Voiceless uvular fricative
| Voiceless uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| χ | |||
| ꭓ | |||
| IPA Number | 142 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | χ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+03C7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨χ⟩, the Greek chi, (or, more properly, ⟨ꭓ⟩, the Latin chi) or, in broad transcription, ⟨x⟩, the Latin and English letter x, although the latter technically represents the voiceless velar fricative. The sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation.
For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.
Features
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[1] See voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill for more information.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | хпа | [χpa] | 'three' | Contrasts with labialized and palatalized forms. See Abkhaz phonology | ||
| Adyghe | пхъашэ | 'rough' | ||||
| Afrikaans[2][3] | [goed] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [χut] | 'good' | May be a voiceless trill [ʀ̥] when word-initial. Some speakers realize it as velar [x].[2] See Afrikaans phonology | ||
| Archi | хол | [χol] | 'arm' | |||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [khokha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [χɔ:χa:] | 'nectarine' | May be velar [x] for some speakers. | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | [hatix̂] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hɑtiχ] | 'ten' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[4] | خضراء | [χadˤraːʔ] | 'green' (f.) | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4] See Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | խոտ | ‘grass’ | |||
| Avar | орх | [orχ] | 'to lift' | Contrasts with a tense form | ||
| Bashkir | хат | [χɑt] | 'letter' | |||
| Berber | Kabyle | [axxam] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aχχam] | 'house' | ||
| Chilcotin | ? | [ʔælaχ] | 'I made it' | |||
| Danish | Standard[6] | [[[Danish alphabet|pres]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpχæs] | 'pressure' | Before /ʁ/, aspiration in /pʰ, tˢ, kʰ/ is realized as devoicing of /ʁ/.[7] See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard Netherlandic[8][9] | [acht] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɑχt] | 'eight' | May be post-velar, either a fricative [x̠][8] or a trill fricative [ʀ̝̊˖].[10] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Many speakers of White South African English[3] | [[[English orthography|gogga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈχɒχə] | 'insect' | Less commonly velar [x], occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisian.[3] See English phonology | |
| Scouse[11] | [clock] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kl̥ɒχ] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of /k/.[11] | ||
| Eyak | [da.x̣] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [daːχ] | 'and' | |||
| French | [proche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pχɔʃ] | 'nearby' | Allophone of /ʁ/ before or after voiceless obstruent. See French phonology | ||
| German | Chemnitz dialect[12] | [[[German orthography|Rock]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [χɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʀ̥] and [q].[12] Doesn't occur in the coda.[12] See Chemnitz dialect phonology | |
| Lower Rhine[13] | [Wirte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɪχtə] | 'hosts' | In free variation with [ between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant. | ||
| Standard[14] | [[[German orthography|Dach]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [daχ] | 'roof' | Appears only after certain back vowels. See German phonology | ||
| Swiss | [[[German orthography|mich]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɪχ] | 'me' (acc.) | Some speakers, for others it's velar [. Swiss German makes no distinction between / and /. | ||
| Haida | ḵ'aláax̂an | [qʼʌlɑ́χʌn] | 'fence' | |||
| Hebrew[15] | אוכל | [ʔo̞χe̞l] | 'food' | May be a trilled fricative instead.[15] See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Kabardian | пхъэ | 'wood' | ||||
| Klallam | sx̣aʔqʷaʔ | [sχaʔqʷaʔ] | 'salmon backbone' | |||
| Lakota | [ȟóta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈχota] | 'gray' | |||
| Lezgian | хат | [χatʰ] | 'bead' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
| Limburgish | Hamont dialect[16] | [jòr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [jɔːχ¹] | 'year' | Word-final allophone of /ʀ/; can be a fricative trill [ʀ̝̊] instead.[16] See Hamont dialect phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[17] | [Zuch] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | Also described as velar [x].[18] See Luxembourgish phonology | ||
| Ongota | [χibiɾi] | 'bat' | ||||
| Oowekyala | [t͡sʼkʷʼχtʰt͡ɬʰkʰt͡sʰ] | 'the invisible one here with me will be short' | ||||
| Nez Perce | [ˈχəχɑˑt͡s] | 'grizzly bear' | ||||
| Portuguese | Fluminense | [anarquia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɐ̃nɐ̞χˈki.ɐ] | 'anarchy' | In free variation with [x], [ʁ ~ ʀ], [ħ] and [h] before voiceless consonants. | |
| General Brazilian[19] | [marrom] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɐ̞ˈχõː] | 'brown' (noun) | Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant /ʁ/. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Saanich | wexes | [wəχəs] | 'small frogs' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
| Seri | [[[Seri alphabet|xeecoj]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [χɛːkox] | 'wolf' | Contrasts with a labialized form | ||
| Spanish | European[20][21] | [ojo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈo̞χo̞] | 'eye' | May be post-velar instead.[20][22][23] It's also an allophone of /x/ before back vowels and [w][24] for speakers with a velar /x/. It corresponds to [x ~ h] in southern Spain and Latin America.[22] See Spanish phonology | |
| Peruvian | ||||||
| Ponce dialect[25] | [perro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpe̞χo̞] | 'dog' | This and [ʀ̥] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect.[25] See Spanish phonology | ||
| Swedish | Southern | [[[Swedish orthography|sjuk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [χʉːk] | 'sick' | Dialectal. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tlingit | [[[Tlingit alphabet|tlaxh]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tɬʰɐχ] | 'very' | Contrasts with labialized, ejective and labialized ejective form | ||
| Ubykh | [χɐpɬɨ́] | 'pink' | One of ten distinct uvular fricative phonemes. See Ubykh phonology | |||
| Uyghur | یاخشی/[yaxshi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [jɑχʃi] | 'good' | |||
| Welsh | [carchar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkarχar] | 'jail' | See Welsh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | [[[West Frisian language|berch]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɛrχ] | 'mountain' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | ||
| Yiddish | בוך | [bʊχ] | 'book' | See Yiddish phonology | ||
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 167.
- ^ a b "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ a b c Bowerman (2004:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/ (see Lass (2002:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative [χ] rather than the velar."
- ^ a b Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
- ^ Basbøll (2005:62 and 65–66)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:65–66)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999:74)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:191). The source says that it is a fricative with a "very energetic articulation with considerable scrapiness", i.e. a trill fricative.
- ^ a b Wells (1982:372–373)
- ^ a b c Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ^ Hall (1993), p. 89.
- ^ Hall (1993:100), footnote 7, citing Kohler (1990)
- ^ a b Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), p. 220.
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ^ Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b Lyons (1981), p. 76.
- ^ Harris & Vincent (1988), p. 83.
- ^ a b Chen (2007), p. 13.
- ^ Hamond (2001:?), cited in Scipione & Sayahi (2005:128)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ^ a b "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Chen, Yudong (2007), A Comparison of Spanish Produced by Chinese L2 Learners and Native Speakers---an Acoustic Phonetics Approach
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743
- Hamond, Robert M. (2001), The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application, Cascadilla Press, ISBN 978-1-57473-018-0
- Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988), "Spanish", The Romance Languages, pp. 79–130, ISBN 0-415-16417-6
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Hess, Wolfgang (2001), "Funktionale Phonetik und Phonologie" (PDF), Grundlagen der Phonetik, Bonn: Institut für Kommunikationsforschung und Phonetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kohler, Klaus (1990), "Comment on German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (02): 44–46, doi:10.1017/S002510030000428X
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Scipione, Ruth; Sayahi, Lotfi (2005), "Consonantal Variation of Spanish in Northern Morocco", in Sayahi, Lotfi; Westmoreland, Maurice (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (PDF), Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X
