justice Datuk Harun Hashim in his February 4 judgement. 'But the law was made by our Parliament and certainly UMNO was aware [of the Societies Act] because they were in the majority [in Parliament] at all times [when the law was made].' Under the 1966 Act, amended five times over the years, and most recently by Mahathir's government, each of the society's branches has to register separately with the Registrar...."[52]
The Tunku and former UMNO President Hussein Onn set up a new party called UMNO Malaysia, which claimed to be the successor to the old UMNO. UMNO Malaysia was supported mainly by members of the Team B faction from UMNO, but Mahathir was also invited to join the party leadership. However, the party collapsed after the Registrar of Societies refused to register it as a society without providing an explanation.[53]
Mahathir showed no interest in reviving UMNO, and instead he set in motion the machinery to form a new surrogate party, and in due course, registered a party formally called Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (Baru) or UMNO (New) a week after UMNO Malaysia's registration was rejected. Eventually the suffix "(New)" was dropped, and UMNO (Baru) became both the de facto and de jure successor of original UMNO, dropping the 'Baru' suffix with the old UMNO's assets handed over.[54] Most of its leaders, however, were selected from Team A of the old UMNO, with Team B ignored.[55]
In 10th general election in 1999, rocked by the arrest and trial of former UMNO deputy Anwar Ibrahim and the subsequent formation of the Barisan Alternatif opposition coalition, UMNO's share dipped to 54% of the vote and 102 out of 144 seats.
Post-Mahathir
![An official photo of former prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Abdullah_Badawi_in_April_2008.jpg/170px-Abdullah_Badawi_in_April_2008.jpg)
![An official photo of former prime minister Najib Tun Razak.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Najib_Razak_2008-08-21.jpg/170px-Najib_Razak_2008-08-21.jpg)
After Mahathir stepped down as President of UMNO in 2003, he was replaced by his designated successor, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, who by virtue of his new position also became Prime Minister of Malaysia. Najib Razak, the son of Tun Abdul Razak, took over as the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia.
In the 11th general election in 2004, Barisan Nasional, under Abdullah's leadership, enjoyed a landslide victory. However, in the 12th general election in 2008, the coalition for the first time fell short of a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. UMNO Chief Ministers were ousted in the states of Selangor, Perak, Penang and Kedah. As a result, Abdullah resigned as President of UMNO and Prime Minister in 2009. He was succeeded by Najib.
Under Najib's leadership, UMNO gained a total of 9 seats in the 13th general election and retook the state of Kedah.
On 9 May 2018, Mahathir and the Pakatan Harapan coalition won the 14th General Election ending UMNO's 61 year long rule as part of the Alliance and later Barisan Nasional coalition.[56] UMNO experienced a mass exodus of rank-and-file members, state chiefs, as well as Members of Parliament in favour of Mahathir's Bersatu and regionalist parties such as Parti Warisan Sabah in the months after the election.[57][58][59]
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[60] There is however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there are calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[61][62] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS, but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[63]
On 23 February 2020,Muafakat Nasional pact of UMNO and Parti Islam Se-Malaysia held extraordinary meetings in Janda Baik, Pahang, UMNO's supreme council at Putra World Trade Centre.[64]
UMNO President, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi went to the Istana Negara in the evening to seek an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. After the meeting, several opposition party leaders, including UMNO Vice President Ismail Sabri Yaakob joined Azmin's supporters at Sheraton Hotel.[65]
On 25 February, Following the first round of interviews, UMNO and PAS revealed that they have withdrawn their supports given earlier for Mahathir to continue as prime minister, and had instead called for parliament dissolution.[66] It was previously reported that as all political factions voiced their support for Mahathir, he was about to establish a "unity government" that the two parties could not agree with.[67][68] Annuar Musa, UMNO's secretary-general, said the basis of negotiations with Mahathir was that UMNO and PAS would lend their support to form an alternative coalition without DAP. Therefore, both PAS and UMNO declared their support for a snap election instead.[69]
On 28 February, All the Muafakat Nasional MPs signed the new SD proposing Muhyiddin Yassin to be the 8th Prime Minister.[70]
PPBM President Muhyiddin Yassin and his allies including party leaders from UMNO, PAS, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, and Homeland Solidarity Party had an audience with the Agong.[71][72] He also announced that his coalition consisting of Bersatu, UMNO, PAS, PBRS, GPS, and STAR will be called Perikatan Nasional.
On 30 June, Salleh Said Keruak, former Sabah Minister Chief & former UMNO member canceled his application to join PKR after thinking deeply and taking into account today's political landscape including PKR's internal turmoil. He said, the decision was made last April and with the cancellation he remained non-partisan since leaving UMNO in 2018. Previously, Salleh applied to join PKR in October last year.[73]
On 24 July Zakaria Arshad, former CEO of FGV announced his departure from AMANAH to join UMNO. He said, the decision was made after he saw that the vision and objectives of Amanah were getting lost and not in line with his current position.[74]
In Muhyiddin cabinet, which formed on 10 March 2020, six UMNO MP's became Ministers & eight UMNO MP's became Deputy Ministers.
