Constitution Party (United States)

"Taxpayers Party" redirects here. For the New York party, see Taxpayers Party of New York.

"American Constitution Party" redirects here. For the Colorado party, see American Constitution Party (Colorado).

Constitution Party
Chairman	Frank Fluckiger
Founded	1992 (1992) as U.S. Taxpayers' Party, 1999 (1999) as Constitution Party
Headquarters	23 North Lime St., Lancaster, PA 17602
Ideology	Paleoconservatism Economic nationalism Non-interventionism
Political position	Right-wing
Colors	Red, White, and Blue
Seats in the Senate	0 / 100
Seats in the House	0 / 435
Governorships	0 / 50
State Upper House Seats	0 / 1,972
State Lower House Seats	0 / 5,411
Other elected offices	7 (2014)
Website
http://constitutionparty.com/
Politics of United States Political parties Elections

The Constitution Party (formerly the U.S. Taxpayers' Party) is a paleoconservative political party in the United States. The party asserts that the US is a Christian nation founded on the Bible and that US jurisprudence should be restored to what the party claims is its "Biblical foundations". The Constitution Party advocates a platform which reflects the Party's understanding of the principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Bible, and the Bill of Rights.

The party was founded as the "U.S. Taxpayers' Party" by Howard Philips in 1991. Phillips was the party's candidate in the 1992, 1996 and 2000 presidential elections. The party's official name was changed to The Constitution Party in 1999; however, some state affiliate parties are known under different names. The party's platform is predicated on the party's understanding of the original intent of the nation's founding documents. The party absorbed the American Independent Party, originally founded for George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign. The Constitution Party receives substantial support from Christian Right organizations and claims to be the "philosophical home" of the Tea Party. The Constitution Party came in second place in the 2010 Colorado gubernatorial election, however as of January 2014, the party had not won any legislative or executive branch races at either the national or state level.

Historic "Constitution Parties" in the United States

A number of conservative parties calling themselves the "Constitution Party" have existed in the United States. In 1952-1953, Upton Close, Robert R. McCormick and other supporters of Joseph McCarthy discussed the formation of a party—sometimes referenced as the "Constitution Party"; sometimes the "American Party"—apparently in support of Senator McCarthy's ambitions to reach the White House.

White supremacist, Christian Identity theorist, and Posse Comitatus founder, William Potter Gale, was California's "state chairman of the Constitution Party" in 1957. and their candidate for Governor of California in 1958.

Another early iteration of the party, the Constitution Party of Wisconsin, was an affiliate of the "American Independent Party" (AIP), which ran candidates in the 1980, 1982, and 1984 elections; and appointed James Wickstrom as a representative to the National Committee of the AIP. The current Wisconsin Constitution Party chapter does not comment on any connection (or lack thereof) between the two organizations.

Affiliated organizations

The following table contains select details of the current Constitution Party state affiliate parties, chapters, and organizations.

Table: Affiliates of the U.S. Constitution Party
All affiliates state in their platforms support for strict adherence to the Declaration of Independence, and the U.S. Constitution. Many also specifically add their home state constitutions to the mix.

