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Close-mid back rounded vowel

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Close-mid back rounded vowel
o
IPA Number307
Encoding
Entity (decimal)o
Unicode (hex)U+006F
X-SAMPAo
Braille⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)

The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨o⟩.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority[who?], prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Close-mid back protruded vowel

The close-mid back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨o⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨o̫⟩ for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨oʷ⟩ or ⟨ɤʷ⟩ (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[1] [Botha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈböˑtɐ] 'Botha' Near-back. Allophone of /oə/ in less stressed words, in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words and in word-finally when unstressed. In the second case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization [öə̯ ~ ö̯ə ~ öə].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Egyptian بؤ [boʔ] 'mouth' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assamese ল'ৰা [loɹa] 'boy'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [hoga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [hoːga] 'steam'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed]
Bengali ওজন [od͡ʒon] 'weight' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[3] уста [os̪ˈt̪a] 'mouth' Unstressed allophone of /u/ and /ɔ/.[3] See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[4] [sóc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [sok] 'I am' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese [[[Chinese characters|高]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help)/[gou1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kou] 'tall' See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese[5] 瓜 [ko¹] 'melon' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[5]
Wu 花 [ho] 'flower'
Czech Bohemian[6] [[[Czech orthography|oko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈoko] 'eye' Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid [o̞] instead.[6] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[7][8] [kone] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkʰoːnə] 'wife' Also described as near-close [o̝ː].[9][10] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard Belgian[11] [kool] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [koːɫ]ⓘ 'cabbage' In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [oʊ]. See Dutch phonology
Northeastern
Leuven [maken] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈmoːkə] 'make' Corresponds to /aː/ in standard Dutch.
English Australian[12] [yawn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [joːn] 'yawn' See Australian English phonology
Cockney[13] May be [oʊ] or [ɔo] instead.
New Zealand[14]
South African[15] General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel.
General Indian[16] go [ɡoː] 'go'
General Pakistani[17] Varies between [oː~əʊ~ʊ].
Multicultural London[18]
Scottish[19]
Singaporean[20]
Faroese [tosa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈtoːsa] 'speak' See Faroese phonology
French[21] [[[French orthography|réseau]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʁeˈzo]ⓘ 'net' See French phonology
German Standard[22][23] [[[German orthography|oder]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʔoːdɐ]ⓘ 'or' See Standard German phonology
Hindustani [[[Dēvanāgarī|दो]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help)/دو [d̪oː]ⓘ 'two' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian [kór] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [koːr] 'disease' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[24] [foro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈfoːro] 'hole' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[25] [pɪˈpo] 'toad'
Korean [[[hangul|보수]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[bosu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpoːsu] 'salary' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Most dialects[26][27][28] [hoof] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɦoːf] 'garden' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Rural Weerts[29] [koke] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkoːkə] 'to cook' Corresponds to /uə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /oː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /oə/.[30]
Luxembourgish[31][32] [Sonn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [zon] 'sun' Sometimes realized as open-mid [ɔ].[32] See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi गोड [ɡoɖ] 'sweet' See Marathi phonology
Norwegian Stavangersk[33] [lov] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [lo̟ːʋ] 'law' Somewhat fronted.[33] See Norwegian phonology
Polish [jojo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈjojɔ] 'yo-yo' Allophone of /ɔ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[34] [[[Portuguese orthography|dois]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪ojʃ] 'two' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਹੋਰ [ɦoːɾ]ⓘ 'more'
Shiwiar[35] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.[35]
Silesian [Ślůnsk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɕlonsk] 'Silesia'
Slovak Some speakers[36] [telefón] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈt̻e̞le̞foːn] 'telephone' Realization of /oː/ reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid [o̞ː] in standard Slovak.[36] See Slovak phonology
Sorbian Lower[37] [wocy] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈβ̞ot̪͡s̪ɪ] '(two) eyes' Diphthongized to [u̯ɔ] in slow speech.[37][38] See Upper Sorbian phonology
Upper[37][39] [Bóh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [box] 'god'
Swedish [[[Swedish alphabet|åka]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈoːka]ⓘ 'travel' See Swedish phonology
Ukrainian мотузка [moˈtuzkɑ] 'rope' Unstressed allophone of /ɔ/ before stressed syllables with /u/. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek Oʻzbek [ozˈbek] 'Uzbek'
Vietnamese [[[Vietnamese alphabet|tô]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [toː] 'bowl' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian[40] [bok] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bok] 'billy-goat' See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[41] [example needed]

Close-mid back compressed vowel

Close-mid back compressed vowel
o͍
ɤᵝ

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɤ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɤ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɤᵝ⟩ ([ɤ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨o͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Only the Shanghainese dialect is known to contrast this with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.[5]

Features

  • Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chinese Shanghainese[5] [tɤᵝ¹] 'capital' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Lass (1987), p. 119.
  2. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ^ a b Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
  4. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  5. ^ a b c d e Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328–329)
  6. ^ a b Dankovičová (1999:72)
  7. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  8. ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  9. ^ Uldall (1933:?)
  10. ^ Basbøll (2005:47)
  11. ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
  12. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  13. ^ Wells (1982a:311)
  14. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  15. ^ Lass (2002:116)
  16. ^ Wells (1982b:626)
  17. ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1009)
  18. ^ Gimson (2014:91)
  19. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  20. ^ Deterding (2000)
  21. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  22. ^ Kohler (1999:87)
  23. ^ Mangold (2005:37)
  24. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  25. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  26. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  27. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  28. ^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
  29. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
  30. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107, 109)
  31. ^ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
  32. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  33. ^ a b Vanvik (1979:17)
  34. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  35. ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  36. ^ a b Kráľ (1988:92)
  37. ^ a b c Stone (2002:600)
  38. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:32–33)
  39. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
  40. ^ Tiersma (1999:10)
  41. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)

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