West Bengal: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎History: clashes against administration on land aquisition issue
Line 139: Line 139:
}} </ref>
}} </ref>


The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after [[economic reforms in India]] were introduced in the mid-1990s by the [[Government of India|central government]], aided by election of a new reformist [[Chief Minister]] in 2000. As of 2006, armed [[Maoist]] activists have been organising minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state.<ref name=voamaoist>{{cite web
The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after [[economic reforms in India]] were introduced in the mid-1990s by the [[Government of India|central government]], aided by election of a new reformist [[Chief Minister]] in 2000. As of 2007, armed [[Maoist]] activists have been organising minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,<ref name=voamaoist>{{cite web
| url = http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
| url = http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
| title = Maoist on Rise in West Bengal
| title = Maoist on Rise in West Bengal
Line 154: Line 154:
| work = Left-wing Extremist group
| work = Left-wing Extremist group
| publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal
| publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal
}}</ref> while clashes with the administration are taking place at several sensitive places on the issue of industrial land acquisition.<ref name=singur1>{{cite news
⚫
}}</ref>
| title = Several hurt in Singur clash
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/28singur.htm
| work = rediff News
| publisher = Rediff.com India Limited
| date = [[January 28]], 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-15
}}</ref><ref name=nandi1>{{cite news
| title = Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid
| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp
| publisher = [[The Telegraph]]
| date = [[15 March]] 2007
| accessdate = 2007-03-15
⚫
}}</ref>


== Geography and climate ==
== Geography and climate ==

Revision as of 08:20, 16 March 2007

Template:India state infobox

West Bengal pronunciationⓘ (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. With Bangladesh, which lies on its eastern border, the state forms the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. To its northeast lie the states of Assam and Sikkim and the country Bhutan, and to its southwest, the state of Orissa. To the west it borders the state of Jharkhand and Bihar, and to the northwest, Nepal.

The region that is now West Bengal was a part of a number of empires and kingdoms during the past two millennia. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 CE, and the city of Kolkata, then Calcutta, served for many years as the capital of British India. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 into two separate entities, West Bengal - a state of India, and East Pakistan belonging to the new nation of Pakistan.

Following India's independence in 1947, West Bengal's economic and political theatres were dominated for many decades by intellectual Marxism, Naxalite movements and trade unionism. From late 1990s, economic rejuvenation led to a spurt in the state's economic and industrial growth.[1] An agriculture-dependent state, West Bengal occupies only 2.7% of the India's land area, though it supports over 7.8% of Indian population, and is the most densely populated state in India.[1] West Bengal has been ruled by the CPI(M)-led Left Front for three decades, making it the world's longest-running democratically-elected communist government. Many notable poets, writers, artists and performers are native to West Bengal.

History

Main article: History of Bengal

Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back 4,000 years,[2][3] when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.[4] After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdom of Magadha was formed in 7th century BCE, consisting of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Buddha and consisted of several Janapadas.[5] Under the Maurya dynasty founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the Magadha Empire extended over nearly all of South Asia, including parts of Persia and Afghanistan under Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land named Gangaridai by the Greeks around 100 BCE. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal.[6]

Robert Clive, of British East India Company, after winning the the Battle of Plassey in 1757.

From the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire. The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, reigning around early 7th century.[7] After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufi missionaries. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.[8] Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkic general of the Slave dynasty of Delhi Sultanate, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of sultans and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. In the sixteenth century, Mughal general Islam Khan conquered Bengal. However, administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi-independence of the area under the Nawabs of Murshidabad, who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi.

European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century. Their influence grew until the British East India Company gained taxation rights in Bengal subah, or province, following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, when Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab, was defeated by the British.[9] The Bengal Presidency was established by 1765, eventually including all British territories north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh), from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives.[10] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772. The Bengal Renaissance and Brahmo Samaj socio-cultural reform movements had great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal. The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in transfer of authority to the British Crown, administered by the Viceroy of India.[11] Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones.[12] Bengal suffered from the Great Bengal famine in 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.[13]

Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when Subhash Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army against the British. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving rise to Bangladesh in 1971).[14] In 1955, the former French enclave of Chandannagar, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were subsequently merged with West Bengal.