State	Affiliate Name	Headquarter City	Chapter Chairperson	Year Chapter founded	Comments
Alabama	Constitution Party of Alabama (CPAL)		Joshua Cassity
Alaska	Alaska Constitution Party				The Alaskan Independence Party has been listed as an affiliate in the past, but as of January 2013 is no longer.
Arizona	Constitution Party of Arizona	Glendale	Bob Haran	1992	Strongly advocates for the Right to Life, the second amendment, immigration control and enforcement, lower taxes, and the repeal of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement).
Arkansas	Constitution Party of Arkansas (CPAR)	Fayetteville	Tom Mayfield
California	American Independent Party	Marysville	Disputed: Jim King; Markham Robinson	April 1967	From 1992 until 2008, the party was the California Constitution Party affiliate; it is now split.
Colorado	American Constitution Party				The American Constitution Party's 10%-plus vote-share in the 2010 gubernatorial election elevated the party from "minor" to "major" status. (Any party that earns 10% or more of the votes cast for governor is a defined under statute as a "major party.")
Connecticut	Constitution Party of Connecticut	Plantsville	Timothy Knibbs	1976	Pre-dates the founding of Constitution Party (founded in the mid-1970s). Previously known as the Concerned Citizens Party which disbanded in April 2013.
Delaware	Constitution Party of Delaware (CPDE)	Bear	Pell Sherman
Florida	Constitution Party of Florida	Hollywood	Mark B. Pilling
Georgia	Constitution Party of Georgia	Woodstock	Ricardo Davis
Idaho	Constitution Party of Idaho	Coeur d'Alene	Floyd Whitley	1999	It is one of two minor political parties (along with the Libertarian Party of Idaho) which has ballot access in Idaho.
Illinois	Illinois Constitution Party (CPIL)		Tim Pearcy		The party's first popularly elected official is Phil Collins, elected Trustee of Libertyville Township in Lake County, Illinois on April 9, 2013.
Indiana	~no information~
Iowa	Constitution Party of Iowa	Eldon	Marvin Creech
Kansas	Constitution Party of Kansas	Wichita	Curt Engelbrecht
Kentucky	Constitution Party of Kentucky	Lexington	Mike Ward
Louisiana	Constitution Party of Louisiana	Lafayette	Peter Vidrine
Maryland	Marylanders for Constitutional Governance	Rockville	Michael Bertocchi	before 1996	In 2008, the party was recognized by the Maryland State Board of Elections as an official party. Candidates had ballot access in every presidential election from 1996 to 2008.
Massachusetts	Constitution Party of Massachusetts	Framingham	Scott Liftman
Michigan	U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan		William Mohr	1992	Kept the "Taxpayers Party" name in order to retain ballot status in the state. The party is one of six 'ballot-qualified' parties in Michigan. The ballot line on which the party ran in its initial election (1992) was that of the "Tisch Independent Citizens' Party."
Minnesota	The Constitution Party of Minnesota		Tammy Houle		The national party's paleoconservative affiliate in Minnesota
Mississippi	Constitution Party of Mississippi	Guntown,	Vince Thornton
Missouri	Constitution Party of Missouri	Buffalo	Ray Kish
Montana	Constitution Party of Montana		Lisa Wamsley		Founded as an arm of the American Heritage Party; changed its name in 2000. Affiliated to national Constitution Party 1995–July 2006; and May 14, 2011–present. Rick Jore became the first party member to get elected to the state legislature in 2006, and was later appointed chairman of the House Education Committee [2].
Nebraska	Nebraska Party	Omaha	Ben Grindstaff		Had changed its name to "The Nebraska Independent Party," and then back to "Nebraska Party." The party had candidates for state-wide offices placed on ballots from 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008.
Nevada	Independent American Party of Nevada	Elko	John Wagner	1967	Is one of four Constitution state parties that has not changed its name to "Constitution Party" since the national party adopted that name. It isw not to be confused with the national party of the same name. The Nevada IAP's name predates the national Constitution Party by decades.
New Mexico	Constitution Party of New Mexico	Albuquerque	Jon Barrie		On November 25, 2013, the party filed legal action against New Mexico Secretary of State Dianna J. Duran seeking to retain qualified party status.
North Carolina	Constitution Party of North Carolina	Charlotte	Al Pisano	2008	Re-created out of a former North Carolina Chapter of the Constitution Party in 2008. The branch adheres to what it proclaims as the "Seven Essential Core Values."
North Dakota	Constitution Party of North Dakota (CPND)	White Earth	Justin Labar
Ohio	Constitution Party of Ohio (CPOH)	Eaton	Don Shrader	2007	In early September 2007 (through litigation) the Constitution Party of Ohio was recognized by the Secretary of State as a minor political party with full ballot access.
Oklahoma	Constitution Party of Oklahoma	Chandler	Thom Holmes		A member of the Oklahomans for Ballot Access Reform coalition (OBAR)
Oregon	Constitution Party of Oregon	Grants Pass	Jack Alan Brown, Jr.	2000–2006; and 2013–present	Has been re-affiliated with the national party since January 2013.
Pennsylvania	Constitution Party of Pennsylvania	Lancaster	Robert Nulton
South Carolina	Constitution Party of South Carolina		Ted Adams		Has achieved ballot access for its presidential candidate in every presidential election from 1992 to 2012.
South Dakota	Constitution Party of South Dakota	Brandon	Joy Howe
Tennessee	Constitution Party of Tennessee	Germantown	Joan Castle
Texas	Constitution Party of Texas		Bob Eoff	1996	Started under the auspices of the U.S. Taxpayer's Party—the precursor to the Constitution Party; under which it achieved its only ballot line, in 1996
Utah	Constitution Party of Utah	Layton	Kirk Pearson		One of only three political parties guaranteed ballot access in Utah for the 2008 elections
Washington	Constitution Party of Washington	Spokane Valley	Robert W. Peck	before 1996	The original name of this branch was the "Washington U.S. Taxpayer’s Party;" with the name changed to the "American Heritage Party" in 1998; and to its current name in 2000.
West Virginia	Constitution Party of West Virginia	Martinsburg	Phil Hudok	October 2000	The party was officially organized on June 12, 2004, at its first formal meeting in Morgantown. West Virginia election law currently requires that a candidate for governor win at least 1% of the entire gubernatorial vote to secure his or her nominating party's future ballot access. Until such a time as that occurs, the affiliation of voters is not even formally recognized as a political party.
Wisconsin	Constitution Party of Wisconsin			1991	Founded as a unit of the U.S. Taxpayers Party.
Wyoming	Constitution Party of Wyoming	Hartville	Jennifer Young	2010

