Beefsteak Nazi
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Beefsteak Nazi[1][2] (Rindersteak-Nazi) or "Roast-beef Nazi" was a term used in Nazi Germany to describe communists and socialists who joined the Nazi Party. Munich-born American historian Konrad Heiden was one of the first to document this phenomenon in his 1936 book Hitler: A Biography, remarking that in the Sturmabteilung (Brownshirts, SA) ranks there were "large numbers of Communists and Social Democrats" and that "many of the storm troops were called 'beefsteaks' – brown outside and red within".[3] The switching of political parties was at times so common that SA men would jest that "[i]n our storm troop there are three Nazis, but we shall soon have spewed them out".[3]
The term was particularly used to designate working class members of the SA who were aligned with Strasserism.[4] The image of these "beefsteak" individuals wearing a brown uniform but having underlying "red" communist and socialist sympathies[5] implied that their allegiance to Nazism was superficial and opportunistic.[6]
After Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, beefsteak Nazis continued during the suppression of communists and socialists (represented by the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party of Germany, respectively) in the 1930s and the term was popular as early as 1933.[6]
Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung
[edit]Ernst Röhm, SA co-founder and later commander, developed an "expanding Röhm-cult"[7] within the SA ranks through which many members sought a revolutionary socialist regime, radicalizing the SA.[8] Röhm and large segments of the Nazi Party supported the 25-point National Socialist Program for its socialist, revolutionary and anti-capitalist positions, expecting Hitler to fulfill his promises when power was finally attained.[8] Since Röhm had "considerable sympathy with the more socialist aspects of the Nazi programme",[9] "turncoat Communists and Socialists joined the Nazi Party for a number of years, where they were derisively known as 'Beefsteak Nazis'."[10]
Röhm's radicalization came to the forefront in 1933–1934 when he sought to have his plebeian SA troopers engage in permanent or "second revolution" after Hitler had become Chancellor. With 2.5 million stormtroopers under his command by late 1933,[9] Röhm envisaged a purging of the conservative faction, the "Reaktion" in Germany that would entail more nationalization of industry, "worker control of the means of production", and the "confiscation and redistribution of property and wealth of the upper classes."[11][12] Such ideological and political infighting within the Nazi Party prompted Hitler to have his political rival Röhm and other Nazi socialist radicals executed on the Night of the Long Knives in the summer of 1934.
Some have argued that since most SA members came from working-class families or were unemployed, they were amenable to Marxist-leaning socialism.[8] However, historian Thomas Friedrich argues that repeated efforts by the Communist Party of Germany to appeal to the working-class backgrounds of the SA were "doomed to failure" because most SA men were focused on the cult of Hitler and the destruction of the "Marxist enemy".[13]
Extent
[edit]In some cities, the number of party-switching beefsteak Nazis was thought to be significant. Rudolf Diels, head of the Gestapo from 1933 to 1934, reported that "70 percent" of new SA recruits had been communists in the city of Berlin.[14]
See also
[edit]- August Winnig
- Ernst Niekisch
- National Bolshevism
- Old Social Democratic Party of Germany
- Strasserism
- Widerstand (magazine)
References
[edit]Notes
- ^ Küpper, Heinz (April 1966). "Appendix: Scherz-, Spott- und Hohnworte auf Personen, Einrichtungen und Sachen des Dritten Reiches". Berufsschelten und Verwandtes. Wörterbuchs der deutschen Umgangssprache (in German). Vol. 4. Hamburg, Germany: Claassen Verlag.
- ^ Steinberg, Saul, ed. (1966-06-19). "Angst-Brosche bis Zuwachs-Arier". Der Spiegel (in German). Vol. 1966, no. 26. Article 51. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
Beefsteak-Nazi Parteimitglied, das sich nach außen hin zum Nationalsozialismus bekennt, aber im Innern sozialdemokratisch eingestellt ist.
- ^ a b Heiden 1938, p. 390.
- ^ Mitcham 1996, p. 120.
- ^ Green 1996, p. 342.
- ^ a b Goodfellow 1992, pp. 231–258.
- ^ Kershaw 1999, p. 503.
- ^ a b c Bendersky 2007, p. 96.
- ^ a b Williamson 2011, p. 29.
- ^ Lepage 2016, Chapter 4.
- ^ Butler 2015, p. 117.
- ^ Petropoulos 2006, p. 144.
- ^ Friedrich 2012, pp. 213, 215.
- ^ Brown 2009, p. 136.
Bibliography
- Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany. Lanham, Maryland and Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Brown, Timothy S. (2009). Weimar Radicals: Nazis and Communists Between Authenticity and Performance. New York: Berghahn Books.
- Butler, Daniel Allen (2015). Field Marshal: The Life and Death of Erwin Rommel. Philadelphia and Oxford: Casemate Publishers.
- Friedrich, Thomas (2012). Hitler's Berlin: Abused City. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16670-5.
- Green, Jonathon (1996). Words Apart: The Language of Prejudice. Kyle Cathie.
- Goodfellow, Samuel (1992). "From Communism to Nazism: The transformation of Alsatian communists". Journal of Contemporary History. 27 (2): 231–258. doi:10.1177/002200949202700202. S2CID 153882413.
- Heiden, Konrad (1938). Hitler: A Biography. London: Constable & Co. Ltd.
- Heiden, Konrad (2012) [1944]. Der Fuehrer. New York: NY: A Herman Graf Book—Skyhorse Publishing.
- Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7.
- Lepage, Jean-Denis (2016). "4: Members of the NSDAP". Hitler's Stormtroopers: The SA, The Nazis' Brownshirts, 1922–1945. Frontline Books.
- MacDonogh, Giles (2009). After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. Basic Books.
- Merkl, Peter H. (1975). Political Violence Under the Swastika: 581 Early Nazis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Mitcham, Samuel W. Jr. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95485-4.
- Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516133-5.
- Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle. New York and London: Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04800-1.
- Williamson, D.G. (2011). The Third Reich. Routledge.
- Wireless to the New York Times (28 November 1925). "Hitlerite Riot in Berlin: Beer Glasses Fly When Speaker Compares Hitler to Lenin". Berlin. The New York Times.