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Gimbap

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Gimbap
sliced vegetable gimbap
Place of origin South Korea
Main ingredientsGim, bap
VariationsChungmu-gimbap, samgak-gimbap
Similar dishesNorimaki
Korean name
Hangul
김밥
Revised Romanizationgimbap
McCune–Reischauerkimbap
IPA[kim.bap̚]~[kim.p͈ap̚]

Gimbap (김밥) is a Korean dish made from cooked rice and other ingredients that are rolled in gim—dried sheets of seaweed—and served in bite-sized slices.[1] It is not to be confused with norimaki, which is from Japan. The dish is often part of a packed meal, or dosirak, to be eaten at picnics and outdoor events, and can serve as a light lunch along with danmuji (yellow pickled radish) and kimchi. It is a popular take-out food in South Korea and abroad,[2] and is known as a convenient food because of its portability.

Etymology

Gim (김) refers to edible seaweed in the genus Porphyra and Pyropia. Bap (밥) broadly refers to "cooked rice". The compound term gimbap is a neologism; it was not a part of the Korean language until the modern era. Gimbap was called bokssam (복쌈; 福-) in the Joseon era (1392–1897).[3][4]

The term gimbap was used in a 1935 Korean newspaper article,[5] but at the time, the loanword norimaki was used as well. Norimaki, which borrowed from the name of a similar Japanese dish, was part of the Japanese vocabulary that entered into the Korean language during the Japanese occupation (1910–1945). The two words were used interchangeably until gimbap was made the universal term as part of efforts to clear away the remnants of Japanese colonialism and purify the Korean language.[6]

History

The most widely adopted theory suggests the modern form of Gimbap was derived from the introduction of the Japanese sushi variant norimaki to Korea during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910-1945). During that period, Korean cuisine adopted Western food and drink, as well as some Japanese food items such as Bento (Dosirak in Korean) or sushi rolled in sheets of seaweed, popularized in Korea under the name of gimbap.[7][8][9][10][11] Since then, gimbap has become a distinct dish, often utilizing traditional Korean flavors, as well as sesame oil, instead of rice vinegar.[12][13] This theory is supported by the fact that the term Gimbap first appeared in Korea during the colonial times[5]

Another theory, suggested by the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, is that the food was developed from the long-established local tradition of rolling bap (cooked rice) and banchan (side dishes) in gim.[14] Production of gim in Gyeongsang and Jeolla Provinces is reported in books from the 15th century, such as Gyeongsang-do Jiriji and Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam.[15][16] Yeoryang Sesigi (열양세시기), a Joseon book written in 1819 by Kim Mae-sun (김매순) refers to cooked rice and filling rolled with Gim as bokssam (복쌈; transcribed using the hanja 縛占, pronounced bakjeom in Korean).[3][4]

Regardless, Gimbap and norimaki now refer to distinct dishes in Japan and Korea: the former called kimupapu (キムパプ) in Japanese and the latter called gimchobap (김초밥; "gim sushi") or norimaki (노리마키) in Korean. Gimbap is usually rolled with several ingredients and is seasoned with sesame oil, while norimaki is usually rolled with one ingredient and is seasoned with rice vinegar.

Ingredients and preparation

File:Cheese gimbap and tuna gimbap.jpg
Cheese gimbap and tuna gimbap
Gimbap with meat

Gim and bap are the two basic components of gimbap. While short-grain white rice is most commonly used, short-grain brown rice, black rice, or other grains may also serve as the filling.

Some varieties of gimbap include cheese, spicy cooked squid, kimchi, luncheon meat, or spicy tuna. The gim may be brushed with sesame oil or sprinkled with sesame seeds. In one variation, sliced pieces of gimbap may be lightly fried with an egg coating.

Fillings vary, often with vegetarian and vegan options.[17] Popular ingredients include danmuji (yellow pickled radish), ham, beef, imitation crab meat, egg strips, kimchi, bulgogi, spinach, carrot, burdock root, cucumber, canned tuna, and kkaennip (perilla leaves).