Recent changes in affiliation

As of January 2013, Oregon has re-affiliated with the national party. The Constitution Party of Montana re-affiliated with the national party in 2011. According to the party website, as of November 2012, the Alaskan Independence Party is also no longer an affiliate.

The Nebraska Party

The Nebraska state affiliate of the Constitution Party is called the "Nebraska Party." The party has had candidates for state-wide offices placed on ballots from 2002 to 2008.

The stated mission of the Nebraska Party is: "...to restore economic prosperity to all Nebraskans, to restore the Christian Principles of our Forefathers, and to get the Government back in the hands of the people. The Nebraska Party is founded on the principles of the Democrat-Republican Party, which was established in the early 1800s by Thomas Jefferson. The Democrat-Republican Party, now the Nebraska Party, represents the people, the working people (labor), family farmers, small business and, of course, our senior citizens".

North Carolina

The Constitution Party branches in North Carolina and several other states adhere to what they proclaim as the "Seven Essential Core Values." These core values are defined as: the Sanctity of Life, Religious Freedom, Traditional Family, Private Property Rights, Pro-Second Amendment, National Sovereignty, and Anti-Socialism. The Party claims to be the state's only truly 100% Pro-Life political party.

West Virginia affiliate's fight

The party states that it has been mis-characterized by groups such as the SPLC, ADL, and MIAC.

Background

The origins of the current state party can be traced to October 2000, when founding member Brenda Donnellan and activists from Wood County served as plaintiffs in Phillips v Hechler, civ 6:00-894. This litigation resulted in a November 3, 2000, ruling against then Secretary of State Ken Hechler, forcing him to allow Constitution Party presidential nominee, Howard Phillips, to run as a declared write-in (WI) candidate without paying a filing fee.

The 1964 Constitution Party presidential nominee, Joseph B. Lightburn, was a neighbor of Donnellan's in Jane Lew, where he owned a local general store. Lightburn served as National Committeeman for the Constitution Party of West Virginia, but the original party had long been defunct. There was no connection between the two.

Voter registration issues

Because the party has not yet attained ballot qualification status, voters registering into it must check the "Other Party" box on the West Virginia voter registration form and write the word "Constitution" on the line. Voter registration status can be checked on at the Secretary of State's website.

Typical CPWVa voter registration instructions

Because the Constitution Party is not a major party in the state, its voters are permitted to vote in the primary but must take the initiative to ask for either a Republican or Democrat party ballot in lieu of the standard non-partisan ballot.

State dis-affiliations

In early 2006, Christopher H. Hansen, the gubernatorial candidate of Independent American Party of Nevada (the Constitution Party state affiliate in Nevada), and candidates in Colorado and Idaho, publicly expressed support for allowing abortions in the cases of rape, incest, and for those performed to save the life of the mother, which were contrary to the official Nevada platform. At the party's April 2008 national convention in Tampa, Florida, the assembly voted not to disaffiliate Nevada, citing that affiliate's official position on the issue and the national party's policy against dictating the internal affairs (such as electing leaders) of any affiliate. They also made it more difficult to introduce a disaffiliation resolution. However, the Oregon and Montana affiliates voluntarily disaffiliated from the party later that year.

Mergers and re-alignments discussed

Reports that the Constitution Party discussed a re-alignment, or merger with several third parties, such as the Reform Party, Independent American Party, American Independent Party, and the America First Party, have been refuted by some of the purported discussion participants. Nevertheless, all of the aforementioned parties, except for the Reform Party, endorsed Michael Peroutka of the Constitution Party as their presidential candidate in 2004.