During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Naxalite movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation. The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.[15] West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by CPI(M) has governed for the last three decades.[16]

The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India were introduced in the mid-1990s by the central government, aided by election of a new reformist Chief Minister in 2000. As of 2007, armed Maoist activists have been organising minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,[17][18] while clashes with the administration are taking place at several sensitive places on the issue of industrial land acquisition.[19][20]

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of West Bengal
National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong, in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region.

West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 km².[21] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains Sandakfu (3,636 m)—the highest peak of the state.[22] The narrow Terai region separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.

The Ganges is the main river, which divides in West Bengal. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma or Pôdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers such as the Damodar, Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.[23] At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater, and an estimated 8.7 million people drink water containing arsenic above the World Health Organisation recommended limit of 10 µg/L.[24]

West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savannah in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India, with the highest day temperature ranging from 38 °C to 45 °C.[25] At nights, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur.[26] Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian ocean monsoon that moves in a northwest direction. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 °C.[25] A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. However, the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall at places.

Flora and fauna

A Bengal tiger
Sal trees in Arabari forest, in West Midnapur. Joint Forest Management maintains the forest.

Owing to the varying altitude from the Himalayas to the coastal plains, the flora and fauna of the state is diverse. Forests make up 14% of the geographical area of West Bengal, which is lower than the national average of 23%.[27][28] Protected forests cover 4% of the state area.[29] Part of the world's largest mangrove forest Sundarbans is located in southern West Bengal.[30]

From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.[31] The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain compounded with favorable rainfall make this region especially fertile.[31] Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state shares floristic similarities with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.[31] The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as Sal. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. The most valuable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundri (Heritiera fomes) from which the forest gets its name.[32] Vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with Sal and other trees of the tropical evergreen type.[33] Above 1000 m, the forest type changes to subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1500 m, common trees typifying the temperate forest are oaks, conifers, and rhododendrons.[33]

The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project conserving Bengal tigers. There are five national parks in the state[34] — Sundarbans National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara National Park, Neora Valley National Park and Singalila National Park. Wildlife includes the Indian rhinoceros, Indian elephants, deer, bison, leopards, gaur, and crocodiles. The state is also rich in bird life. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.[29] The high altitude forests like Singalila National Park shelter barking deer, red panda, chinkara, takin, serow, pangolin, minivet and Kalij pheasants. In addition to the Bengal tiger, the Sundarbans host many other endangered species like the Ganges River Dolphin, river terrapin, estuarine crocodile etc.[35] The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting coastal fishes along the Bay of Bengal.[35]

See Also Wildlife of West Bengal

Government and politics

Main article: Government of West Bengal
A Left Front political rally in Kolkata

West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs, [36][37] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to Lok Sabha and 16 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[38]

The main players in the regional politics are the political alliance led by the CPI(M)) known as the Left Front, the All India Trinamool Congress, the Indian National Congress, and other major parties. Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2006, the Left Front coalition under Buddhadeb Bhattacharya of the CPI(M) was elected to power. West Bengal has been ruled by the Left Front for the past 30 years, making it the world's longest-running democratically-elected Communist government.[16]

See also : Chief Minister of West Bengal, Political parties of West Bengal

Subdivisions

Districts of West Bengal
Main article: Districts of West Bengal

There are 19 districts in West Bengal — Bankura, Bardhaman, Birbhum, Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, East Midnapore, Hooghly, Howrah, Jalpaiguri, Kolkata, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, North Dinajpur, Purulia, South 24 Parganas, Dakshin Dinajpur and West Midnapore. Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata — the third-largest urban agglomeration[39] and the fourth-largest city[40] in India. Siliguri is an economically important town, strategically located in the northeastern Chicken's Neck of India. Asansol, Durgapur and Raniganj are cities in the western industrial belt. Other major cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Haldia, Kharagpur, Burdwan, Darjeeling, Midnapore, Tamluk, Malda and Cooch Behar.