On 8 July 2021, the UMNO made an official announcement to withdrew its supports towards the Muhyiddin government,[75] citing the mismanagement of the COVID-19, the misuse of Emergency Declaration, and so on.[76]
On 21 August 2021, Ismail Sabri was formally appointed and sworn in as the ninth prime minister of Malaysia.[77]
Racism Controversies
51% Bumiputra Logistic Equity Control Policy
On 27 September 2021, Ismail Sabri has sparked criticism after he announced a new equity policy for Bumiputera companies under the five-year development plan, Twelfth Malaysia Plan (12MP), which was tabled by him in Parliament. The policy is said to ensure sustainable equity holdings by Bumiputeras, an equity safety net would be launched to guarantee that the sale of shares or Bumiputera firms would only be sold solely to Bumiputera companies, consortiums or individuals.[78][79] Syed Saddiq mentioned that the new rulings were unfair as they would be tantamount to taking equity from the non-bumiputeras and giving them to bumiputeras. Former Health Minister, Dzulkefly Ahmad had also described the policy as "suicidal" and claimed that the new policy would only kill the Bumiputera companies economically if that is their intention. He also said that based on the feedback from Malay businessmen, most were against the idea of the new Bumiputera-only policy being implemented.[80] Ismail Sabri announced it after revealing that the government’s target to raise Bumiputera equity ownership to 30% had yet to be achieved. He also announced fundings to improve Bumiputera businesses’ sustainability to hit 15% contribution in gross domestic product (GDP) by Bumiputera micro, small and medium enterprises by 2025.[81]
[82][83]
Boycott call
Ismail Sabri caused controversy in February 2015 with a Facebook comment urging Malay consumers to use their "power" to force the Chinese minority to cut prices by boycotting the Chinese businesses.[84]
[...] Consumers hold the most power. Malay people make up the vast majority of consumers. The Chinese constitute a minority. If Malays boycott their businesses, they will be forced to lower their prices. Consider this: many Chinese eateries do not have a halal logo and have been raided and arrested several times for questionable halal status, [but] Malays continue to flock to the restaurant despite the fact that there are thousands of legitimate halal Malay restaurants. See OldTown White Coffee, [their halal status] has recently been called into question, but Malays continue to refuse to boycott them. Furthermore, the owner is said to be from the Ngeh family [and a member of] DAP Perak, which is known for its anti-Islam stance. If the Malays do not change their ways, the Chinese will seize the opportunity to suppress the Malay.[85]
— Ismail Sabri Yaakob, 2 February 2015
Political analyst Wan Saiful Wan Jan said in his personal capacity that any Malaysian voter regardless of race would be repelled by Ismail's comments. “I think the reaction of any right-minded Malay or Chinese who believes in Malaysian unity would be of disgust … The Chinese voters will remember what he said when it comes to the vote”.[86] MCA's Wee Ka Siong slammed the statement, saying, "As a minister in the Cabinet, he should not make such ethnic generalisations. It is not as if only Chinese are businessmen".[87] Inspector-General of Police (IGP) Khalid Abu Bakar stated that the minister would be investigated under the Sedition Act 1948 and Ismail Sabri has since deleted the Facebook post.[88]
In October 2018, Ismail agreed to pay DAP's Ngeh Koo Ham RM80,000 in damages and RM5,000 in legal fees after being found guilty of defamation. Ngeh's office clarified that Ngeh has no share or interest in OldTown White Coffee, and that the anti-Islam allegation is "false" and "absurd".[89]
Low Yat 2
Ismail Sabri sparked controversy in 2015 when he proposed establishing "Low Yat 2", a digital gadget mall that would only house Malay traders. He claims that "Low Yat 2" will be able to compete with Plaza Low Yat, Malaysia's most well-known electronic products store.[90] Although the traders are all Malay, Ismail calls on the minorities to support the mall.[91]
MCA then-president Liow Tiong Lai said that the setting up of Low Yat 2 would only hurt racial relations, and described the proposal for the bumiputra-only mall as an “antagonistic approach”.[92] Fellow UMNO member Saifuddin Abdullah also criticised the proposal, claiming that Ismail Sabri's proposal would be detrimental to Malays and Malaysians in general, and that having commercial sectors divided by ethnicity would be counterproductive.[93]
Taylor's University sponsorship cancellation
Taylor's University terminated the services of a bus operator who utilised their vehicles with the university's logo to transport passengers to the racially-motivated 2015 Malay Dignity rally. According to Ismail Sabri, the sponsorship for the next intake of students to Taylor's University will be terminated by MARA. However, he did not specify the reasons for the revocation. When questioned if this was due to the cancellation of the service, he answered, "There are many reasons." Ismail stated that he will notify Mara's director-general to evaluate its funding of Taylor's University.[94]