Platform

For comparison with other parties, see Comparison of politics of parties of the United States.

The preamble of the Constitution Party platform "gratefully acknowledges the blessing of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ as Creator, Preserver and Ruler of the Universe and of these United States," and supports the Constitutional provision in Article VI, Section 3 that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States" and calls on all those who love liberty and value their inherent rights to join with them in the pursuit of their goals.

Fiscal policy

The Constitution Party supports reducing the role of the United States federal government through cutting bureaucratic regulation, reducing spending, and replacing the income tax with a tariff-based revenue system supplemented by excise taxes. The party also takes the position that the "imposition […] of Federal income, payroll, and estate taxes […] is an unconstitutional Federal assumption of direct taxing authority."

Social Security phase-out

The Constitution Party calls for the eventual end of social security.

Foreign policy

The Constitution Party favors a non-interventionist foreign policy. It advocates reduction and eventual elimination of the role the United States plays in multinational and international organizations such as the United Nations, and favors withdrawal of the United States from most current treaties, such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization. The party takes mercantilist positions in supporting protectionist policies on international trade.

The party also believes in exercising a tariff system to counteract the U.S.' increasingly negative balance of trade. The tariff system would levy additional import costs, the amount of which would vary proportionally with how much less the exporting country's production costs are compared to that of U.S. companies.

Immigration policy

The party opposes illegal immigration and also seeks stricter controls on legal immigration. It demands that the federal government restore immigration policies based on the policy that potential immigrants will be disqualified from admission to the United States on the grounds of ill health, criminality, low morals, or financial dependence, believing that they would impose an improper burden on the United States, any state, and citizens of the United States. The party has stated a long term goal of a moratorium on future immigration, exempting extreme cases where it would be necessary.

Additionally, it opposes welfare subsidies and other taxpayer-supported benefits to illegal immigrants, rejecting also the practice of bestowing U.S. citizenship on children born to illegal immigrant parents while in this country (jus soli). It also rejects any extension of amnesty to illegal immigrants. The Constitution Party calls for the use of U.S. troops to protect the states against an influx of illegal immigrants.

Social policy

The party opposes euthanasia and abortion, the latter including in cases of rape and incest.

The party supports the ability of states to administer a death penalty:

Our support of a State's option to impose the death penalty is limited to those who have been convicted of capital crimes. This is consistent with protecting innocent life because the death penalty would only be applied to those who have proven to be a threat to innocent life.

The party opposes same-sex marriage, and believes state and local governments have the right to criminalize "offensive sexual behavior". The party further opposes pornography, believing it to be, at worst, "a destructive element of society resulting in significant and real emotional, physical, spiritual and financial costs to individuals, families and communities," distinguishable from the US citizen's "cherished First Amendment right to free speech." While expressing its belief in the individual responsibility of citizens and corporations, the party maintains that government plays a "vital role" in establishing and maintaining the highest level of decency in America's community standards. The party opposes all government sponsorship, involvement in, or promotion of gambling, and in keeping with the spirit of Article 1 Section 8 and Amendment 10, opposes federal anti-drug laws while maintaining that the federal government may have a role in limiting the import of drugs.

The party supports the right to bear arms in accordance with the Second Amendment. The party believes that any attempt to make laws barring the second amendment are unconstitutional. It has taken a stand against the Patriot Act.

The Constitution Party believes that charitable giving is most effective when conducted by private parties. Because the authority to administer charity has not been granted to the government in the Constitution, the party maintains that the government has no business being involved in such endeavors. The party opposes federal restrictions on, or subsidization of, medical treatments.

The party supports English as the official language for all governmental business, opposes bilingual ballots, and insists that those who wish to take part in the electoral process and governance of the U.S. be required to read and comprehend basic English as a precondition of citizenship. The party also opposes the federal Voting Rights Act.

In 2009, the Southern Poverty Law Center described the party as a "'Patriot' Group," described as a group or groups that "advocate or adhere to extreme anti-government doctrines."

Environmental policy

The party believes that "it is our responsibility to be prudent, productive, and efficient stewards of God’s natural resources." With respect to global warming, it says that "globalists are using the global warming threat to gain more control via worldwide sustainable development." According to the party, eminent domain is unlawful because "under no circumstances may the federal government take private property, by means of rules and regulations which preclude or substantially reduce the productive use of the property, even with just compensation."

