Voiced velar nasal: Difference between revisions
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| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|''ha'''n'''ka'']]}} || {{IPA|[haŋka]}}|| 'leg'|| |
| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|''ha'''n'''ka'']]}} || {{IPA|[haŋka]}}|| 'leg'|| |
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| colspan="2"| [[Bambara language|Bambara]]|| {{lang|bas|{{Bambara alphabet|"ŋ""o""n""I]]}} || {IPA|ŋoni]}}|| 'guitar'|| |
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| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|''sa'''ng'']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsaŋ(k)]}}|| 'blood'|| See [[Catalan phonology]] |
| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref> || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|''sa'''ng'']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsaŋ(k)]}}|| 'blood'|| See [[Catalan phonology]] |
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Revision as of 09:22, 3 November 2012
 | It has been suggested that voiceless velar nasal be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2012. |
| Voiced velar nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ŋ | |||
| IPA Number | 119 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ŋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
| X-SAMPA | N | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
The velar nasal is the sound of ng in English sing. It is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N.
As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas, nor in a large number of European or Middle Eastern languages, though it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda.
As with the voiced velar stop /ɡ/, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is because the small oral cavity used to produce velar consonants makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained.[citation needed] It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose as is required for a nasal.
In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of other nasals before velar consonants.
Features
Features of the velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter n with a leftward tail protruding from the bottom of the right stem of the letter. Compare ⟨n⟩ and ⟨ŋ⟩. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly called as "eng" or "engma" and sometimes in reference to Greek, "angma". The symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ should not be confused with ⟨ɳ ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, or with ⟨ ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|ngaqë]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋɡacə] | 'because' | ||
| Aleut[2] | [chaang] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | [[[Armenian alphabet|ընկեր]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: arm (help) | [əŋˈkɛɾ] | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. |
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|hanka]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [haŋka] | 'leg' | ||
| Bambara | Template:Bambara alphabet | 'guitar' | |||
| Catalan[4] | [[[Catalan orthography|sang]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsaŋ(k)] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | [[[Chinese characters|昂]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help) [[[Jyutping|ngong4]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋɔːŋ˩] | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | [[[Chinese characters|北京]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help) [[[Hanyu Pinyin|Běijīng]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Wu | 五 | [ŋ˩˧] | 'five' | ||
| Chukchi | ңыроқ | [ŋəɹoq] | 'two' | ||
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|tank]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | [[[Dinka alphabet|ŋa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
| Danish | [[[Danish alphabet|sang]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [sɑŋˀ] | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[5] | [[[Dutch orthography|angst]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | [[[English orthography|sing]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [sɪŋ] | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Fijian | [gone] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
| Filipino | [[[Filipino orthography|ngayon]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋaˈjon] | 'now' | ||
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|kangas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkɑŋːɑs] | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally and before k/. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[6] | [[[French orthography|parking]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [paʁkiŋ] | 'parking lot' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology | |
| Galician | [unha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈuŋa] | 'one' (f.) | ||
| German | [[[German orthography|lang]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [laŋ] | 'long' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|αποτυγχάνω]] apotyncháno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aˌpo̞tiŋˈxano̞] | 'I fail' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | אנגלית | [aŋlit] | 'English language' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi-Urdu | [[[Devanāgarī|रंग]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / رنگ | [rəŋɡ] | 'color' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | [[[Hungarian orthography|ing]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iŋɡ] | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | [[[Icelandic alphabet|göng]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkøyŋk] | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian | [bangun] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baŋun] | 'wake up' | ||
| Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ puunnguuq | [puːŋŋuːq] | 'dog' | ||
| Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | [qamŋuijuaq] | 'snores' | ||
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|ceann carrach]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [caŋ ˈkaɾˠəx] | 'a scabbed one' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[7] | [[[Italian alphabet|anche]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | See Italian phonology | |
| Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
| Japanese | Standard | 南極 [[[Romanization of Japanese|nankyoku]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
| Eastern dialects[8] | 鍵 [[[Romanization of Japanese|kagi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
| Kagayanen[9] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Ket | аяң | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
| Korean | 방 [[[Revised Romanization of Korean|bang]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [paŋ] | 'room' | See Korean phonology | |
| Macedonian | aнглиски | [ˈaŋɡliski] | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|bangun]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baŋun] | 'wake up' | ||
| Malayalam[2] | മാങ്ങ | [maːŋŋɐ] | 'mango' | ||
| Māori[10] | [[[Latin script|ngā]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋaː] | 'the' | ||
| Marathi | संगणक | [səŋgəɳək] | 'computer' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mari | еҥ | [jeŋ] | 'human' | ||
| Nganasan | ӈаӈ | [ŋaŋ] | 'mouth' | ||
| Nivkh | ңамг | [ŋamɡ] | 'seven' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | [kåchelng] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkɔxəlŋ] | 'stove' | |
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|gang]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | رنگ | [ræːŋg] | 'color' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[11] | [[[Polish orthography|bank]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | See Polish phonology | |
| Occitan | Provençal | [[[Latin orthography|vin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
| Rapanui | [[[Latin script|hanga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [haŋa] | 'bay' | Sometimes transcribed as <g> | |
| Russian | функция | [ˈfuŋkt͡sɨjə] | 'function' | Informal and occurs irregularly, only before /k/ or /ɡ/. See Russian phonology | |
| Seri | [[[Seri alphabet|comcáac]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
| Shona | [[[Latin script|nanga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋaŋɡa] | 'witch-doctor' | ||
| Slovene | [tank] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [taŋk] | 'tank' | ||
| Spanish[12] | [[[Spanish orthography|domingo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | [[[Latin script|ng'ombe]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has malformed markup (help) | [ŋɔmbɛ] | 'cow' | ||
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|ingenting]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɪŋːɛntʰɪŋ][stress?] | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Thai | งาน | [ŋaːn] | 'work' | ||
| Tundra Nenets | ӈэва | [ŋæewa] | 'head' | ||
| Turkmen | [[[Turkmen alphabet|birmeňzeş]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [biɾmeŋðeʃ] | 'identical' | ||
| Venetian | [[[Latin script|man]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [maŋ] | 'hand' | ||
| Vietnamese[13] | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|ngà]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋaː˨˩] | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | [[[Latin script|rhwng]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [r̥ʊŋ] | 'between' | ||
| West Frisian | [kening] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkeːnɪŋ] | 'king' | ||
| Yi | ꉢ [[[Yi script|nga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ŋa˧] | 'I' | ||
| Yup'ik | [ungungssiq] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [uŋuŋssiq] | 'animal' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[14] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ |
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:164) The oral counterparts, /p t k/ are found together in almost all languages.
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Wells (1989:44)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ Reed & Kāretu (2001)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
Bibliography
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; Comrie, Bernard (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Reed, A.W., ed. (2001), The Reed Consise Māori Dictionary
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|DUPLICATE DATA: editor-first=ignored (help) - Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892