DAP's Teresa Kok criticised the decision, calling it a "personal vendetta and abuse of power", and called for the cabinet to censure Ismail Sabri, as well as challenging him to publicly reveal the reasons for the decision, as well as publish the internal report which led to the decision. MCA's Chai Kim Sen said the minister's inability to state even one reason for this decision was not only “unbecoming” but “even childish”. He said his latest announcement about MARA would only “further weaken his already-tarred reputation as a racist”. He further added that the education institutes are expected to remain apolitical.[95]
Alleged sea turtle egg consumption
On 4 November 2015, a photo of Ismail Sabri having dinner at a seafood restaurant in Sandakan with Beluran Umno chief Datuk James Ratib went viral.[96] A plate of a dozen sea turtle eggs on the dinner table was seen in the photo. On 19 November 2015, other photos surfaced and went viral on Facebook showing fragments of turtle eggshells on the table in front of some of the diners.[97] Turtle eggs are one of the protected species under the Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. Ismail denied consuming the turtle eggs, citing health reasons.[96][98]
In March 2017, Ismail filed a RM10 million suit in the Kuala Lumpur High Court, alleging that Sabah Publishing and James Sarda had wrongfully and maliciously published three articles in the Sabah-based Daily Express over the matter. The suit was settled out of court without a trial in September 2018 after the plaintiff and defendant reached an amicable agreement.[99]
Support of the vaping industry
On 9 November 2015, Ismail Sabri stated that he supports the vaping industry in Malaysia. He says that the Malay-dominated industry is a success story for bumiputera entrepreneurism despite health warnings by the Malaysian Health Ministry.[100] He has gone further in hoping that the unregulated industry can expand globally.[101] Many prominent doctors and physicians have publicly chided Ismail Sabri's support for the industry,[102] including the Sultan of Johor Ibrahim Ismail, who publicly decreed that all vape outlets must be shut down by 1 January 2016.[103]
Nurul Izzah Anwar defamation suit
PKR's Nurul Izzah Anwar sued Ismail Sabri Yaakob and IGP Khalid Abu Bakar in November 2015 for allegedly accusing her of being a traitor to the country. She claimed that Ismail Sabri said words that implied she was a traitor to the country and had declared war on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.[104][105] She also claimed that Khalid said defamatory words about her in another press conference. Both incidents occur just a few days after photographs of her with Jacel Kiram, daughter of Jamalul Kiram III, who is said to have ordered or led the 2013 invasion of Sabah surfaced. In April 2018, the High Court ordered Ismail and Khalid to pay Nurul RM600,000 and RM400,000 in damages, respectively, after ruling that their statements had defamed Nurul in their natural and ordinary meaning.[106]
2018 pre-general election comment
Ismail Sabri sparked another controversy in April 2018, ahead of the GE14, when he stated that every vote for the DAP is a vote for the Pakatan Harapan to eliminate the purported Malay "special rights" and "uniqueness" of Islam.[107] Lim Kit Siang responded that Ismail Sabri appeared to be attempting to frame the upcoming general election as a battle between Malays and Chinese, as well as between Islam and its enemies.[108] Lim also explained that Pakatan Harapan's basic documents, including its election manifesto, had been clear and specific in giving unconditional support to Article 153 on Malay special rights and Article 3 on Islam as the official religion of the Federation.[108] He also stated that although the DAP or other races party managed to form a new government in the country if winning the election, the Malays will never perish since the overwhelming majority of Malaysian voters are still Malays and the overwhelming majority of parliamentary and state assembly constituencies in the country are Malay voter-majority constituencies.[109]
Petition against his appointment as prime minister
Hours after Ismail Sabri was announced and nominated by his party as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia on 19 August 2021, an online petition was launched to address to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as well as the Istana Negara, calling on all Malaysians against his possible appointment as the nation's next prime minister after the collapse of the Perikatan Nasional administration on 16 August 2021. The petition, which was started by Kyle Mohd on change.org web, has gained over 200,000 signatures within 8 hours after it went online and has since garnered more than 350,000 signatures.[110] According to the petition, the former deputy prime minister was responsible for mishandling the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to large-scale infections. Additionally, the petitioner stated that Ismail had issued numerous remarks which were deemed inappropriate such as the boycott call in 2015, where he urged Malay consumers to use their "power and rights" to pressure the Chinese minority to lower prices as well as promoting racial segregation between the Malays and ethnic Chinese in the country, and more.[111] Ismail has been also criticised in the petition for the sometimes confusing and conflicting health protocols, namely Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), including on which economic sectors should stay shut as COVID-19 cases kept rising non-stop.[112]
