Mid back rounded vowel
| Mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| o̞ | |
| ɔ̝ | |
| IPA Number | 307 430 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | o̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006F U+031E |
| Braille |    |
The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.
Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. There is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid [o], Tukang Besi. Another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid [ɔ], Taba. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.
Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[1] | [bok] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɔ̝k] | 'goat' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid [ɔ̝] and close-mid [o].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Hejazi[2] | لـون | [lo̞ːn] | 'color' | See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | Contrasts close-mid /o/, true-mid /o̞/ and open-mid /ɔ/ back rounded vowels.[3] | ||
| Chinese | Shanghainese[4] | 高 | [kö̞¹] | 'tall' | Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[4] |
| Czech[5][6] | [[[Czech orthography|oko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈo̞ko̞] | 'eye' | In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[5] See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | [ost] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɔ̝sd̥] | 'cheese' | Described variously as near-back[7] and back[8] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ(ː)⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Amsterdam[9] | [och] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɔ̝̈χ] | 'alas' | Near-front;[9] corresponds to open-mid [ɔˁ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology |
| Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[10] | [mot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɔ̝t] | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology | |
| English | Cultivated South African[11] | [thought] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [θo̞ːt] | 'thought' | Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. See South African English phonology |
| Geordie[12] | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. | ||||
| Scouse[13] | |||||
| Maori[14] | Closer [oː] in other New Zealand accents.[14] | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[15] | Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[15] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[16] | May be as open as [ɔː] for older speakers, and is most often transcribed as such. See English phonology | ||||
| Estuary[17] | [coat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰo̟ːʔ] | 'coat' | Rare; commonly a diphthong.[17] It corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |
| Yorkshire[18] | [kʰo̟t] | Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |||
| Estonian[19] | [tool] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [to̞ːlʲ] | 'chair' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[20][21] | [[[Finnish alphabet|kello]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈke̞llo̞] | 'clock' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Parisian[22] | [pont] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pɔ̝̃] | 'bridge' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. See French phonology |
| German | Standard[23] | [Fond] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fõ̞ː] | 'background' | Nasalized; also described as open-mid [ɔ̃ː].[24][25] Transcribed in IPA with either ⟨õː⟩ or ⟨ɔ̃ː⟩. Present only in loanwords. See Standard German phonology |
| Bernese dialect[26] | [Òve] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɔ̝v̥ə] | 'oven' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Bernese German phonology | |
| Zurich dialect[27] | [do] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d̥o̞] | 'so' | Allophone of /o/; reported to occur only in this word.[27] | |
| Greek | Modern Standard[28][29] | πως / pos | [po̞s̠] | 'how' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew[30] | שלום | [ʃäˈlo̞m] | 'peace' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Ibibio[31] | [dó̞] | 'there' | |||
| Inuit | West Greenlandic[32] | [example needed] | Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[32] See Inuit phonology | ||
| Italian | Standard[33] | [forense] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fo̞ˈrɛnse] | 'forensic' | Common realization of the unstressed /o/.[33] See Italian phonology |
| Northern accents[34] | [example needed] | Local realization of /ɔ/.[34] See Italian phonology | |||
| Japanese[35] | 子/[[[Romanization of Japanese|ko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ko̞] | 'child' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean[36] | [[[Hangul|보리]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help) / [bori] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [po̞ˈɾi] | 'barley' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[37] | [mok] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɔ̝k] | 'mug' | Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[37] |
| Norwegian | Urban East[38][39] | [lov] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lɔ̝ːʋ] | 'law' | May be diphthongized to [ɔ̝ə̯]. See Norwegian phonology |
| Romanian[40] | [[[Romanian alphabet|acolo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [äˈko̞lo̞] | 'there' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[41] | сухой | 'dry' | Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[41] See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[42] | [čvȏr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) / [чво̑р] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃʋô̞ːr] | 'knot' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Shipibo[43] | ? | [ˈkö̞ni̞] | 'eel' | Near-back.[43] | |
| Slovak | Standard[44][45] | [ohúriť] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈo̞ɦʊːrɪc̟] | 'to stun' | Backness varies between back and near-back.[44] See Slovak phonology |
| Slovene[46] | [oglas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪] | 'advertisement' | Unstressed vowel,[46] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[47] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[48] | [[[Spanish orthography|todo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞] | 'all' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Tera[49] | [zo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [zo̞ː] | 'rope' | ||
| Turkish[50][51] | [kol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰo̞ɫ] | 'arm' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[52] | do | [d̪o̞] | 'corn tassel' | |
References
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
- ^ Abdoh (2010:84)
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Peters (2010), p. 241.
- ^ Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), p. 268.
- ^ Watson (2007), p. 357.
- ^ a b Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
- ^ a b Przedlacka (2001), p. 44.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
- ^ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 106–107.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ Marti (1985), p. ?.
- ^ a b Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 251.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
- ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
- ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
- ^ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 25.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
- ^ a b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
Sources
- Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010), A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic (PDF)
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 131–151, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2), doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441
- Fortescue, Michael (1990), "Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic", in Collins, Dirmid R. F. (ed.), Arctic Languages: An Awakening (PDF), Paris: UNESCO, pp. 309–332, ISBN 92-3-102661-5
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke, ISBN 3-7720-1587-5
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Przedlacka, Joanna (2001), "Estuary English and RP: Some Recent Findings" (PDF), Studia Anglica Posnaniensia, 36: 35–50
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
- Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Warren, Paul; Bauer, Laurie (2004), "Maori English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 614–624, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7