Economy

Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices (93–94 Base)[41]

figures in crores of Indian Rupees

Year Gross State Domestic Product
1999–2000 126,834
2000–2001 139,863
2001–2002 153,865
2002–2003 165,419
2003–2004 186,429
2004–2005 206,881

Agriculture is the leading occupation in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Other food crops are maize, pulses, oil seeds, wheat, barley, potatoes and vegetables. Jute is the main cash crop of the region. Tea is also produced commercially; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high quality teas. Tobacco and sugarcane are also grown.[42] However, the service sector is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 51% of the state domestic product compared to 27% from agriculture and 22% from industry.[43] State industries are localized in the Kolkata region and the mineral-rich western highlands. Durgapur–Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of major steel plants.[42] Manufacturing industries playing an important economic role are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons.

Freshly sown saplings of paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks

A significant part of the state is economically backward, namely, large parts of six northern districts of Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Malda, North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur; three western districts of Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum; and the Sundarbans area.[1] Years after independence, West Bengal was still dependent on the central government for meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant and the green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant spurt in food production since the 1980s, and the state now has a surplus of grains.[1] The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–81, declining to 5% by 1997–98. However, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[1]

West Bengal has the third largest economy (2003–2004) in India, with a net state domestic product of US$ 21.5 billion.[43] During 2001–2002, the state's average SDP was more than 7.8% — outperforming the National GDP Growth.[44] The state has promoted foreign direct investment, which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields;[45] Kolkata is becoming a major hub for the Information technology (IT) industry. Owing to the boom in Kolkata's and the overall state's economy, West Bengal is now the third fastest growing economy in the country.[46] However, the rapid industrialisation process has given rise to debate over land acquisition for industry in this agrarian state.[47] NASSCOM–Gartner ranks West Bengal power infrastructure the best in the country.[48]

Transport

Cycle rickshaws and vans are frequent in rural and semi-urban localities

The total length of surface road in West Bengal is over 92,023 km;[49] national highways comprise 2,377 km[50] and state highways 2,393 km. Average speed on state highways varies between 40–50 km/h; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 20–25 km/h due to the proliferation of speed bumps. Total railway length is 3,825 km.[51] Kolkata is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways — Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway. The Northeast Frontier Railway plies in the northern parts of the state. The Kolkata metro is the country's first underground railway, and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (NFR) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The state's only international airport is Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum, Kolkata. Bagdogra airport near Siliguri is another significant airport in the state. Kolkata is a major river-port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks. There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferry is a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport and these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.

Several government-owned organisations operate bus services in the state, including the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, and the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation. There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment. Hired forms of mechanised transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, cycle rickshaws, and in Kolkata, hand-pulled rickshaws, are also used for short-distance travel.

Demographics

A village scene in West Midnapur. Seventy-two percent of the state's population lives in villages.

The vast majority of the 80,221,171 people of West Bengal[52] are Bengalis.[53] Bihari minority is scattered throughout the state and communites of Sherpas and ethnic Tibetans can be found in regions bordering Sikkim. West Bengal is also home to indigenous tribal Adivasis (including Santals and Kol), who are mostly concentrated in the western districts.

The official language is Bengali. Hindi and English are also used commonly. Nepali is spoken primarily by the Gorkhas of Darjeeling district. Hinduism is the principal religion - 72.5% of the population are Hindus. Muslims comprise 25%, and other religions make up the remainder.[54]

West Bengal has a population density of 904 people/km² making it the most densely populated state in India.[55] The state contributes 7.81% of India's population.[56] The state's 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.84% is slightly lower than the national rate of 21.34%.[52] The gender ratio is 934 females per 1000 males.