Ideology
UMNO overtly represents the Malays of Malaysia, although any Bumiputra (indigenous Malaysian, a category which includes people such as the non-Malay and usually non-Muslim Kadazan, Iban, Dayak, etc. of East Malaysia) may join the party. The party propagates Ketuanan Melayu, the concept that the Bumiputra, including ethnic Malays, enjoy a special status within the country by virtue of their earlier settlement of the lands that now form Malaysia and as a result of the recognition of Malays in Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia.[113]
List of leaders
President
Wanita Chief
# | Name | Term start | Term end |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Putih Mariah Ibrahim Rashid | 1947 | 1949 |
2 | Zainon Munshi Sulaiman | 1950 | 1953 |
3 | Khadijah Sidek | 1954 | 1956 |
4 | Fatimah Hashim | 1957 | 1972 |
5 | Aishah Ghani | 1972 | 1986 |
6 | Rafidah Aziz | 1987 | 1996 |
7 | Siti Zaharah Sulaiman | 1996 | 2000 |
8 | Rafidah Aziz | 2000 | 2009 |
9 | Shahrizat Abdul Jalil | 26 March 2009 | 24 June 2018 |
10 | Noraini Ahmad | 25 June 2018 | Incumbent |
Pemuda Chief
# | Name | Term start | Term end |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Hussein Onn | 1949 | 1951 |
2 | Abdul Razak Hussein | 1951 | 1951 |
3 | Sardon Jubir | 1951 | 1964 |
4 | Senu Abdul Rahman | 1964 | 1971 |
5 | Harun Idris | 1971 | 1976 |
6 | Syed Jaafar Albar | 1976 | 1977 |
7 | Suhaimi Kamaruddin | 1977 | 1982 |
8 | Anwar Ibrahim | 1982 | 1987 |
9 | Mohd Najib Abdul Razak | 1987 | 1993 |
10 | Rahim Thamby Chik | 1993 | 1994 |
11 | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | 1996 | 1998 |
12 | Hishammuddin Hussein | 1999 | 2009 |
13 | Khairy Jamaluddin | 26 March 2009 | 24 June 2018 |
14 | Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki | 25 June 2018 | Incumbent |
Puteri Chief
# | Name | Term start | Term end |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Azalina Othman Said | 2001 | 2004 |
2 | Noraini Ahmad | 2004 | 2009 |
3 | Rosnah Shirlin | 26 March 2009 | 12 October 2013 |
4 | Mas Ermieyati Samsudin | 12 October 2013 | 25 June 2018 |
5 | Zahida Zarik Khan | 25 June 2018 | Incumbent |
Structure and membership
Current office bearer
|
|
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
- Bashir Alias – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
- Jefridin Atan – elected by the Johor State Legislative Assembly
- Mohamad Ali Mohamad – elected by the Malacca State Legislative Assembly
- Othman Aziz – elected by the Kedah State Legislative Assembly
- Mohd Hisamudin Yahaya – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
- Junahis Abdul Aziz – elected by the Pahang State Legislative Assembly
- Ajis Sitin – elected by the Pahang State Legislative Assembly
- Aziz Ariffin – elected by the Perlis State Legislative Assembly
- Seruandi Saad – elected by the Perlis State Legislative Assembly
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament
UMNO has 38 MPs in the House of Representatives.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
State | No. | Parliament Constituency | No. | State Constituency | Member | Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
P1 | Padang Besar | N2 | Beseri | Ruzaini Rais | UMNO | |
N3 | Chuping | Asmaiza Ahmad | UMNO | ||||
N4 | Chuping (Mata Ayer) | Siti Berenee Yahaya | UMNO | ||||
N5 | Santan | Azizan Sulaiman | UMNO | ||||
P2 | Kangar | N6 | Bintong | Azlan Man | UMNO | ||
N10 | Kayang | Hamizan Hassan | UMNO | ||||
P3 | Arau | N11 | Pauh | Rozieana Ahmad | UMNO | ||
N12 | Tambun Tulang | Ismail Kassim | UMNO | ||||
N14 | Simpang Empat | Nurulhisham Yaakob | UMNO | ||||
![]() |
P11 | Pendang | N19 | Sungai Tiang | Suraya Yaacob | UMNO | |
P18 | Kulim-Bandar Baharu | N36 | Bandar Baharu | Norsabrina Mohd. Noor | UMNO | ||
![]() |
P26 | Ketereh | N25 | Kok Lanas | Md. Alwi Che Ahmad | UMNO | |
P27 | Tanah Merah | N27 | Gual Ipoh | Bakri Mustapha | UMNO | ||
P30 | Jeli | N36 | Bukit Bunga | Mohd. Adhan Kechik | UMNO | ||
N38 | Kuala Balah | Abd Aziz Derashid | UMNO | ||||
P32 | Gua Musang | N43 | Nenggiri | Ab. Aziz Yusoff | UMNO | ||
N44 | Paloh | Amran Ariffin | UMNO | ||||
N45 | Galas | Mohd. Syahbuddin Hashim | UMNO | ||||
![]() |
P33 | Besut | N1 | Kuala Besut | Tengku Zaihan Che Ku Abd. Raham | UMNO | |
N3 | Jertih | Muhammad Pehimi Yusof | UMNO | ||||
N4 | Hulu Besut | Nawi Mohamad | UMNO | ||||
P34 | Setiu | N6 | Permaisuri | Abd Halim Jusoh | UMNO | ||
N7 | Langkap | Sabri Mohd. Noor | UMNO | ||||
N8 | Batu Rakit | Bazlan Abd Rahman | UMNO | ||||
P35 | Kuala Nerus | N11 | Seberang Takir | Ahmad Razif Abdul Rahman | UMNO | ||
N12 | Telemung | Rozi Mamat | UMNO | ||||
P39 | Dungun | N25 | Bukit Besi | Roslee Daud | UMNO | ||
P40 | Kemaman | N30 | Kijal | Ahmad Said | UMNO | ||
![]() |
P42 | Tasek Gelugor | N4 | Permatang Berangan | Nor Hafizah Othman | UMNO | |
N5 | Sungai Dua | Muhamad Yusoff Mohd. Noor | UMNO | ||||
![]() |
P54 | Gerik | N1 | Pengkalan Hulu | Aznel Ibrahim | UMNO | |
N2 | Telemung | Salbiah Mohamed | UMNO | ||||
P55 | Lenggong | N3 | Kenering | Mohd Tarmizi Idris | UMNO | ||
N4 | Kota Tampan | Saarani Mohammad | UMNO | ||||