To make the dish, gim sheets are toasted over a low heat, cooked rice is lightly seasoned with salt and sesame oil, and vegetable and meat ingredients are seasoned and stir-fried or pan-fried. The toasted gim is then laid on a gimbal—a bamboo gimbap roller—with a thin layer of cooked rice placed evenly on top. Other ingredients are placed on the rice and rolled into a cylindrical shape, typically 3–4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 in) in diameter. The rolled gimbap is then sliced into bite-sized pieces.[18]

gimbal, bamboo gimbap roller
arranging the ingredients
rolling gimbap

Variants

Chungmu-gimbap
  • Chungmu-gimbap (충무김밥) – Originating from the seaside city of Chungmu (currently Tongyeong), the dish features thinner rolls with an unseasoned surface and only rice as the filler ingredient. It is served with spicy ojingeo-muchim (squid salad) and seokbakji (radish kimchi).[19]
  • Mayak-gimbap (마약김밥) – A specialty of Gwangjang Market in Seoul. Mayak translates as "drug", a reference to its allegedly addictive and concentrated flavour. Small gimbap filled with carrots, spinach, and danmuji (yellow pickled radish) is sprinkled with ground sesame seeds and dipped in its pairing sauce made from soy sauce and mustard.
  • Samgak-gimbap (삼각김밥) – Literally "triangle gimbap". This variety is similar to Japanese onigiri, and is sold in convenience stores in South Korea.[20] Fillings vary greatly. The expiration date is 1 day, and has a calorific value of between 140 and 200 kilo calories usually.[21]
  • nude gimbap – Unlike ordinary gimbap, the ingredients of the gimbap go inwards, and the rice comes out and covers the entire area.[clarification needed] It is similar to Japanese style rolls, but uses ingredients used in Korean-style kimbap (hams, meat fillets, pickled radish, spinach, etc.) and is also served with cheese or sauce.

Restaurant franchises

Many South Korean fast food restaurant franchises specialize in gimbap and noodles. Among the chains are Gimbap Cheonguk (김밥천국), Kobongmin Gimbabin (고봉민김밥人), Chungmu Gimbab Matjuk (충무김밥죽), Teacher Kim (바르다김선생), Gimbap Nara (김밥나라), Gimgane (김家네), Gobong Gimbap (고봉김밥), Jongro Gimbap (종로김밥), Rolling Rice, Gimbap King (김밥 King), and Charles Sutbul Gimbap (찰스숯불김밥).[22] Some of these restaurants also serve other dishes, including dongaseu (pork cutlet), ramyeon (instant noodles), udong (thick noodle soup), naengmyeon (cold noodles), bibimbap, and stews such as kimchi-jjigae (kimchi stew), doenjang-jjigae (soybean paste stew), sundubu-jjigae (soft tofu stew), and omurice.

Cultural signifier of poverty

Gimbap is generally sold, pre-cut, in restaurants. However, due to the negative stigma surrounding begging, unskilled public busking and prostitution (illegal in South Korea), selling whole gimbap as a street vendor is seen as the final noble and dignified form of busking that an otherwise able person, or family members of affected people, can do to get out of poverty. This is because virtually everybody can make this, and it is much more cost and time effective, and less labour-intensive, than making kimchi or preserved fruits. Vendors often sell and eat gimbap as an entire log, even after they are out of poverty or emergency. Selling whole also extends shelf life, and signifies longevity. [23]