The literacy rate is 69.22%.[52] The life expectancy in the state is 63.4 years, marginally higher than the national value of 61.7 years.[57] About 72% of people live in rural areas. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 1999-2000 was 31.85%.[1] Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population respectively in rural areas, and 19.9% and 1.5% respectively in urban areas.[1]

The crime rate in the state in 2004 was 82.6 per 100,000, which was half of the national average.[58] This is the fourth-lowest crime rate among the 32 states and union territories of India.[59] However, the state reported the highest rate of Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes.[60] In reported crimes against women, the state showed a crime rate of 7.1 compared to the national rate of 14.1.[59] West Bengal was the first Indian state to constitute a Human Rights Commission of its own.[59]

Culture

Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, Shantiniketan
An idol of Durga, shown riding her lion and attacking the demon Mahishasura.
Main article: Culture of West Bengal

The Bangla language boasts a rich literary heritage, shared with neighboring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, Mangalkavya, Shreekrishna Kirtana, Thakurmar Jhuli, and stories related to Gopal Bhar. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernized in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay.

The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bangla folk music, which has also been influenced by regional music traditions.[61] Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. West Bengal also has an heritage in North Indian classical music. From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence and popularisation of new genres of music, including fusions of Baul and Jazz by several Bangla bands, as well as the emergence of what has been called Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism) by artists like Kabir Suman and bands like Chandrabindu. Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chau dance of Purulia is a rare form of mask dance.[62]

Mainstream Hindi films are popular, as are films from the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "Bollywood."[63] The Bengali film industry is also known for art films. Its long tradition of filmmaking has produced acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen and Ritwik Ghatak. Contemporary directors include Buddhadev Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose, Aparna Sen and Rituparno Ghosh.

Rice and fish are traditional favorite foods, leading to a saying that in Bengali, machhe bhate bangali, that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".[64] Meat production has increased significantly in recent years.[65] Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of Pithe. Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favorite among Bengalis. Popular street food includes Beguni, Kati roll, and phuchka.[66][67] Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water) is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas.

Bengali women commonly wear the shaŗi and the salwar kameez, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western attire. Among men, European dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti or pyjama, often on religious occasions. Durga Puja in October is the most popular festival in the West Bengal.[68] Pohela Baishakh (the Bengali New Year), Rathayatra, Dolyatra or Basanta-Utsab, Nobanno, Poush parbon (festival of Poush), kalipuja, saraswatipuja , laxmipuja, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are other major festivals. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) in Bangla is celebrated by the minority Christian population. West Bengal is the birthplace of several famous religious teachers, including Sri Chaitanya, Sri Ramakrishna, and Swami Vivekananda.

Education

Main article: Education in West Bengal
File:IIT KGP Main Building.JPG
IIT Kharagpur

West Bengal schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Hindi and Urdu are also used. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely, liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

West Bengal has eighteen universities.[69][70] The University of Calcutta, one of the oldest and largest public universities in India, has more than 200 affiliated colleges.[71] The Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.[72] The state has higher education institutes of national importance including the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first management institute in India of its kind), the National Institute of Technology at Durgapur, the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Statistical Institute and the Marine Engineering and Research Institute.

Media

File:Anandabazarsnap1.JPG
Anandabazar Patrika, a news daily published from Kolkata in Bengali.

West Bengal had 559 published newspapers in 2005,[73] of which 430 were in Bangla.[73] Ananda Bazar Patrika, published from Kolkata with 1,130,167 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.[73] Other major Bengali newspapers are Aajkaal, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin and Ganashakti. The Telegraph, The Statesman, Asian Age, Hindustan Times and The Times of India are some of the newspapers published in English. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu, Punjabi and Nepali are also read by a select readership.