P56 | Larut | N7 | Batu Kurau | Muhammad Amin Zakaria | UMNO | ||
P58 | Bagan Serai | N10 | Alor Pangsu | Sham Mat Sahat | UMNO | ||
N12 | Selinsing | Mohamad Noor Dawoo | UMNO | ||||
P59 | Bukit Gantang | N13 | Kuala Sepetang | Mohd. Kamaruddin Abu Bakar | UMNO | ||
N14 | Changkat Jering | Ahmad Saidi Mohamad Daud | UMNO | ||||
N15 | Trong | Jamilah Zakaria | UMNO | ||||
P61 | Padang Rengas | N19 | Chenderoh | Zainun Mat Nor | UMNO | ||
N20 | Lubok Merbau | Jurij Jalaluddin | UMNO | ||||
P62 | Sungai Siput | N21 | Lintang | Mohd Zolkafly Harun | UMNO | ||
P67 | Kuala Kangsar | N34 | Bukit Chandan | Maslin Sham Razman | UMNO | ||
N35 | Manong | Mohamed Zuraimi Razali | UMNO | ||||
P68 | Beruas | N36 | Pengkalan Baharu | Abd. Manap Hashim | UMNO | ||
P69 | Parit | N39 | Belanja | Khairudin Abu Hanipah | UMNO | ||
N40 | Bota | Khairul Shahril Mohamed | UMNO | ||||
P72 | Tapah | N48 | Ayer Kuning | Samsudin Abu Hassan | UMNO | ||
P73 | Pasir Salak | N50 | Kampong Gajah | Wan Norashikin Wan Noordin | UMNO | ||
P74 | Lumut | N52 | Pangkor | Zambry Abdul Kadir | UMNO | ||
P75 | Bagan Datuk | N53 | Rungkup | Shahrul Zaman Yahya | UMNO | ||
N54 | Hutan Melintang | Khairuddin Tarmizi | UMNO | ||||
P76 | Teluk Intan | N56 | Changkat Jong | Mohd. Azhar Jamaluddin | UMNO | ||
P77 | Tanjong Malim | N58 | Slim | Mohd Zaidi Aziz | UMNO | ||
![]() |
P78 | Cameron Highlands | N2 | Jelai | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | |
P79 | Lipis | N3 | Padang Tengku | Mustapa Long | UMNO | ||
N5 | Benta | Mohd. Soffi Abd. Razak | UMNO | ||||
P80 | Raub | N6 | Batu Talam | Abd. Aziz Mat Kiram | UMNO | ||
N8 | Dong | Shahiruddin Ab Moin | UMNO | ||||
P81 | Jerantut | N11 | Pulau Tawar | Nazri Ngah | UMNO | ||
P83 | Kuantan | N16 | Inderapura | Shafik Fauzan Sharif | UMNO | ||
P84 | Paya Besar | N17 | Sungai Lembing | Md. Sohaimi Mohamed Shah | UMNO | ||
N18 | Lepar | Abdul Rahim Muda | UMNO | ||||
P85 | Pekan | N20 | Pulau Manis | Khairuddin Mahmud | UMNO | ||
N21 | Peramu Jaya | Sh. Mohamed Puzi Sh. Ali | UMNO | ||||
N22 | Bebar | Mohd. Fakhruddin Mohd. Arif | UMNO | ||||
N23 | Chini | Mohd Sharim Md Zain | UMNO | ||||
P86 | Maran | N25 | Kuala Sentul | Shahaniza Shamsuddin | UMNO | ||
N27 | Jenderak | Mohamed Jaafar | UMNO | ||||
P87 | Kuala Krau | N28 | Kerdau | Syed Ibrahim Syed Ahmad | UMNO | ||
P88 | Temerloh | N31 | Lanchang | Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin | UMNO | ||
N32 | Kuala Semantan | Nor Azmi Mat Ludin | UMNO | ||||
P89 | Bentong | N36 | Pelangai | Adnan Yaakob | UMNO | ||
P90 | Bera | N37 | Guai | Norol Azali Sulaiman | UMNO | ||
N39 | Kemayan | Mohd. Fadil Osman | UMNO | ||||
P91 | Rompin | N40 | Bukit Ibam | Samsiah Arshad | UMNO | ||
N41 | Muadzam Shah | Razali Kassim | UMNO | ||||
N42 | Tioman | Mohd. Johari Hussain | UMNO | ||||
![]() |
P92 | Sabak Bernam | N1 | Sungai Air Tawar | Rizam Ismail | UMNO | |
P93 | Sungai Besar | N3 | Sungai Panjang | Mohd. Imran Tamrin | UMNO | ||
P94 | Hulu Selangor | N5 | Hulu Bernam | Rosni Sohar | UMNO | ||
P95 | Tanjong Karang | N8 | Sungai Burong | Mohd Shamsudin Lias | UMNO | ||
P101 | Hulu Langat | N24 | Semenyih | Zakaria Hanafi | UMNO | ||
![]() |
P126 | Jelebu | N2 | Pertang | Noor Azmi Yusuf | UMNO | |
N3 | Sungai Lui | Mohd Razi Mohd Ali | UMNO | ||||
P127 | Jempol | N5 | Serting | Shamshulkahar Mohd. Deli | UMNO | ||
N6 | Palong | Mustafa Nagoor | UMNO | ||||
P129 | Kuala Pilah | N15 | Juasseh | Ismail Lasim | UMNO | ||
N16 | Seri Menanti | Abdul Samad Ibrahim | UMNO | ||||
N17 | Senaling | Adnan Abu Hasan | UMNO | ||||
N19 | Johol | Saiful Yazan Sulaiman | UMNO | ||||
P131 | Rembau | N26 | Chembong | Zaifulbahri Idris | UMNO | ||
N27 | Rantau | Mohamad Hasan | UMNO | ||||
N28 | Kota | Awaludin Said | UMNO | ||||
P132 | Port Dickson | N31 | Bagan Pinang | Tun Hairuddin Abu Bakar | UMNO | ||
N32 | Linggi | Abdul Rahman Mohd. Redza | UMNO | ||||
P133 | Tampin | N34 | Gemas | Abdul Razak Said | UMNO | ||
N35 | Gemencheh | Mohd. Isam Mohd. Isa | UMNO | ||||
![]() |
P134 | Masjid Tanah | N1 | Kuala Linggi | Ismail Othman | UMNO | |
N2 | Tanjung Bidara | Md Rawi Mahmud | UMNO | ||||
N3 | Ayer Limau | Amiruddin Yusop | UMNO | ||||
N4 | Lendu | Sulaiman Md Ali | UMNO | ||||
N5 | Taboh Naning | Latipah Omar | UMNO | ||||
P135 | Alor Gajah | N6 | Rembia | Muhammad Jailani Khamis | UMNO | ||
N10 | Asahan | Abdul Ghafar Atan | UMNO | ||||
P137 | Hang Tuah Jaya | N18 | Ayer Molek | Rahmad Mariman | UMNO | ||
P139 | Jasin | N25 | Rim | Ghazale Muhamad | UMNO | ||
N26 | Serkam | Zaidi Attan | UMNO | ||||
N27 | Merlimau | Roslan Ahmad | UMNO | ||||
N28 | Sungai Rambai | Hasan Abd Rahman | UMNO | ||||
![]() |
P140 | Segamat | N01 | Buloh Kasap | Zahari Sarip | UMNO | |
P146 | Muar | N16 | Sungai Balang | Zaiton Ismail | UMNO | ||
P147 | Parit Sulong | N18 | Sri Medan | Zulkurnain Kamisan | UMNO | ||
P148 | Ayer Hitam | N20 | Semarang | Samsol Bari Jamali | UMNO | ||
P149 | Sri Gading | N22 | Pasir Raja | Nor Rashidah Ramli | UMNO | ||
P150 | Batu Pahat | N25 | Rengit | Ayub Jamil | UMNO | ||
P151 | Simpang Renggam | N26 | Machap | Abd. Taib Abu Bakar | UMNO | ||
N27 | Layang-Layang | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | UMNO | ||||
P155 | Tenggara | N34 | Panti | Hahasrin Hashim | UMNO | ||
N35 | Pasir Raja | Rashidah Ismail | UMNO | ||||
P157 | Pengerang | N38 | Penawar | Sharifah Azizah Syed Zain | UMNO | ||