See also

References

  1. ^ National Institute of Korean Language (30 July 2014). "주요 한식명(200개) 로마자 표기 및 번역(영, 중, 일) 표준안" (PDF) (in Korean). Retrieved 15 February 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lay-source= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Alexander, Stian (21 January 2016). "UK's new favourite takeaway has been revealed - and it's not what you'd think". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  3. ^ a b Kim, Maesun (1819). Yeoryang Sesigi 열양세시기(洌陽歲時記) [Records of Seasonal Festivities around the Capital]. Joseon Korea.
  4. ^ a b 박, 정배 (12 October 2016). "1819년엔 '福쌈'이라 불려… 이젠 프리미엄 김밥도". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  5. ^ a b "휴지통". The Dong-a Ilbo (in Korean). 14 January 1935. Retrieved 26 February 2017 – via Naver. 문어 점복에 김밥을 싸먹고 목욕한후 바위등에 누으면 얼화만수——
  6. ^ "노리마키(海苔卷)". National Institute of Korean Language (in Korean). Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  7. ^ Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2002). Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: China-India relations to Hyogo. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-80617-7. This process was initiated during the Japanese occupation (1910-1945), when Western food and drink, such as bread, confectionery, and beer, became popular in Korean cities, and a Western-style food processing industry in Korea began. Some Japanese food items were also adopted into Korean cuisine at that time, such as tosirak (the assorted lunch box) and sushi rolled in sheets of seaweed, which was popular in Korea under the name of kimbap.
  8. ^ Brunner, Anne (2011). Algas/ Algae: Sabores Marinos Para Cocinar/ Marine Flavors for Cooking (in Spanish). Editorial HISPANO EUROPEA. ISBN 84-255-1977-2. En Corea, los gimbaps son derivados de los maki sushis japoneses, pero generalmente estan rellenos de arroz con aceite de sesamo y carne. [In Korea, gimbaps are derived from the Japanese maki sushi, but they are usually stuffed with rice with sesame oil and meat.]
  9. ^ 김밥 (in Korean). 한국민족문화대백과[Encyclopedia of Korean National Culture]. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. 일본음식 김초밥에서 유래된 것으로 [(Gimbap is) derived from Japanese norimaki] {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ 국립국어연구원 [National Institute of Korean languages] (2002). 우리 문화 길라 잡이: 한국인 이 꼭 알아야할 전통 문화 233가지 (in Korean]). 학고재 [Hakgojae]. p. 479. ISBN 89-85846-97-3. 일본 음식인 김초밥 에서 유래 한 것으로 [(Gimbap is) derived from Japanese norimaki] {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ^ "Gimbap" (in Korean). Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Korea. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. 일본음식에서 유래된 것으로 [(Gimbap is)derived from the Japanese food]
  12. ^ 日?フ?ズ株式?社 フ?ドジャ?ナリスト 平松洋子「日本から韓?へ?わった食べ物」
  13. ^ 日本の太?きが由?で、近代以降に韓?でも食べられるようになりました。2005年5月13日 西日本新聞
  14. ^ 김, 춘련 (18 August 2015). "gimbap" 김밥. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  15. ^ Ha, Yeon; Geum, Yu; Gim, Bin (1425). Gyeongsang-do Jiriji 경상도지리지(慶尙道地理志) [Geography of Gyeongsang Province] (in Korean). Joseon Korea.
  16. ^ Yi, Haeng (1530) [1481]. Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam 신증동국여지승람(新增東國輿地勝覽) [Revised and Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea]. Joseon Korea.
  17. ^ Goldberg, Lina (23 March 2012). "Asia's 10 greatest street food cities". CNN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  18. ^ "gimbap" 김밥. Korean Food Foundation. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  19. ^ "Chungmu-gimbap" 충무김밥. Doopedia (in Korean). Doosan Corporation. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  20. ^ Choi, Hyun-joo (18 May 2017). "Republic of convenience stores". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  21. ^ "삼각김밥", 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전 (in Korean), 2018-07-24, retrieved 2019-03-18
  22. ^ 이, 창선 (5 December 2016). "[김밥 프랜차이즈 브랜드평판] 1위 김밥천국, 2위 고봉민김밥인, 3위 충무김밥". The Korea Financial Times (in Korean). Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  23. ^ Yena and Sad Gimbap Story [IZ*ONE CHU EP. 4], retrieved 2020-06-13
  • Media related to Gimbap at Wikimedia Commons
  • 김밥 at Wikibooks
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