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda and Kolkata TV. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are available only in cities like Kolkata. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Hutch and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Sports

Cricket and football are popular sports in the state. Kolkata is one of the major centers for football in India[74] and houses top national clubs such as East Bengal, Mohan Bagan and Mohammedan Sporting Club. Cricket is also popular and is played throughout the state. Indian sports such as Kho Kho and Kabaddi are also played.

West Bengal has several large stadiums —The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheaters in the world.[75] Salt Lake Stadium — a multi-use stadium — is the world's third highest-capacity football stadium.[76][77] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[78] National and international sports events are also held in Durgapur, Siliguri and Kharagpur.[79] Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly, Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes and chess grand master Dibyendu Barua.

See also

Template:West Bengal related topics

Template:India

Notes

Template:IndicText

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Introduction and Human Development Indices for West Bengal". West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 (PDF). Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. pp. pp4–6. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)
  2. ^ "History of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Student Association. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  3. ^ "4000-year old settlement unearthed in Bangladesh". Xinhua. 2006-March. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden, ed. (1989). "Early History, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Library of Congress.
  5. ^ Sultana, Sabiha. "Settlement in Bengal (Early Period)". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
  6. ^ Chowdhury, AM. "Gangaridai". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  7. ^ "Shashanka". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  8. ^ "Islam (in Bengal)". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  9. ^ Chaudhury, S; Mohsin, KM. "Sirajuddaula". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  10. ^ Fiske, John. "The Famine of 1770 in Bengal". The Unseen World, and other essays. University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  11. ^ (Baxter 1997, pp. 30–32)
  12. ^ (Baxter 1997, pp. 39–40)
  13. ^ Sen, Amartya (1973). Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828463-2.
  14. ^ Harun-or-Rashid. "Partition of Bengal, 1947". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  15. ^ (Bennett & Hindle 1996, pp. 63–70)
  16. ^ a b Biswas, Soutik (2006-04-16). "Calcutta's colourless campaign". BBC. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  17. ^ Ghosh Roy, Paramasish (2005-07-22). "Maoist on Rise in West Bengal". VOA Bangla. Voice of America. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
  18. ^ "Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)". Left-wing Extremist group. South Asia Terrorism Portal. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
  19. ^ "Several hurt in Singur clash". rediff News. Rediff.com India Limited. January 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid". The Telegraph. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "Statistical Facts about India". www.indianmirror.com. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  22. ^ "National Himalayan Sandakphu-Gurdum Trekking Expedition: 2006". Youth Hostels Association of India: West Bengal State Branch. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  23. ^ "Alarming rise in bacterial percentage in Ganga waters". The Hindu Business Line. 4 August, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Status in West Bengal". Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal - India (17 Years Study). School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
  25. ^ a b "Climate". West Bengal: Land. Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
  26. ^ "kal Baisakhi". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2006-09-05.
  27. ^ "Flora and Fauna". calcuttayellowpages.com (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  28. ^ "Environmental Issues". West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 (PDF). Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. pp. pp180–182. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)
  29. ^ a b "West Bengal: General Information". India in Business. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  30. ^ Islam, Sadiq (June 29, 2001). "World's largest mangrove forest under threat". CNN Student Bureau. Cable News Network. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  31. ^ a b c Mukherji, S.J. (2000). College Botany Vol. III: (chapter on Phytogeography). Calcutta: New Central Book Agency. pp. 345–365.
  32. ^ Snedaker, Samuel. "Notes on the Sundarbans with Emphasis on Geology, Hydrology, and Forestry". A.K. Townsend. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
  33. ^ a b "Natural vegetation". West Bengal. Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-10-31.
  34. ^ "West Bengal". Directory of Wildlife Protected Areas in India. Wildlife Institute of India. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  35. ^ a b "Problems of Specific Regions". West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 (PDF). Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. pp. pp200–203. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)
  36. ^ "West Bengal Legislative Assembly". Legislative Bodies in India. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 2006-10-28.