In regards to energy, the party calls attention "to the continuing need of the United States for a sufficient supply of energy for national security and for the immediate adoption of a policy of free market solutions to achieve energy independence for the United States" and calls for the abolition of the Department of Energy.

Federalism

The party supports the repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, which allows Congress to tax income, and the Seventeenth Amendment, which requires the direct (popular) election of Senators. The party holds that each state's membership in the Union is voluntary. This stance is known as the Compact theory.

Notable members and allies

CPWVa symbol

Pat Buchanan threatened in 1996 to run as the U.S. Taxpayers Party candidate if Bob Dole chose a pro-choice running mate. Dole later chose pro-life Jack Kemp and received Buchanan's endorsement. Buchanan's 2000 Reform Party running mate Ezola B. Foster switched her membership to the Constitution Party in 2002. Buchanan stated on the September 7, 2004 edition of Hardball with Chris Matthews, "There is a chance I would vote for [Michael] Peroutka." However, he later penned an endorsement of President George W. Bush in the pages of The American Conservative.

U.S. senator Bob Smith announced his switch from Republican to the U.S. Taxpayers Party in 1999 to seek its 2000 presidential nomination. Smith later charged that anti-New World Order ideologues within the party resisted his candidacy due to his Roman Catholicism. He left the party after one month and continued his campaign as a non-partisan independent but ceased the campaign soon thereafter and returned to the Republican party to assume a Senate committee chairmanship. In 2008, he began writing editorials on the Constitution Party's web page, fueling speculation that he would seek its presidential nomination again, although he had endorsed Rep. Duncan Hunter for the Republican nomination. He requested that his name be withheld from consideration in a March 2008 letter to CP supporters.

Minuteman Project co-founder Jim Gilchrist ran for Congress with the American Independent Party in 2005, but has since rejoined the Republicans.

Author and WorldNetDaily columnist Jerome Corsi launched a brief campaign for the 2008 nomination but in July 2007 decided to return to writing. Former Reagan Administration official and devout Catholic activist Alan Keyes had actively sought the Constitution nod after ending a bid for the GOP nomination.

The party has also attracted notables in the anti-abortion movement such as Dr. Gregory Thompson, Lon Mabon, Paul deParrie, and Missionaries to the Preborn leader Pastor Matthew Trewhella. However, many such notables were involved in the below-mentioned disaffiliation efforts over abortion, and it remains unclear what effect the movement has upon the current reorganized rump affiliates.

A 2008 candidate for the Republican nomination, Representative Ron Paul (R-Texas), endorsed several third party candidates shortly after bowing out of the race. Ultimately, he would go on to endorse 2008 Constitution Party candidate Chuck Baldwin. The unaffiliated Constitution Party of Montana replaced Baldwin with Paul for president and Michael Peroutka for vice president. Paul requested that Montana remove his name from the ballot, but the Secretary of State of Montana denied his request, stating that the request was sent too late.

In 2010, former Republican Congressman Tom Tancredo ran for governor of Colorado as a Constitutionalist. He received 36.8% of the vote finishing in 2nd place. Despite losing the election, Tancredo managed to secure major party status for the Constitution Party in Colorado, as that state requires a party to surpass 10% in a gubernatorial election to qualify for such status.

In 2006, Rick Jore of Montana became the first Constitution Party candidate elected to a state-level office.

2012 candidates

Former Republican Representative Virgil Goode (VA-5) was nominated at the convention in Nashville, Tennessee on April 22, 2012. Goode received 203 votes; 202 were required for a majority. Darrell Castle of Tennessee, national vice chairman of the Constitution Party, came in second with 120 votes. Other candidates who received votes were Robby Wells from North Carolina, former football coach at Savannah State University; Dr. Laurie Roth of Washington state, who has a radio talk-show program; and registered nurse Susan Ducey of Kansas.

