Close-mid front unrounded vowel
| Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| e | |
| IPA Number | 302 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | e |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
| X-SAMPA | e |
| Braille |  |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.
There is also the mid front unrounded vowel () in some languages, which is slightly lower. It is normally written ⟨e⟩, but if precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (the former, indicating lowering, being more common).
For many of the languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (neither close nor open), the vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel and is phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Basque, Spanish, Romanian, Japanese, Turkish, Finnish, Greek, Hejazi Arabic, Serbo-Croatian and Korean (Seoul dialect). A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition. Igbo and Egyptian Arabic, for example, have a close-mid [e], and Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], but none of these languages have another phonemic mid front vowel.
Kensiu, spoken in Malaysia and Thailand, is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels, without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.[2]
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[3] | bed | [bet] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[3] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Hejazi[4] | بـيـت | [be̞ːt] | 'home' | Mid.[4] See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Azerbaijani | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 'night' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[5] | [example needed] | |||
| Breton[6] | [example needed] | Unstressed /ɛ/ can be mid [ɛ̝] or close-mid [e] instead.[6] | |||
| Catalan[7] | més | [mes] | 'more' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[8] | 也 / yě | 'also' | Mid.[8] See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Shanghainese[9] | 该 | [ke̠ʔ˩] | 'should' | Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[9] | |
| Danish | Standard[10][11] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Belgian[12] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
| Some speakers[13] | zet | [zɛ̝t] | 'shove' (n.) | Open-mid [ɛ] in Standard Dutch.[13] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian[14] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
| Conservative Received Pronunciation | Mid; often realized as open-mid in contemporary RP. See English phonology | ||||
| New Zealand[15] | The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.[15] See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
| General American[16] | may | [meː] | 'may' | Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[16] | |
| General Indian[17] | |||||
| General Pakistani[18] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
| Geordie[19] | |||||
| Scottish[20] | |||||
| Singaporean[21] | |||||
| Ulster[22] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[23] | square | [skweː] | 'square' | More often open-mid [ɛː].[23] | |
| Yorkshire[24] | play | [ple̞ː] | 'play' | ||
| Scottish[20] | bit | [bë̞ʔ] | 'bit' | Near-front,[20] may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers. | |
| Cockney[25] | bird | [bɛ̝̈ːd] | 'bird' | Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [œ̝ː] or, more often, unrounded central [ɜ̝ː] instead.[25] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. | |
| Estonian[26] | keha | [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[27][28] | menen | [ˈme̞ne̞n] | 'I go' | Mid.[27][28] See Finnish phonology | |
| French[29][30] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[31][32] | Seele | 'soul' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Many speakers[33] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 'hunter' | Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[33] See Standard German phonology | |
| Southern accents[34] | Bett | [b̥et] | 'bed' | Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[34] See Standard German phonology | |
| Swabian accent[34] | Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[34] See Standard German phonology | ||||
| Bernese dialect[35] | rède | [ˈrɛ̝d̥ə] | 'to speak' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Bernese German phonology | |
| Greek | Modern Standard[36] | πες / pes | [pe̞s̠] | 'say!' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew[37] | כן | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[38] | hét | [heːt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as mid [e̞ː].[39] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ibibio[40] | [sé̞] | 'look' | Mid.[40] | ||
| Icelandic[41] | kenna | [ˈcʰɛ̝nːä] | 'to teach' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to [eɛ].[42] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[43] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology |
| Standard[44] | crederci | [ˈkreːd̪e̞rt͡ʃi] | 'to believe' | Common realization of the unstressed /e/.[44] See Italian phonology | |
| Northern accents[45] | penso | [ˈpe̞ŋso] | 'I think' | Common realization of /e/.[45] See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[46] | 笑み | 'smile' | Mid.[46] See Japanese phonology | ||
| Jebero[47] | [ˈiʃë̞k] | 'bat' | Near-front; possible realization of /ɘ/.[47] | ||
| Limburgish | Most dialects[48][49][50] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Maastrichtian[48] | bèd | [bɛ̝t] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. | |
| Norwegian | le | [leː] | 'laugh' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[51][52] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Urban East[53][54] | nett | [nɛ̝tː] | 'net' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | سه | [se] | 'three' | ||
| Polish[55] | dzień | 'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[56] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian[57] | fete | [ˈfe̞t̪e̞] | 'girls' | Mid.[57] See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[58] | шея | 'neck' | Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [e̞] after soft consonants.[58] See Russian phonology | ||
| Saterland Frisian[59] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 'thin' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[59] | |
| Serbo-Croatian[60] | тек / tek | [t̪ě̞k] | 'only' | Mid.[60] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovene[61] | sedem | [ˈsèːdəm] | 'seven' | See Slovene phonology | |
| velikan | [ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn] | 'giant' | Unstressed vowel,[62] as well as an allophone of /e/ before /j/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[63] See Slovene phonology | ||
| Slovak | Standard[64][65] | behať | [ˈbɛ̝ɦäc̟] | 'to run' | Mid;[64][65] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Slovak phonology |
| Sotho[66] | ho jwetsa | [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to tell' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[66] See Sotho phonology | |
| Spanish[67] | bebé | [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] | 'baby' | Mid.[67] See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[68][69] | se | [s̪eː] | 'see' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: ). See Swedish phonology |
| Upper Sorbian | njebjo | [ˈɲ̟ɛ̝bʲɔ] | 'sky' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding /j/ in both cases.[70] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Tahitian | vahine | [vahine] | 'woman' | ||
| Tera[71] | ze | [zè̞ː] | 'spoke' | ||
| Turkish[72][73] | ev | [e̞v] | 'house' | Mid.[72][73] See Turkish phonology | |
| Yoruba[74] | [example needed] | ||||
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Bishop, N. (1996). A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology. Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25.
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
- ^ a b Abdoh (2010), p. 84.
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Ternes (1992), p. 433.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ a b Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ a b Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ a b c Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 179.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ a b Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
- ^ a b Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Marti (1985), p. 27.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ Brodersen (2011).
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
- ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
- ^ a b Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ a b Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15–16.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ a b Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
- ^ a b Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
- ^ Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 93, 95.
- ^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
- ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
- ^ a b Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 34.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
- ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.
References
- Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010), A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic (PDF)
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 131–151, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148
- Brodersen, Randi Benedikte (2011). "Islændinges udtale af dansk". Sprogmuseet (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-09-22.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-28, retrieved 2019-10-07
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
- Doke, Clement Martyn; Mofokeng, S. Machabe (1974), Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar (3rd ed.), Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, ISBN 0-582-61700-6
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
- Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, ISBN 978-3-7720-1587-8
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Peters, Jörg (2019), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
- Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 978-82-05-10107-4
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure – Phonetics, phonology, phonotactics and prosody (PDF), Studia Humaniora Ouluensia 9, Oulu University Press, ISBN 978-951-42-8984-2
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
- Wells, J. C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0