  37. ^ "Election Database". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  38. ^ "West Bengal". India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  39. ^ "India: metropolitan areas". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  40. ^ "India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  41. ^ "Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices (93–94 Bae". National Accounts Division: Press release & Statements. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Retrieved 2006-09-07. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  42. ^ a b "Economy". West Bengal. Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
  43. ^ a b "The State Economy" (PDF). Indian States Economy and Business: West Bengal. India Brand Equity Foundation, Confederation of Indian Industry. p. 9. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
  44. ^ "Basic Information". About West Bengal. West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
  45. ^ "Dasgupta, 2002". Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  46. ^ "Consul General Henry V. Jardine to The Indo-American Chamber of Commerce, October 19, 2005". Retrieved 2006-04-11.
  47. ^ Ray Choudhury, R (27th October, 2006). "A new dawn beckons West Bengal". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2006-10-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Ltd" (PDF). India @ Hannover Messe 2006. Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), India. p. 303. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
  49. ^ "West Bengal: Infrastructure". Public Private Partnerships in India. Dept of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
  50. ^ "List of State-wise National Hoghways in the Country". National Highways. Department of Road Transport and Highways; Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways; Government of India. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
  51. ^ "West Bengal". Indian States-A Profile. Indian Investment Centre, Government of India. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  52. ^ a b c "Provisional Population Totals: West Bengal". Census of India, 2001. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  53. ^ "West Bengal". Infobengal.com. Retrieved 2006-09-13.
  54. ^ "Data on Religion". Census of India (2001). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  55. ^ "Press Release - Provisional Population Results - Census of India 2001". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 26. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  56. ^ "Census of India 2001: Provisional Population Totals" (PDF). Census of India (2001). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. pp. p.2. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  57. ^ "An Indian life: Life expectancy in our nation". India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  58. ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "Crimes in Mega Cities". Crime in India-2004. Ministry of Home Affairs. pp. p.158. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ a b c "Human Security". West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 (PDF). Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. pp. pp167–172. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. Retrieved 2006-08-26. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |origmonth= ignored (help)
  60. ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "General Crime Statistics Snapshots 2004". Crime in India-2004. Ministry of Home Affairs. pp. p.1. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); |pages= has extra text (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  61. ^ "The Bauls of Bengal". Folk Music. BengalOnline. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  62. ^ "Chau: The Rare Mask Dances". Dances of India. Boloji.com. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  63. ^ Prasad, M (2003). "This thing called Bollywood". Seminar (Web Edition). 525. Retrieved 2006-10-28. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  64. ^ Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif. "Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh" (PDF). Aqua KE Government. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  65. ^ "West Bengal hopeful of surplus in fish production". The Hindu. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  66. ^ Saha, S (January 18, 2006). "Resurrected, the kathi roll - Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  67. ^ "Mobile food stalls". Bangalinet.com. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  68. ^ "Durga Puja". Festivals of Bengal. West Bengal Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 2006-10-28.
  69. ^ "UGC recognised Universities in West Bengal with NAAC accreditation status". Education Observer. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  70. ^ "West Bengal University of Health Sciences". West Bengal University of Health Sciences. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  71. ^ "List of Affiliated Colleges". netGuruIndia.com. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  72. ^ Mitra, P (August 31, 2005). "Waning interest". Careergraph. The Telegraph. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  73. ^ a b c "General Review". Registrar of Newspapers for India. Retrieved 2006-09-01.
  74. ^ Prabhakaran, Shaji (January 18, 2003). "Football in India - A Fact File". LongLiveSoccer.com. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  75. ^ "India - Eden Gardens (Kolkata)". Cricket Web. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  76. ^ "100 000+ Stadiums". World Stadiums. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  77. ^ "The Asian Football Stadiums (30.000+ capacity)". Gunther Lades. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  78. ^ Raju, Mukherji (March 14, 2005). "Seven Years? Head Start". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  79. ^ "Sports & Adventure". West Bengal Tourism. Retrieved 2006-10-22.

References

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Bengal&oldid=115513633"