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Open-mid back rounded vowel

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Open-mid back rounded vowel
ɔ
IPA Number306
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɔ
Unicode (hex)U+0254
X-SAMPAO
Braille⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)

The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.

The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Few speakers in the former Transvaal Province[1] [daar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [dɔːr] 'there' Much more often open [ɒː]. It is unrounded [ɑː] in standard Afrikaans.[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian [[[Albanian Alphabet|po]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pɔ] 'yes'
Arabic Tunisian mox [mɔχ] 'brain' Corresponds to [uː] for some words in other varieties.
Armenian Eastern[3] [[[Armenian alphabet|հողմ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: arm (help) [hɔʁm] 'storm'
Assamese অসমীয়া/Ôxômiya [ɔxɔmija] 'Assamese'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Urmian dialect [khwara] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [χwɔːra] 'white' Corresponds to [ɒ] in other varieties.
Bamana [[[Latin script|wɔɔrɔ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [wɔːrɔ] 'six'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[4] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩.[4]
Bengali [[[Bengali script|অর্থ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: beng not supported for code: bn (help) [ɔrt̪ʰo] 'meaning' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[5] род [rɔt̪] 'kin' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6] [soc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsɔk] 'clog' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese [[[Chinese characters|我]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help)/[ngo5] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ŋɔː˩˧] 'I' See Cantonese phonology
Min [[[Chinese characters|五]]/gōo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɡɔ˨] 'five'
Wu [[[Chinese characters|跑]]/bo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɔ˨˩˦] 'run'
Danish Standard[7] [[[Danish orthography|og]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɔʊ̯] 'and' Also described as near-open [ɔ̞].[8] It is most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard Belgian[9] [och] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʔɔˤx]ⓘ 'alas' 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[10] strongly pharyngealized[11] (although less so in standard Belgian[12]) and somewhat fronted.[9][13] See Dutch phonology
Standard Netherlandic[13]
Amelands hôl [hɔːl] 'hollow'
Belgian [[[Dutch orthography|nauw]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nɔ̞ː] 'narrow' Some dialects. Corresponds to [ɔu] in standard Belgian Dutch.
Dutch Low Saxon [taol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tɔːɫ] 'language' May be lower [ɒː] in some dialects.
English Australian[14] [not] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nɔt]ⓘ 'not' See Australian English phonology
Estuary[15]
New Zealand[16] May be somewhat fronted.[17] Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɒ⟩.
Received Pronunciation[18] /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP.
General American[19] thought [θɔːt] 'thought' Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be from lower [ɒ]. See English phonology
Norfolk[20]
Older Received Pronunciation[21] Higher [ɔ̝ː] for most other speakers.
Scottish[22] Many Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [ɔ] quality.
Sheffield[23] goat [ɡɔːt] 'goat'
Newfoundland[24] [but] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɔt] 'but' Less commonly unrounded [ʌ].[24] See English phonology
Faroese [góðan morgun] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˌɡɔuwan ˈmɔɹɡʊn] 'good morning'
French[25] [sort] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [sɔ̜ːʁ] 'fate' See French phonology
Georgian[26] სწორი [st͡sʼɔɾi] 'correct'
German Standard[27] [voll] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fɔl]ⓘ 'full' See German phonology
Northern Bernese grad [ˈɡ̊rɔd̥] 'just now' May be lower [ɒ]. See Bernese German phonology
Icelandic[28][29][30] [[[Icelandic orthography|loft]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈlɔft] 'air' Often diphthongized to [oɔ] when long.[31] See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian [[[Indonesian alphabet|kodok]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kɔdɔʔ] 'frog'
Italian[32] [parola] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [päˈrɔ̟ːlä]ⓘ 'word' Fronted. See Italian phonology
Kaingang[33] [ˈpɔ] 'stone'
Lao ບ [bɔː] 'origin'
Limburgish[34][35][36] [mòn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɔːn] 'moon' Corresponds to lower [ɒ̝ː] in the Maastrichtian dialect.[37] The example word is from the Hasselt dialect.[35]
Lingala mbɔ́ngɔ [ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ] 'money'
Luxembourgish[38] [Sonn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [zɔn] 'son' Possible realization of /o/.[38] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian коњ [kɔɲ] 'horse' See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Some dialects[39] [så] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [sɔː] 'so' Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid [ɔ̝ː] in other dialects.[39] See Norwegian phonology
Occitan [[[Occitan alphabet|òme]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɔme] 'man'
Polish[40] [kot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kɔt̪]ⓘ 'cat' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[41][42] [[[Portuguese orthography|fofoca]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fɔˈfɔ̞kə] 'gossip' Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as [o̞ o ʊ u], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[43] [bronca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbɾɔ̃kə] 'scolding' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
Russian Some speakers[44] сухой [s̪ʊˈxɔj]ⓘ 'dry' More commonly realized as mid [o̞].[44] See Russian phonology
Slovak Standard[45] [ohúriť] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɔɦʊːrɪc̟] 'to stun' Backness varies between back and near-back; most commonly realized as mid [o̞] instead.[45] See Slovak phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian tos [tɔː] 'cough' Allophone of /o/ before word-final underlying /s/, /θ/, and /x/. See Spanish phonology.
Murcian
Sorbian Lower[46] [pšosba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpʂɔz̪bä] 'a request'
Upper[46][47] [pos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pɔs̪] 'dog' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Swedish [moll] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɔl] minor See Swedish phonology
Tajik тоҷикӣ [tɔːdʒɪˈkiː] 'Tajik language'
Ukrainian вовк [β̞ɔu̯k] 'wolf' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese [[[Vietnamese alphabet|to]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tɔ] 'large' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian [bôle] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbɔːɫə] 'bread'
Yoruba[48] [example needed] Nasalized; may be near-open [ɔ̞̃] instead.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ Donaldson (1993), p. 6.
  2. ^ Donaldson (1993), pp. 6–7.
  3. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  4. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  5. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  7. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  8. ^ Basbøll (2005:47)
  9. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
  10. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
  11. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
  12. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
  13. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  14. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  15. ^ Wells (1982a:305)
  16. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  17. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
  18. ^ Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
  19. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  20. ^ Lodge (2009:168)
  21. ^ Wells (1982a:293)
  22. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  23. ^ Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
  24. ^ a b Wells (1982b:498)
  25. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  26. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  27. ^ Mangold (2005:37)
  28. ^ Árnason (2011:60)
  29. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  30. ^ Haugen (1958:65)
  31. ^ Árnason (2011:57–60)
  32. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  33. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  34. ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
  35. ^ a b Peters (2006:118–119)
  36. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
  37. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
  38. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  39. ^ a b Popperwell (2010:26)
  40. ^ Jassem (2003:105)
  41. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  42. ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
  43. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Template:Pt icon
  44. ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969:56)
  45. ^ a b Pavlík (2004:94–95)
  46. ^ a b Stone (2002:600)
  47. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
  48. ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)

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  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
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  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
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  • Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17: 155–84, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 37–47, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000345
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