Jump to content

BRICS

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by James smith2 (talk | contribs) at 21:57, 14 February 2016 (+grammar). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Not to be confused with BRIC.

BRICS
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)
World map with BRICS countries highlighted
State leaders
Finance ministers
Central bank governors
GDP (nominal) in US dollars
GDP (PPP) in US dollars
Area
Population

BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.[4] The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs; all five are G-20 members.[5] Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. Russia currently holds the chair of the BRICS group, and hosted the group's seventh summit in July 2015.

As of 2015, the five BRICS countries represent over 3 billion people, or 42% of the world population; all five members are in the top 25 of the world by population, and four are in the top 10. The five nations have a combined nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion, equivalent to approximately 20% of the gross world product, and an estimated US$4 trillion in combined foreign reserves.[6][7] The BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators.[8][9][10] Bilateral relations among BRICS nations have mainly been conducted on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit (win-win).[11]

History

The term "BRIC" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication Building Better Global Economic BRICs.[12] The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN General Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[13] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[14]

First BRIC summit

The BRIC grouping's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[15] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.[16] The summit's focus was on means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.[15][16] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[16]

In the aftermath of the Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diversified, stable and predictable".[17] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticise the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticised in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[18]

Entry of South Africa

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[19] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by the BRIC countries to join the group.[19] The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.[20] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.[21][22][23]

Developments

The BRICS leaders in 2014. Left to right: Putin, Modi, Rousseff, Xi and Zuma.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organisation encouraging commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011.[24] In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[25] In late March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, South Africa, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[26] After the summit, the BRICS stated that they planned to finalise the arrangements for this New Development Bank by 2014.[27] However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and who is to contribute the bulk of the currency pool, wants a greater managing role, said one BRICS official. China also wants to be the location of the reserve. "Brazil and India want the initial capital to be shared equally. We know that China wants more," said a Brazilian official. "However, we are still negotiating, there are no tensions arising yet."[28] On 11 October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that a decision on creating a $100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega stated that the fund would be created by March 2014.[29] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[30] One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."

In March 2014, at a meeting on the margins of the Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the BRICS Foreign Ministers issued a communique that "noted with concern, the recent media statement on the forthcoming G20 Summit to be held in Brisbane in November 2014. The custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character." In light of the tensions surrounding the 2014 Crimean crisis, the Ministers remarked that "The escalation of hostile language, sanctions and counter-sanctions, and force does not contribute to a sustainable and peaceful solution, according to international law, including the principles and purposes of the United Nations Charter."[31] This was in response to the statement of Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who had said earlier that Russian President Vladimir Putin might be barred from attending the G20 Summit in Brisbane.[32]

In July 2014, the Governor of the Russian Central Bank, Elvira Nabiullina, claimed that the "BRICS partners the establishment of a system of multilateral swaps that will allow to transfer resources to one or another country, if needed" in an article which concluded that "If the current trend continues, soon the dollar will be abandoned by most of the significant global economies and it will be kicked out of the global trade finance."[33]

Over the weekend of 13 July 2014 when the final game of the World Cup was held, and in advance of the BRICS Fortaleza summit, Putin met his homologue Dilma Rouseff to discuss the BRICS development bank, and sign some other bilateral accords on air defence, gas and education. Rouseff said that the BRICS countries "are among the largest in the world and cannot content themselves in the middle of the 21st century with any kind of dependency."[34] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations president's in Brasilia, where the development bank and the monetary fund were introduced.[35] The development bank will have capital of US$50 billion with each country contributing US$10 billion, while the monetary fund will have US$100 billion at its disposal.[35]

On 15 July, the first day of the BRICS 6th summit in Fortaleza, Brazil, the group of emerging economies signed the long-anticipated document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[36]

At the end of October 2014, Brazil trimmed down its US government holdings to US$261.7 billion; India, US$77.5 billion; China, US$1.25 trillion; South Africa, US$10.3 billion.[37]

In March 2015, Morgan Stanley stated that India and Indonesia had escaped from the 'fragile five' (the five major emerging markets with the most fragile currencies) by instituting economic reforms. Previously, in August 2013, Morgan Stanley rated India and Indonesia, together with Brazil, Turkey and South Africa, as the 'fragile five' due to their vulnerable currencies. But since then, India and Indonesia have reformed their economies, completing 85% and 65% of the necessary adjustments respectively, while Brazil had only achieved 15%, Turkey only 10%, and South Africa even less.[38]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.[39]

