Voiced alveolar affricate
Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
| Voiced alveolar affricate | |
|---|---|
| d͡z | |
| d͜z | |
| IPA Number | 104 133 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʣ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A3 |
| X-SAMPA | dz |
The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩).
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
- There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
The following sections are named after the fricative component.
Dentalized laminal alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Tunisian | [dzāyir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d̻͡z̪ɛːjir] | 'Algeria' | |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ձուկ | 'fish' | ||
| Belarusian[3] | [[[Belarusian alphabet|дзеканне/dzekannje]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd̻͡z̪ekän̪ʲe] | 'dzekanye' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Czech[4] | [[[Czech orthography|Afgánec byl]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪] | 'an Afghan was' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology | |
| Hungarian[5] | [[[Hungarian orthography|bodza]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ] | 'elderberry' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Kashubian[6] | [example needed] | ||||
| Latvian[7] | [[[Latvian alphabet|drudzis]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪] | 'fever' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Macedonian[8] | [[[Macedonian alphabet|ѕвезда/dzvezda]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä] | 'star' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Polish[9] | [[[Polish orthography|dzwon]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bell' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Russian[10] | [[[Russian orthography|плацдарм/platsdarm]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m] | 'bridgehead' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[11] | отац би / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|otac bi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi] | 'father would' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[11] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|sadzba]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsäd̻͡z̪bä] | 'tariff' | ||
| Slovene[12] | [brivec brije] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbríːʋəd̻͡z̪ bríjɛ] | 'barber shaves' | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. | |
| Ukrainian[13] | [[[Ukrainian alphabet|дзвін/dzvin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d̻͡z̪ʋin̪] | 'bell' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[14] | [example needed] | Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. | |||
Non-retracted alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аӡы | [ɑˈd͡zɨ] | 'water' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | дзэлӀы | 'soldier' | |||
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|xehe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡zɛhɛ] | 'mineral' | ||
| Arabic | Najdi[15] | قـليب | [d͡zɛ̝lib] | 'well' | Corresponds to /q/, /ɡ/, or /dʒ/ in other dialects. |
| Armenian | Western | ծակ | [d͡zɑɡ] | 'hole' | |
| Azerbaijani | some Western dialects | [[[Azeri alphabet|Cəbrayıl]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡zæbɾɑˈjɯɫ] | 'Jibra'il' | Corresponds to /d͡ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other dialects. |
| Berber | Kabyle | Lz̗ayer | [ld͡zajər] | 'Algeria' | |
| Catalan[16] | [[[Catalan orthography|dotze]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd̪odd̻͡z̺ə] | 'twelve' | The fricative component is apical. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Wu | 齐 | [dzi] | 'neat' | |
| Xiang | 坐 | [dzo] | 'sit' | ||
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[17] | [[[Dutch alphabet|zèèg]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡zɛːx] | 'saw' | Occasional allophone of /z/; distribution unclear.[17] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Broad Cockney[18] | [day] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯] | 'day' | Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /d/.[19][20] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[20] | [ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯] | ||||
| New York[21] | Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /d/.[21] See English phonology | ||||
| Scouse[22] | Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /d/.[22] See English phonology | ||||
| French | Quebec | [[[French orthography|samedi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [samd͡zi] | 'Saturday' | Allophone of /d/ before /i/ and /y/. See Quebec French phonology |
| Georgian[23] | ძვალი | [d͡zvɑli] | 'bone' | ||
| Greek | τζάμι | [ˈd͡zami] | 'window pane' | ||
| Hebrew | תזונה | [d͡zuna] | 'nutrition' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Iu Mien | [nzoc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡zò] | 'drum' | ||
| Japanese | 続く/[[[Romanization of Japanese|tsudzuku]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡sɯᵝd͡zɯᵝkɯᵝ] | 'continue' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | дзын | [d͡zən] | 'to throw' | ||
| Luxembourgish[24] | [spadséieren] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʃpɑˈd͡zəi̯ɵ̞ʀɵ̞n] | 'to go for a walk' | Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.[24] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Ngwe | Nwametaw dialect | [mə̀d͡zə̀] | 'path' | ||
| Occitan | Rhodanien Provençal | [joine] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡zujne] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
| Pashto | پنځه | [pind͡zə] | 'five' | ||
| Portuguese | European[25] | [[[Portuguese orthography|desafio]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡zəˈfi.u] | 'challenge' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[26] |
| Brazilian[25][26] | [aprendizado] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu] | 'learning' | ||
| Many speakers | [mezzosoprano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu] | 'mezzo-soprano' | Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[27] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Northern Qiang | ? | [ɣd͡zə] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Romanian | Moldavian dialects[28] | zic | [d͡zɨk] | 'say' | Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Ubykh | [məˈdza] | 'light' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | [widze] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʋɪd͡zǝ] | 'cradle' | ||
| Yi | ꋩ/zzy | [d͡zɪ˧] | 'ride' | ||
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian[29] | [[[Italian alphabet|zero]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈd͡zɛːɾo] | 'zero' | The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[29] See Italian phonology | |
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
| Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| d͡ð̠ | |
| d͡ð̳ | |
| d͡ɹ̝ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | General American[30] | [dream] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d͡ɹ̝ʷiːm] | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the sequence /dr/; more commonly postalveolar [d̠͡ɹ̠˔].[30] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[30] | |||||
| Italian | Sicily[31] | [Adriatico] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [äd͡ð̠iˈäːt̪iko] | 'the Adriatic Sea' | Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence /dr/, and can be a realized sequence [dð̠] instead.[32] See Italian phonology |
See also
References
- ^ Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
- ^ Kozintseva (1995:6)
- ^ Padluzhny (1989:48–49)
- ^ Palková (1994:234–235)
- ^ Szende (1999:104)
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- ^ Nau (1998:6)
- ^ Lunt (1952:1)
- ^ Rocławski (1976:162)
- ^ Chew (2003:67 and 103)
- ^ a b Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:22 and 38))
- ^ Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
- ^ Hualde (1992:370)
- ^ a b Peters (2010), p. 240.
- ^ Wells (1982a), pp. 322–323.
- ^ Wells (1982a), p. 323.
- ^ a b Gimson (2014), p. 172.
- ^ a b Wells (1982b), p. 515.
- ^ a b Wells (1982a), p. 372.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
- ^ a b Template:Pt icon Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
- ^ a b Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite
- ^ Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
- ^ a b c Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
- ^ Canepari (1992), p. 64.
- ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
Bibliography
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Chew, Peter A. (2003), A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Hualde, José (1992), Catalan, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05498-2
- Kozintseva, Natalia (1995), Modern Eastern Armenian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895860352
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lewis jr., Robert Eugene (2013), Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic (PDF)
- Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
- Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
- Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, ISBN 978-8070668436
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
- Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977), A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
- Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Wells, John C. (1982a). "Accents of English 2: The British Isles". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wells, John C. (1982b). "Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24225-8.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Invalid|ref=harv(help)