N39 | Tanjung Suarat | Syed Sis Syed A. Rahman | UMNO | ||||
P164 | Pontian | N53 | Benut | Hasni Mohammad | UMNO | ||
P165 | Tanjung Piai | N56 | Kukup | Md. Othman Yusof | UMNO | ||
![]() |
P167 | Kudat | N2 | Bengkoka | Harun Durabi | UMNO | |
P169 | Kota Belud | N9 | Tempasuk | Mohd Arsad Bistari | UMNO | ||
N10 | Usukan | Salleh Said Keruak | UMNO | ||||
P170 | Tuaran | N13 | Pantai Dalit | Jasnih Daya | UMNO | ||
P171 | Sepanggar | N16 | Karambunai | Yakubah Khan | UMNO | ||
P173 | Putatan | N24 | Tanjung Keramat | Shahelmey Yahya | UMNO | ||
P175 | Papar | N29 | Pantai Manis | Mohd Tamin @ Tamin Zainal | UMNO | ||
P183 | Beluran | N48 | Sugut | James Ratib | UMNO | ||
P184 | Libaran | N51 | Sungai Manila | Mokran Ingkat | UMNO | ||
N52 | Sungai Sibuga | Mohamad Hamsan Awang Supain | UMNO | ||||
P187 | Kinabatangan | N58 | Lamag | Bung Mokhtar Radin | UMNO | ||
N59 | Sukau | Jafry Ariffin | UMNO | ||||
P190 | Tawau | N67 | Balung | Hamild @ Hamid Awang | UMNO | ||
P191 | Kalabakan | N71 | Tanjong Batu | Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy | UMNO | ||
- | Nominated Member | Raime Unggi | UMNO | ||||
Nominated Member | Suhaimi Nasir | UMNO | |||||
Total | Perlis (9), Kedah (2), Kelantan (7), Terengganu (10), Penang (2), Perak (25), Pahang (24), Selangor (5), Negeri Sembilan (15), Malacca (12), Johor (14), Sabah (14) |
UMNO state governments
State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
Menteri Besar | Hasni Mohammad | UMNO | Template:Nseat | |
![]() |
Chief Minister (acting) | Sulaiman Md Ali | UMNO | Template:Nseat | |
![]() |
Menteri Besar | Azlan Man | UMNO | Template:Nseat | |
![]() |
Menteri Besar | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | Template:Nseat | |
![]() |
Menteri Besar | Saarani Mohamad | UMNO | Template:Nseat |
General election results
Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1955 | 34 / 52
|
589,933 | 58.90% | ![]() (Alliance Party) |
Tunku Abdul Rahman |
1959 | 52 / 104
|
553,160 | 35.75% | ![]() (Alliance Party) |
Tunku Abdul Rahman |
1964 | 59 / 104
|
458,854 | 38.10% | ![]() (Alliance Party) |
Tunku Abdul Rahman |
1969 | 52 / 144
|
![]() (Alliance Party) |
Tunku Abdul Rahman | ||
1974 | 62 / 144
|
![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Abdul Razak Hussein | ||
1978 | 70 / 154
|
![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Hussein Onn | ||
1982 | 70 / 154
|
![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Mahathir Mohamad | ||
1986 | 83 / 177
|
1,474,063 | 31.06% | ![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Mahathir Mohamad |
1990 | 71 / 180
|
![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Mahathir Mohamad | ||
1995 | 89 / 192
|
![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Mahathir Mohamad | ||
1999 | 72 / 193
|
![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Mahathir Mohamad | ||
2004 | 109 / 219
|
2,483,249 | 35.9% | ![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
2008 | 79 / 222
|
2,381,725 | 29.33% | ![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
2013 | 88 / 222
|
3,252,484 | 29.45% | ![]() (Barisan Nasional) |
Najib Razak |
2018 | 54 / 222
After the defeat in General Election 2018 - 38 / 222
|
2,548,251 | 21.10% | ![]() later Governing coalition (Barisan Nasional) |
Najib Razak |
State election results
State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis State Legislative Assembly | Kedah State Legislative Assembly | Kelantan State Legislative Assembly | Terengganu State Legislative Assembly | Penang State Legislative Assembly | Perak State Legislative Assembly | Pahang State Legislative Assembly | Selangor State Legislative Assembly | Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly | Malacca State Legislative Assembly | Johor State Legislative Assembly | Sabah State Legislative Assembly | Total won / Total contested | ||
2/3 majority | 2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
2 / 3 |
||
1959 | 10 / 12 |
18 / 24 |
1 / 30 |
5 / 24 |
10 / 24 |
21 / 40 |
17 / 24 |
14 / 28 |
11 / 24 |
13 / 20 |
20 / 32 |
|||
1964 | 9 / 12 |
18 / 24 |
8 / 30 |
20 / 24 |
10 / 24 |
22 / 40 |
17 / 24 |
13 / 28 |
14 / 24 |
13 / 20 |
20 / 32 |
|||
1969 | 9 / 12 |
12 / 24 |
10 / 30 |
12 / 24 |
4 / 24 |
18 / 40 |
16 / 24 |
12 / 28 |
11 / 24 |
11 / 20 |
19 / 32 |
54 / 68
| ||
1974 | 8 / 12 |
12 / 26 |
13 / 36 |
18 / 28 |
9 / 27 |
22 / 42 |
23 / 32 |
19 / 33 |
15 / 24 |
13 / 20 |
20 / 32 |
|||
1978 | 10 / 12 |
14 / 26 |
22 / 36 |
27 / 28 |
9 / 27 |
23 / 42 |
24 / 32 |
19 / 33 |
15 / 24 |
13 / 20 |
20 / 32 |
|||
1982 | 9 / 12 |
19 / 26 |
22 / 36 |
22 / 28 |
10 / 27 |
24 / 42 |
24 / 32 |
20 / 33 |
15 / 24 |
13 / 20 |
20 / 32 |
|||
1986 | 12 / 14 |
20 / 28 |
28 / 39 |
29 / 32 |
12 / 33 |
26 / 46 |
25 / 33 |
26 / 42 |
18 / 28 |
12 / 20 |
22 / 36 |
|||
1990 | 12 / 14 |
22 / 28 |
0 / 39 |
22 / 32 |
12 / 33 |
27 / 46 |
25 / 33 |
26 / 42 |
18 / 28 |
12 / 20 |
21 / 36 |
|||
1994 | 19 / 48 |
|||||||||||||
1995 | 13 / 15 |
26 / 36 |
6 / 43 |
24 / 32 |
12 / 33 |
30 / 52 |
28 / 38 |
30 / 48 |
20 / 32 |
16 / 25 |
25 / 40 |
|||
1999 | 10 / 15 |
16 / 36 |
2 / 43 |
4 / 32 |
10 / 33 |
26 / 52 |
21 / 38 |
26 / 48 |
20 / 32 |
16 / 25 |
25 / 40 |
24 / 48 |
||
2004 | 12 / 15 |
23 / 36 |
21 / 45 |
27 / 32 |
14 / 40 |
34 / 59 |
31 / 42 |
35 / 56 |
22 / 36 |
18 / 28 |
33 / 56 |
32 / 60 |
||
2008 | 12 / 15 |
12 / 36 |
6 / 45 |