Past presidential tickets

• 1992 –Howard Phillips and Albion Knight –43,369 votes
• 1996 –Howard Phillips and Herb Titus –182,820 votes
• 2000 –Howard Phillips and Curtis Frazier –98,020 votes
• 2004 –Michael Peroutka and Chuck Baldwin –143,630 votes
• 2008 –Chuck Baldwin and Darrell Castle –199,750 votes
• 2012 –Virgil Goode and Jim Clymer –122,388 votes

Electoral results

President

Election year	Candidate	Ballot access	# of overall votes	% of overall vote	# of electoral votes	+/-
1992	Howard Phillips	21	43,369	0.04%	0 / 538
1996	Howard Phillips	38	182,820	0.19%	0 / 538	0
2000	Howard Phillips	41	98,020	0.09%	0 / 538	0
2004	Michael Peroutka	36	143,630	0.12%	0 / 538	0
2008	Chuck Baldwin	37	199,750	0.15%	0 / 538	0
2012	Virgil Goode	26	122,388	0.09%	0 / 538	0

House of Representatives

Election year	# of overall votes	% of overall vote	# of electoral votes	+/-
2000	122,936	0.1%	0 / 435
2002	99,306	0.1%	0 / 435	0
2004	132,613	0.10%	0 / 435	0
2006	68,031	0.10%	0 / 435	0
2008	136,021	0.10%	0 / 435	0
2010	123,841	0.14%	0 / 435	0
2012	118,102	0.10%	0 / 435	0

Senate

United States Senate

Election year	# of total votes	% of vote	# of seats won	Notes
1998	183,588	0.34%	0
2000	286,816	0.36%	0
2002	60,456	0.14%	0
2004	404,853	0.47%	0
2006	133,037	0.21%	0
2008	240,729	0.36%	0
2010	338,593	0.51%	0
2012	140,605	0.15%	0

See also

• List of political parties in the United States
• Constitution Party National Convention
• Electoral history of the Constitution Party

References

• Blumenthal, Max (2010). Republican Gomorrah: Inside the Movement That Shattered the Party. Nation Books. p. 86. ISBN 978-1568584171.

• Boggs, Alison (June 10, 2011), "Hindu God Sculpture Draws Critics In CDA", The Spokesman-Review  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• Brunt, Jonathan (October 13, 2012), "Solidly Gop District Seeing Spirited Race; Shea's Views Seem to Provide Opening for Biviano", The Spokesman-Review  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• Camden, Jim (June 30, 2004), "Candidate bases bid on God; Constitution Party presidential nominee draws crowd of 500, wants spot on state ballot", The Spokesman-Review  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• Camden, Jim (June 30, 2004), "Candidate is on a mission; Constitution Party nominee visits Spokane", The Spokesman-Review  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• "Constitution Party Assails Socialism", Seattle Daily Times  – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 42, 09-09-1958 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

• "Constitution Party Nominates Candidates". The Times Examiner. May 26, 2010.

• "Constitution Party Sets Convention", Seattle Daily Times  – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 22, 07-31-1958 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

• de Leon, Virginia (June 24, 2004), "'Ten Commandments' judge to speak; Roy Moore to talk about 'America's call to honor God'", The Spokesman-Review  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014
• W.Va. GOP says it won’t appeal ballot ruling; September 28, 2010; The Register Herald; Summary: "By a margin of just eleven voter signatures, the party succeeds in securing ballot access for U.S. House of Representatives candidate Phil Hudok. The party then spends the rest of the summer petitioning to gain access for U.S. Senate candidate Jeff Becker to run in the special election for the late Robert C. Byrd's seat, despite looming challenges by the GOP to stop or delay the election".

• "Group Plans To Form New Political Party", Seattle Daily Times  – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 9, 09-07-1958 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

• Hayden, Jay G. (09-09-1956), "Chances Slim 'Far-Rightist' Ticket Would Be Important", Seattle Daily Times  – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 109 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

• "Hearings on Gay Marriage Likely to Be Packed Monday", The Seattle Times  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , January 22, 2012, retrieved February 10, 2014

• Lester, David (October 12, 2004), "County Hopefuls Agree to Agree -- and Disagree", Yakima Herald-Republic  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• "Only 3 Parties' Write-In Votes To Be Counted", Seattle Daily Times  – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 9, 10-23-1956 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

• Parrish, Susan (April 11, 2013), "Spokane Group Behind Anti-Levy Fliers in B.G", The Columbian  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• Pomeroy, Karla (January 26, 2004). "Marylander Campaigns to be Constitution Party's Presidential Candidate". Basin Baltimore Chronicle.

• "Steve Krukar (CST)". Washington Post. 2004.

• Ward, Leah (May 21, 2010), "Constitution Party prepares to gather in Moxee [Derived headline]", Yakima Herald-Republic  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) , retrieved February 10, 2014

• "'Write-in' Is Voter Privilege, Says Candidate", Seattle Daily Times  – via NewsBank (subscription required) , p. 21, 11-04-1956 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

• Official Constitution Party website