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[40] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed across the US.[41][42]

Summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS summit took place in Ufa, Russia, from 8 to 9 July 2015.[43]

Date(s) Host country Host leader Location Notes
1st 16 June 2009  Russia Dmitry Medvedev Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House)
2nd 15 April 2010  Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Brasília Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority)
3rd 14 April 2011  China Hu Jintao Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries.
4th 29 March 2012  India Manmohan Singh New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.
5th 26–27 March 2013  South Africa Jacob Zuma Durban (Durban ICC)
6th 14–16 July 2014  Brazil Dilma Rousseff Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)[44]
Brasília		 BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.
Guest: Leaders of Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)[45][46]
7th 8–9 July 2015  Russia Vladimir Putin Ufa[47] Joint summit with SCO-EEU
8th 2016  India Narendra Modi New Delhi

Member countries

Country Population Nom. GDP mil. USD (2015)[48] PPP GDP mil. USD (2015)[48] Nom. GDP per capita USD (2015)[48] PPP GDP per capita USD (2015)[48] GDP Growth
(2015) 		Foreign Exchange Reserves (2015) HFCE (2013) Government spending Exports Imports Literacy rate Life expectancy (years, avg.) HDI
 Brazil 193946886204,451,000 1,799.6 Tr 3,207.9 Tr 8,802 15,690 Decrease-3.5% $362,744 bn $1,401,620 bn $846.6 bn $396.0 bn $278.8 bn 95.5% 74.5 .755 (high)
 Russia 143369806143,975,923 1,235.9 Tr 3,473.8 Tr 8,447 23,744 Decrease-2.7% $358,500 bn $1,089,144 bn $414.0 bn $542.5 bn $358.1 bn 99.9% 70.1 .798 (high)
 India 12101934221,276,267,000 2,182.6 Tr 8,027.0 Tr 1,688 6,209 Increase7.5% $352,131 bn $1,106,702 bn $616.0 bn $462.21 bn $500.3 bn 74.0% 68 .609 (medium)
 China 13540400001,376,049,000 11,384.8 Tr 19,510.0 Tr 8,280 14,190 Increase6.8% $3,899,285 bn $3,320,652 bn $2,031.0 bn $2,021.0 bn $1,780.0 bn 95.1% [49] 75.8 .727 (high)
 South Africa 5177056054,956,900 317.3 Bn 724.0 Bn 5,784 13,197 Increase1% $47,190 bn $221,990 bn $95.27 bn $101.2 bn $106.8 bn 93%[50] 57.4 .666 (medium)

Potential additional members

Argentina, Indonesia and Turkey have expressed strong interest in full membership of the BRICS, while Egypt, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria and most recently Bangladesh and Greece have also expressed interest in joining BRICS.[51][52][53][54]

Financial Structure

Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). Both of these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

New Development Bank

Further information: New Development Bank
The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.

The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[55] is a multilateral development bank operated by the BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects [56][57] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[57] South Africa will be the African Headquarters of the Bank named the "New Development Bank Africa Regional Centre".[58] The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with capital increased to $100 billion over time.[59] Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[58][59]

BRICS CRA

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil.

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.[56][59][60] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[56][60] The CRA is generally seen as a competitor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and along with the New Development Bank is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[56] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed at Fortaleza, Brazil on 15 July 2014. It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

Reception

In 2012, Hu Jintao, who at the time was President of China and Paramount leader, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[8] Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[61][62][63][64] disagreements between the members over UN Security Council reform,[65] and India and China's disputes over territorial issues.[9]

In June 2015, Jim Rogers said that he does not see any current alternative to US dollar and that “The world needs something to compete with the US-dominated institutions, some of them - the World Bank and the IMF. So, if BRICS offer any new structures that can compete with these long-standing ... institutions, it will be very good.”.[66]

