Mid back rounded vowel
| Mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| o̞ | |
| ɔ̝ | |
| IPA Number | 307 430 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | o̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006F U+031E |
| Braille |    |
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.
Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. There is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid [o], Tukang Besi. Another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid [ɔ], Taba. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.
Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.
Features
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[1] | bok | [bɔ̝k] | 'goat' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid [ɔ̝] and close-mid [o].[1] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Hejazi[2] | لـون | [lo̞ːn] | 'color' | See Hejazi Arabic phonology |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | Contrasts close-mid /o/, true-mid /o̞/ and open-mid /ɔ/ back rounded vowels.[3] | ||
| Breton[4] | [example needed] | Possible realization of unstressed /ɔ/; can be open-mid [ɔ] or close-mid [o] instead.[4] | |||
| Chinese | Mandarin[5] | 我 / wǒ | 'I' | See Standard Chinese phonology | |
| Shanghainese[6] | 高 | [kö̞¹] | 'tall' | Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[6] | |
| Czech[7][8] | oko | [ˈo̞ko̞] | 'eye' | In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[7] See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[9][10] | måle | [ˈmɔ̽ːlə] | 'measure' | Near-back;[9][10] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Amsterdam[11] | och | [ɔ̝̈χ] | 'alas' | Near-back;[11] corresponds to open-mid [ɔˤ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology |
| Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[12] | mot | [mɔ̝t] | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. | |
| English | Cultivated South African[13] | thought | [θɔ̝ːt] | 'thought' | Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. See South African English phonology |
| Maori[14] | Closer [oː] in other New Zealand accents.[14] | ||||
| Scouse[15] | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. | ||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[16] | Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[16] | ||||
| General American[17] | Cambodia | 'Cambodia' | Near-back; often diphthongal: [ö̞ʊ].[17] Some regional North American varieties use a vowel that is closer to cardinal [o]. See English phonology | ||
| Yorkshire[18] | [kʰamˈbo̞ːdjə] | Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |||
| Finnish[19][20] | kello | [ˈke̞llo̞] | 'clock' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | Parisian[21] | pont | [pɔ̝̃] | 'bridge' | Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. See French phonology |
| German | Southern accents[22] | voll | [fɔ̝l] | 'full' | Common realization of /ɔ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Open-mid [ɔ] in Northern Standard German.[23] See Standard German phonology |
| Western Swiss accents[24] | hoch | [ho̞ːχ] | 'high' | Close-mid [oː] in other accents.[25] See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | Modern Standard[26][27] | πως / pos | [po̞s̠] | 'how' | See Modern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew[28] | שלום | [ʃäˈlo̞m] | 'peace' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Ibibio[29] | [dó̞] | 'there' | |||
| Icelandic[30] | loft | [ˈlɔ̝ft] | 'air' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to [oɔ].[31] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Inuit | West Greenlandic[32] | [example needed] | Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[32] See Inuit phonology | ||
| Italian | Standard[33] | forense | [fo̞ˈrɛnse] | 'forensic' | Common realization of the unstressed /o/.[33] See Italian phonology |
| Northern accents[34] | [example needed] | Local realization of /ɔ/.[34] See Italian phonology | |||
| Japanese[35] | 子/ko | [ko̞] | 'child' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean[36] | 보리 / bori | [po̞ˈɾi] | 'barley' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[37] | mok | [mɔ̝k] | 'mug' | Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[37] |
| Norwegian | Urban East[38][39] | lov | [lo̞ːʋ] | 'law' | Also described as close-mid [oː].[40] See Norwegian phonology |
| Romanian[41] | acolo | [äˈko̞lo̞] | 'there' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[42] | сухой | 'dry' | Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[42] See Russian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[43][44] | ко̑д / kȏd | [kô̞ːd̪] | 'code' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Shipibo[45] | koni | [ˈkö̞ni̞] | 'eel' | Near-back.[45] | |
| Slovak | Standard[46][47] | ohúriť | [ˈɔ̝ɦu̞ːri̞c̟] | 'to stun' | See Slovak phonology |
| Slovene[48] | oglas | [o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪] | 'advertisement' | Unstressed vowel,[48] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[49] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[50] | todo | [ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞] | 'all' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Tera[51] | zo | [zo̞ː] | 'rope' | ||
| Turkish[52][53] | kol | [kʰo̞ɫ] | 'arm' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[54] | do | [d̪o̞] | 'corn tassel' | |
Notes
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
- ^ Abdoh (2010:84)
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Ternes (1992), p. 433.
- ^ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Peters (2010), p. 241.
- ^ Lass (2002), p. 116.
- ^ a b Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
- ^ Watson (2007), p. 357.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ Brodersen (2011).
- ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
- ^ a b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
- ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
- ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
- ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
- ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
- ^ a b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.
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