23 / 32 |
11 / 40 |
27 / 59 |
29 / 42 |
18 / 56 |
19 / 36 |
18 / 28 |
32 / 56 |
32 / 60 |
||
2013 | 12 / 15 |
19 / 36 |
12 / 45 |
17 / 32 |
10 / 40 |
30 / 59 |
28 / 42 |
12 / 56 |
21 / 36 |
17 / 28 |
32 / 56 |
31 / 60 |
||
2018 | 9 / 15 |
3 / 36 |
8 / 45 |
10 / 32 |
2 / 40 |
25 / 59 |
24 / 42 |
4 / 56 |
15 / 36 |
13 / 28 |
14 / 56 |
17 / 60 |
145 / 587
| |
2020 | 14 / 73 |
Others Controversies
Challenge to UMNO's right to exist
Every year, UMNO is obliged to hold the General Assembly to extend their rule according to the Clauses set by the Registry of Societies (RoS) Malaysia. And once every five years, UMNO is obliged to appoint their highest bodies. The last time UMNO held the election of the highest division and council level was on 19 October 2013. So the new election was supposed to be held on 19 April 2018. Their application for the postponement of the election until 19 October 2019 has to be approved by RoS in accordance with Clause 10.16. But critics have claimed that this is illegal and supposedly the existence of an UMNO organisation is banned.[117][118]
1MDB
Media reports from June 2018 indicated that the MACC froze bank accounts associated with UMNO, purportedly in relation to investigations into the 1MDB controversy.[119]
Notes
- ^ In 1972, the investment arm of UMNO bought out the Malaysian operations of Straits Times Press, which included Berita Harian. The bought over publications were placed under the management of the New Straits Times Press, which is also the name of its main publication [1]
- ^ belongs to the same parent company as Berita Harian.
References
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- ^ Helen Ting. "The Politics of National Identity in West Malaysia: Continued Mutation or Critical Transition? [The Politics of Ambiguity]" (PDF). Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. J-Stage. p. 3/21 [33] and 5/21 [35].
UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato' Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholar Ariffin Omar as "the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else". Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, the Alliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the "National Front"], is multiethnic in its composition.
- ^ Jinna Tay; Graeme Turner (24 July 2015). Television Histories in Asia: Issues and Contexts. Routledge. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-135-00807-9.
- ^ Timothy J. Lomperis, September 1996, 'From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam', page 212, ISBN 0807822736
- ^ "MACC has frozen SUPP's account". www.nst.com.my. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "Backdoor government a betrayal of GE14 voters, civil societies say". 24 February 2020.
- ^ Jan Senkyr (2013). "Political Awakening in Malaysia". KAS International Reports (7): 73–74.
the UMNO can be described as a national conservative Islamic party
- ^ "Umno assembly grand old party dominant in all ways". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Foundation and Goals. From: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From:"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.3. From:"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ "Malaysia : History | The Commonwealth".
- ^ Adam, Ramlah binti, Samuri, Abdul Hakim bin & Fadzil, Muslimin bin (2004). Sejarah Tingkatan 3, pp. 60–65, 75. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ISBN 983-62-8285-8.
- ^ Joseph M. Fernando (18 June 2007). "The rebel in Onn Jaafar". The Star. The Malaysian Bar. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ Keat Gin Ooi, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 138. ISBN 9781576077702.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 124, 135.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 137–140.
- ^ "About MIC: History" Archived 20 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 28 January 2006.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 140.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 103–107.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 148, 151.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, p. 153–155.
- ^ Ooi, Jeff (2005). "Social Contract: 'Utusan got the context wrong'" Archived 30 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 November 2005.
- ^ Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics, p. 18. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
- ^ Shuid, Mahdi & Yunus, Mohd. Fauzi (2001). Malaysian Studies, p. 29. Longman. ISBN 983-74-2024-3.
- ^ Shuid & Yunus, p. 31.
- ^ Mathews, Philip (February 2014). Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013. Editions Didier Millet. p. 29. ISBN 978-967-10617-4-9.
- ^ Adam, Samuri & Fadzil, pp. 214, 217, 220, 222, 223.
- ^ Rahman, Tunku Abdul (1965). "A dream shattered" Archived 8 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 5 February 2006.
- ^ Ooi, Jeff (2005). "Perils of the sitting duck" Archived 28 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 November 2005.
- ^ Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, pp. 3, 5, 29. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-588988-6.
- ^ Means, p. 6, 7.
- ^ Means, p. 8.
- ^ Means, pp. 11, 12.
- ^ Means, pp. 20, 21.
- ^ Means, pp. 20–22.
- ^ Means, pp. 22, 23.
- ^ Means, pp. 23–27.
- ^ Means, pp. 29, 30.
