Close front unrounded vowel
| Close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| i | |
| IPA Number | 301 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | i |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0069 |
| X-SAMPA | i |
| Braille |  |
The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English word meet—and often called long-e in American English[1]—although in English this sound has additional length (usually being represented as /iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slight diphthong) – a purer [i] sound is heard in many other languages, such as French, in words like chic.
The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the palatal approximant [j]. The two are almost identical featurally. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [i̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [j] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.
Languages that use the Latin script commonly use the letter ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: in English orthography that letter is usually associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit), and /iː/ is more commonly represented by ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ei⟩, as in the words scene, bean, meet, niece, conceive; (see Great Vowel Shift). Irish orthography reflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Standard[2] | دين | [d̪iːn] | 'religion' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | իմ | [im] | 'my' | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[4] | [example needed] | |||
| Bengali | [[[Bengali script|ঈগল]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: beng not supported for code: bn (help) | [igɔl] | 'eagle' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian[5] | кит | [kit̪] | 'whale' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[6] | [sis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈs̠is̠] | 'six' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[7] | [[[Chinese characters|七]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|qī]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'seven' | See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Czech | Standard[8][9] | [[[Czech orthography|bílý]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'white' | See Czech phonology | |
| Moravian[10] | [[[Czech orthography|byli]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbili] | 'they were' | Corresponds to [e] (also described as [ɪ])[8] in Bohemian Czech.[10] See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[11][12][13] | [mile] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmiːlə] | 'dune' | See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[14] | [biet] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'beet' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| English[15] | [[[English orthography|free]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'free' | Depending on dialect, can be pronounced as a diphthong. See English phonology | ||
| Estonian[16] | [tiik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tiːk] | 'pond' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[17][18] | [[[Finnish alphabet|viisi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈviːsi] | 'five' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[19] | [[[French orthography|fini]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fini] | 'finished' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[20] | სამი | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | Standard[21] | [Ziel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'goal' | See German phonology | |
| Hindustani | बच्ची | [bət͡ʃiː] | 'girl' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian[22] | [[[Hungarian orthography|ív]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iːv] | 'arch' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic[23][24][25] | [fínt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fin̥t] | 'fine' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian[26] | [bile] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbiːle] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[27] | 銀/[gin] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'silver' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kaingang[28] | [ˈndukːi] | 'in the belly' | |||
| Limburgish[29][30][31][32] | [bies] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bis] | 'animal' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. | |
| Luxembourgish[33][34] | [Kiischt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰiːʃt] | 'cherry' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Polish[35] | [miś] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'teddy bear' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[36] | [fino] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfinu] | 'thin' | Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels. May be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Russian[37] | лист | 'leaf' | Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | ||
| Sema[38] | [pi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pì] | 'to say' | Also described as near-close front [i̞].[39] | |
| Shiwiar[40] | [example needed] | ||||
| Sioux | Lakota[41][42] | ǧí | [ʀí] | 'it's brown' | |
| Slovak[43] | [rýchly] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈriːxli] | 'fast' | Backness varies between front and near-front; most commonly, it is realized as near-close [ɪ] instead.[44] See Slovak phonology | |
| Spanish[45] | [tipo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪ipo̞] | 'type' | May also be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Spanish phonology | |
| Sorbian | Lower[46] | [kij] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʲij] | 'stick' | |
| Upper[46][47] | [bić] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bʲit͡ʃ] | 'to beat' | See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
| Thai[48] | [[[Thai script|กริช]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: thai not supported for code: th (help) | [krìt] | 'dagger' | ||
| Turkish[49][50] | [[[Turkish alphabet|ip]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ip] | 'rope' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Yoruba[51] | [example needed] | ||||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[52] | diza | [d̪iza] | 'Zapotec' | |
References
- ^ Maddox, Maeve. "DailyWritingTips: The Six Spellings of "Long E"". http://www.dailywritingtips.com. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website= - ^ Thelwall (1990:38)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Lee & Zee (2003:110))
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228)
- ^ a b Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
- ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2015. Wells's impression is that this vowel is slightly centralized [ï].
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Roach (2004:240)
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Árnason (2011:60)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ^ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:30)
- ^ Teo (2014:27)
- ^ Teo (2012:368)
- ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ^ Rood & Taylor (1996)
- ^ Lakota Language Consortium (2004). ALPHABET alphabet.htm Lakota letters and sounds.
- ^ Pavlík (2004:95)
- ^ Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ a b Stone (2002:600)
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
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