Current BRICS summit attendees

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "IMF Outlook for BRICS Apr 2015". http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/index.aspx. IMF. Retrieved 6 July 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  2. ^ "Country Comparison: Area". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  3. ^ "2015 Revision of World Population Prospects". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  4. ^ "New era as South Africa joins BRICS". SouthAfrica.info. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  5. ^ China, Brazil, India and Russia are all deemed to be growth-leading countries by the BBVA: "BBVA EAGLEs Annual Report (PPT)". BBVA Research. 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  6. ^ "World Economic Outlook". IMF. April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  7. ^ "Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms". Christian Science Monitor. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  9. ^ a b "Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Asia Times. 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  10. ^ "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  11. ^ "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research". Wisconsin International Law Journal. 13 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
  12. ^ Jim O' Neill (2001). "Building Better Global Economic BRICs". Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  13. ^ http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics
  14. ^ "Cooperation within BRIC". Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009. Archived 19 June 2009.
  15. ^ a b "First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 19 June 2009 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  19. ^ a b Graceffo, Antonio (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  20. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan". Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  21. ^ "South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  22. ^ "BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh". Times Of India. 12 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  23. ^ "BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM". Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  24. ^ BRICS Forum website. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  25. ^ "Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund". Reuters. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  26. ^ "Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank". The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  27. ^ "India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit". Reuters. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  28. ^ http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011
  29. ^ http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010
  30. ^ rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014
  31. ^ "Chairperson's Statement on the BRICS Foreign Ministers Meeting held on 24 March 2014 in The Hague, Netherlands" 24 Mar 2014
  32. ^ "BRICS at Hague slam attempts to isolate Putin" 24 Mar 2014
  33. ^ voiceofrussia.com: "BRICS morphing into anti-dollar alliance" 3 Jul 2014
  34. ^ yahoo.com: "Brazil, Russia discuss creation of BRICS bank" 14 Jul 2014
  35. ^ a b "BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties". Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  36. ^ "BRICS establish $100bn bank and currency reserves to cut out Western dominance". RT.com. 15 July 2014
  37. ^ "India cuts exposure to US government securities at $77.5 billion in October." The Times of India. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014. Alternative link: of interest& utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
  38. ^ Simon Kennedy (18 March 2015). "Fragile Five currencies may soon be three".
  39. ^ https://www.rt.com/business/319433-brics-it-ministers-meeting/
  40. ^ "Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communcations Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa". Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012.
  41. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). "A Fiber-Optic Silk Road". The Diplomat.
  42. ^ "BRICS countries are building a "new Internet" hidden from NSA". Sputnik News. 28 October 2013.
  43. ^ "Africa: Reporter's Notebook – All Systems Go for Brics Summit in SA". AllAfrica.com. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  44. ^ "A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS". Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  45. ^ "Los líderes del BRICS, Unasur, Cuba, México y Costa Rica se citan en Brasilia". LaVanguardia.com. LaVanguardia. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  46. ^ "BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  47. ^ "Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015". UfaCity.info. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  48. ^ a b c d "Gross domestic product". IMF World Economic Outlook. October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  49. ^ "The World Factbook".
  50. ^ "The World Factbook".
  51. ^ "Syria Seeks to Join Shanghai Group, BRICS – Minister". RIA Novosti. 27 April 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  52. ^ "India quiere a Argentina en los BRICS, el club de los emergentes". Clarin. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  53. ^ "Russia invites Greece to join BRICS". IBtimes.
  54. ^ "EurActiv Sections".
  55. ^ "BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency". Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
  56. ^ a b c d "What the new bank of BRICS is all about". The Washington Post. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  57. ^ a b "New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  58. ^ a b "BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool". Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  59. ^ a b c "BRICS Bank ready for launch - Russian Finance Minister". Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  60. ^ a b "BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility - Russia's top banker". Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
  61. ^ "Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising". Foreign Affairs. November–December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  62. ^ "China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy". Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  63. ^ "Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles". Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  64. ^ "Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration". The Economist. 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  65. ^ "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank". New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  66. ^ "World Bank & IMF 'corroded' – Jim Rogers to RT". Retrieved 11 September 2015.

Further reading

  • Carmody, Pádraig (2013) The Rise of BRICS in Africa: The Geopolitics of South-South Relations. Zed Books ISBN 9781780326047.
  • Chun, Kwang (2013) The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate Pub Co. ISBN 9781409468691.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BRICS&oldid=704993818"