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Close back rounded vowel

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Close back rounded vowel
u
IPA Number308
Encoding
Entity (decimal)u
Unicode (hex)U+0075
X-SAMPAu

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

The close back rounded vowel is almost identical featurally to the labio-velar approximant [w]. [u] alternates with [w] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [u̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [w] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨u⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨u̫⟩ for the close back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨uʷ⟩ or ⟨ɯʷ⟩ (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Note: Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дунaй [dunaj] 'world'
Albanian [guri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈguɾi] 'the rock'
Arabic Standard[1] جنوب [d͡ʒaˈnuːb] 'south' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] դուռ [dur] 'door'
Assamese তুমি [tumi] 'you'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [guda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [guːda] 'wall'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] [example needed]
Bengali তুমি [tumi] 'you' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[4] луд [ɫut̪] 'crazy' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[5] [suc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [s̺uk] 'juice' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese [[[Chinese characters|菇]]/] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help)[gu1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kuː] 'mushroom' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin [[[Chinese characters|哭]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Pinyin|kū]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kʰu˥]ⓘ 'to cry' See Standard Chinese phonology
Shanghainese[6] [ku¹] 'melon' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.[6]
Czech [[[Czech orthography|u]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [u]ⓘ 'at' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[7][8] [[[Danish and Norwegian alphabet|du]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̥u] 'you' See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian[9] [voet] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [vu̟t] 'foot' More front in Belgium. See Dutch phonology
Netherlandic[10] [vut]ⓘ
English Australian[11] [book] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [buk] 'book' Also described as near-close near-back [ʊ];[12] corresponds to [ʊ] in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Cape Flats dialect[13] May be advanced to [ʉ], or lowered and unrounded to [ɤ].[13]
Cultivated South African[14] [boot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bu̟ːt] 'boot' Typically more front than cardinal [u]. Instead of being back, it may be central [ʉː] in Geordie and RP, and front [yː] in Multicultural London. See English phonology
General American[15]
Geordie[16]
Multicultural London[17]
Received Pronunciation[18]
Welsh[19][20][21]
Pakistani[22] [buːʈ]
Greater New York City [buːt]
Estonian[23] [[[Estonian orthography|sule]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsulɛ] 'feather' (gen. sg.) See Estonian phonology
Faroese [ur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [uːɹ] 'watch'
Finnish[24][25] [kukka] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkukːɑ] 'flower' See Finnish phonology
French[26] [[[French orthography|où]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [u̹]ⓘ 'where' See French phonology
Georgian[27] გუდა [ɡudɑ] 'leather bag'
German Standard[28] [Fuß] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fuːs]ⓘ 'foot' See German phonology
Greek [[[Greek alphabet|ουρανός]]/uranόs] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˌuraˈno̞s̠] 'sky' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew תמונה [tmuna] 'image' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani [[[Devanagari|हिन्दू]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) [ˈhɪnd̪uː] 'Hindu' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian[29] [[[Hungarian alphabet|út]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [uːt̪] 'way' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[30][31][32] [þú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [θ̠u] 'you' See Icelandic phonology
Irish [gasúr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɡasˠuːɾˠ] 'boy' See Irish phonology
Italian[33] [tutta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈt̪ut̪t̪ä] 'all' (sing. fem.) See Italian phonology
Kabardian дуней [dunej] 'world'
Kaingang[34] [ˈndukːi] 'in the belly'
Limburgish[35][36][37][38] [sjoen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʃu̟n] 'beautiful' Back[37][38] or near-back,[35][36] depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Luxembourgish[39][40] [Luucht] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [luːχt] 'air' See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian уста [ˈus̪t̪ä] 'mouth' See Macedonian phonology
Malay [bulan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bulan] 'moon'
Mongolian[41] үүр [uːɾɘ̆] 'nest'
North Frisian [bru] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bru] 'bridge'
Polish[42] [buk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [buk]ⓘ 'beech tree' Also represented by ⟨ó⟩. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[43] [[[Portuguese orthography|tu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈtu] 'you' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਊਠ [uːʈʰ] 'camel'
Romanian [[[Romanian alphabet|unu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈun̪u] 'one' See Romanian phonology
Russian[44] узкий [ˈus̪kʲɪj]ⓘ 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|gu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɡu] 'to' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian жут / [žut] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʒut̪] 'yellow' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shiwiar[45] [example needed]
Slovak[46] [ruka] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈrukä] 'arm' Backness varies between back and near-back; most commonly, it is realized as near-close [ʊ] instead.[47] See Slovak phonology
Spanish[48] [curable] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kuˈɾäβ̞le̞] 'curable' See Spanish phonology
Sorbian Lower[49] [zub] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪up] 'tooth'
Upper[49][50] [žuk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʒuk] 'beetle' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Thai[51] [[[Thai alphabet|สุด]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: thai not supported for code: th (help) [sut˨˩] 'rearmost'
Turkish[52][53] [[[Turkish alphabet|uzak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [uˈz̪äk] 'far' See Turkish phonology
Udmurt[54] урэтэ [urete] 'to divide'
Ukrainian Умань [ˈumɐnʲ] 'Uman' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese [[[Vietnamese alphabet|tu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [tu] 'to practice asceticism' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian [sûch] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [suːχ] 'sow'
Yoruba[55] [example needed]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[56] gdu [ɡdu] 'all'

Close back compressed vowel

Close back compressed vowel
u͍
ɯᵝ
Audio sample

Some languages, such as Japanese (listenⓘ) and Swedish, are found with a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.[57] Only the Shanghainese dialect is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both varies from close to close-mid.[6]

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɯ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ([ɯ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨u͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chinese Shanghainese[6] [tɯᵝ¹] 'capital' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.[6]
Japanese[58] 空気/kūki [kɯ̟ᵝːki]ⓘ 'air' Near-back; may be realized as central [ÿ] by younger speakers.[58] See Japanese phonology
Lizu[59] [Fmɯ̟ᵝ] 'feather' Near-back.[59]
Norwegian [mot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɯᵝːt] 'courage' See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard [[[Swedish alphabet|oro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɯ̂ᵝβ̞ˌrɯ̂ᵝβ̞]ⓘ 'unease' Contrasts with a close central and close front compressed vowels in some Swea dialects

See also

References

  1. ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:38)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
  5. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  6. ^ a b c d e Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328–329)
  7. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  8. ^ Basbøll (2005:46)
  9. ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
  10. ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  11. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:344)
  12. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  13. ^ a b Finn (2004:970)
  14. ^ Lass (2002:116)
  15. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  16. ^ Watt & Allen (2003:268)
  17. ^ Gimson (2014:91)
  18. ^ Roach (2004:242)
  19. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:95)
  20. ^ Connolly (1990:125)
  21. ^ Tench (1990:135)
  22. ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1007)
  23. ^ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  24. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
  25. ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  26. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  27. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  28. ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
  29. ^ Szende (1994:92)
  30. ^ Árnason (2011:60)
  31. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  32. ^ Haugen (1958:65)
  33. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  34. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  35. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  36. ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
  37. ^ a b Peters (2006:119)
  38. ^ a b Verhoeven (2007:221)
  39. ^ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
  40. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  41. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  42. ^ Jassem (2003:105)
  43. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  44. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:67)
  45. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  46. ^ Pavlík (2004:95)
  47. ^ Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
  48. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  49. ^ a b Stone (2002:600)
  50. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
  51. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
  52. ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
  53. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:11)
  54. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:64, 68)
  55. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
  56. ^ Merrill (2008:109)
  57. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:295)
  58. ^ a b Okada (1999:118)
  59. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013:78)

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