- ^ Means, p. 31.
- ^ "The story behind some of Malaysia's biggest street rallies". 27 August 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Means, pp. 36, 37.
- ^ Means, pp. 39, 40.
- ^ Means, pp. 41, 42.
- ^ Means, p. 201.
- ^ a b Means, p. 202.
- ^ Means, p. 204.
- ^ a b Means, p. 206.
- ^ Means, p. 205.
- ^ a b Means, pp. 218, 219.
- ^ Means, pp. 224, 225.
- ^ "Terus fokus menyatukan Melayu". Utusan Online. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ^ Means, pp. 224, 225, 230......
- ^ "Malaysia election: Opposition scores historic victory". BBC News. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ "Three Johor Umno reps jump to Pribumi". The Star. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Kelantan Wanita Umno info chief, 50 others, jump to Pribumi". The Star. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave". The Star. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional?". The Malaysian Reserve. 18 September 2019.
- ^ "MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear". New Straits Times. 30 November 2019.
- ^ Reme Ahmad (5 December 2019). "Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional". The Straits Times.
- ^ Adib Povera (4 March 202). "Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat". New Strait Times.
- ^ "Apa maksud 5 mesyuarat politik diadakan serentak hari ini?" [What is the meaning behind the 5 political meetings being held at the same time today?]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 23 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ Yiswaree Palansamy (23 February 2020). "Azmin arrives at Sheraton Hotel, first sighting since rumoured new coalition". Malay Mail. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ^ "Muafakat Nasional cadang bubar Parlimen, tarik balik SD sokong Dr M" [Muafakat Nasional propose the dissolution of Parliament, retract SDs supporting Dr M]. Bernama (in Malay). 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Dr Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' — sources". The Edge Markets. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ Justin Ong (26 February 2020). "Malaysia still in limbo as Agong continues search for new PM". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 17 May 2020 – via Malay Mail.
- ^ "Umno and PAS withdraw support for Dr M". MalaysiaKini. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- ^ "Tuan Ibrahim: All PAS, Umno MPs signed SD for Muhyiddin to be PM". Bernama. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
- ^ "Wakil pemimpin parti tiba di Istana Negara pagi ini" [Party leaders' representatives arrived at the National Palace this morning]. Astro Awani (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Muhyiddin ketuai Perikatan Nasional jumpa Agong" [Muhyiddin lead Perikatan Nasional to have audience with the Agong]. Berita Harian (in Malay). 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ "Salleh batalkan permohonan sertai PKR". 30 June 2020.
- ^ "Bekas CEO FGV sertai UMNO". 24 July 2020.
- ^ "UMNO Tarik Balik Sokongan Serta Merta". 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Gagal Penuhi Aspirasi Rakyat, UMNO Tarik Balik Sokongan Kepada PM Serta Merta". 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Malaysia's Ismail Sabri Yaakob sworn in as new PM". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ "Rave reviews for 12MP, but Ismail Sabri's Bumi focus splits opinions". The Vibes. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ Anand, Ram (29 September 2021). "Malaysian PM Ismail's push on bumiputera equity faces criticism in country". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ "The 12th Malaysia Plan and what people think of it". Free Malaysia Today. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ^ "Former minister calls govt's Bumi equity safety net 'suicidal', claims Malay businessmen not keen". malaysia.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ "Big challenge to find bumi businessmen willing to take up 51% equity, say freight forwarders' associations". The Star. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "Bumiputera's 51% equity in logistics: A case of "robbing Peter to pay Paul"". Malaysia Kini. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ Lee, Seok Hwai (2 February 2015). "Malaysia minister calls for Malays to boycott Chinese businesses". The Straits Times. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Monday, 02 Feb 2015 02:42 PM MYT. "Boycott Chinese businesses to lower price of goods, minister tells Malays | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
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- ^ CHAN, AKIL YUNUS, D. KANYAKUMARI, KATHLEEN ANN KILI and ADRIAN. "MCA slams minister's call for Malays to boycott Chinese businesses". The Star. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
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- ^ "MCA: Low Yat 2 plan will hurt racial ties". The Star. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
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- ^ "Minister vilified by MCA, DAP for decision on Taylor's | Free Malaysia Today". 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
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- ^ Julia Chan (10 November 2015). "Ismail Sabri: I honestly didn't know there were laws against turtle eggs". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
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- ^ "Ismail Sabri: Malay 'special rights' and Islam in jeopardy if vote given to DAP". The Malay Mail. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- ^ a b "Kit Siang hurls 'turtle egg' at Ismail Sabri over 'fake news'". Malaysiakini. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
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- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ "History of Wanita UMNO". UMNO Malaysia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ "History of UMNO Youth". UMNO Malaysia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ "History of Puteri UMNO". UMNO Malaysia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ Hanipa Maidin (19 April 2018). "Umno - apa selepas hari ini, 19 Apr 2018?" (in Malay). Malaysiakini. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ Bede Hong (1 March 2018). "RoS patut isytihar Umno haram 19 April, kata peguam Dr Mahathir" (in Malay). The Malaysian Insight. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ "MACC has frozen SUPP's account". www.nst.com.my. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
Sources
- Welsh, B (ed). The End of UMNO?: Essays on Malaysia's dominant party (SIRD, 2016)
- Chin, James. "Going East: UMNO's entry into Sabah Politics". Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol 7, No 1 (June) 1999, pp. 20–40.
- Goh, Jenny (23 July 1997). "Small spark can create big mess". Straits Times.
- Kamarudin, Raja Petra (7 November 2005). "The stuff politicians are made of". Malaysia Today.
- Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). "National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence". Malaysia Today.
- Ibrahim Mahmood (1981) Sejarah Perjuangan UMNO, Penerbitan Antara Kuala Lumpur
- "Pro-government Malaysian rally raises worry about ethnic tension – SWI swissinfo.ch". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Library resources in your library and in other libraries about United Malays National Organisation
- Official website