Tai Lue language

Tai Lue
Tai Lue
ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, ᨣᩴᩣᨴᩱ᩠ᨿᩃᩨ᩶; kam tai lue
Pronunciation	[kâm.tâj.lɯ̀]
Native to	China, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam
Region	Yunnan, China
Ethnicity	Tai Lue
Native speakers	550,000 (2000–2013)
Language family	Kra–Dai Tai Southwestern (Thai) Chiang Saen Tai Lue; ; ; ;
Writing system	Tai Tham alphabet, Thai alphabet, New Tai Lue alphabet
Official status
Recognised minority; language in	China; Laos; Thailand; Myanmar; Vietnam
Language codes
ISO 639-3	khb
Glottolog	luuu1242

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Tai Lue (New Tai Lü: ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ, Tai Tham: ᨣᩴᩣᨴᩱ᩠ᨿᩃᩨ᩶, kam tai lue, [kâm.tâj.lɯ̀])^[a] or Xishuangbanna Dai is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia. This includes 280,000 people in China (Yunnan), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand and 4,960 in Vietnam.^[2] The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language. In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City.

In Vietnam, Tai Lue speakers are officially recognised as the Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people, along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang.

Phonology

Tai Lue has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 9 syllable-finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in open syllables).

Consonants

Initials

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	labial	Glottal
Nasal		[m] ᦖ,ᦙ	[n] ᦐ,ᦓ		[ŋ] ᦄ ,ᦇ
Plosive	tenuis	[p] ᦔ,ᦗ	[t] ᦎ,ᦑ		[k] ᦂ,ᦅ	[kʷ] ᦦ,ᦨ	[ʔ] ᦀ ,ᦁ
	aspirated	[pʰ] ᦕ,ᦘ	[tʰ] ᦏ,ᦒ
	voiced	[b] ᦢ,ᦥ	[d] ᦡ,ᦤ
Affricate			[t͡s] ᦈ,ᦋ
Fricative	voiceless	[f] ᦚ,ᦝ	[s] ᦉ,ᦌ		[x] ᦃ,ᦆ	[xʷ] ᦧ,ᦩ	[h] ᦠ,ᦣ
Fricative	voiced	[v] ᦛ,ᦞ
Approximant			[l] ᦜ,ᦟ	[j] ᦊ,ᦍ

The initials t͡s- and s- are palatalized before front vowels (which in the language are i, e, and ɛ) and become t͡ɕ- and ɕ-, respectively. For example, /t͡síŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [t͡ɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively. (Some textbooks denote t͡s as c).

Finals

	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	[m] ᧄ	[n] ᧃ	[ŋ] ᧂ
Plosive	[p̚] ᧇ	[t̚] ᧆ	[k̚] ᧅ	[ʔ] ᦰ
Approximant	[w] ᧁ

Vowels

Each vowel quality occurs in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming distinct words in Tai Lue.

	Front		Central-Back		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	[iʔ] ◌ᦲᦰ	[i(ː)] ◌ᦲ	[ɯʔ] ◌ᦹᦰ	[ɯ(ː)] ◌ᦹ	[u(ʔ)] ◌ᦳ	[uː] ◌ᦴ
Mid	[eʔ] ᦵ◌ᦰ	[e(ː)] ᦵ◌	[ɤʔ] ᦵ◌ᦲᦰ	[ɤ(ː)] ᦵ◌ᦲ	[oʔ] ᦷ◌ᦰ	[o(ː)] ᦷ◌
Open	[ɛʔ] ᦶ◌ᦰ	[ɛ(ː)] ᦶ◌	[aʔ] ◌ᦰ	[aː] ◌ᦱ	[ɔʔ] ◌ᦸᦰ	[ɔ(ː)] ◌ᦸ

Generally, vowels in open syllables (without codas) occur as long whereas ones in closed syllables are short (except /aː/ and /uː/).

Diphthongs

Additionally, Tai Lue uses several diphthongs:

New Tai Lue	IPA
ᦺ◌	[aj]
◌ᦻ	[aːj]
◌ᦼ	[uj]
◌ᦽ	[oj]
◌ᦾ	[ɔj]
◌ᦿ	[ɯj]
ᦵ◌ᧀ	[ɤj]

Tones

Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables

The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k).

Description	Contour	Transcription	Example	Old Tai Lue	New Tai Lue script	Meaning
high	55	á	/káː/	ᨠ	ᦂ	crow
high rising	35	a᷄	/ka᷄ː/	ᨠ᩵ᩣ	ᦂᧈ	to go
low rising	13	a᷅	/ka᷅ː/	ᨠ᩶ᩣ	ᦂᧉ	rice shoots
falling	51	â	/kâː/	ᨣᩤ	ᦅ	to be stuck
mid	33	a (not marked)	/kaː/	ᨣ᩵ᩤ	ᦅᧈ	price
low	11	à	/kàː/	ᨣ᩶ᩤ	ᦅᧉ	to do business

Contrastive tones in checked syllables

The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t], and [k].

Tone	Example	New Tai Lue	Phonemic	gloss
high-risinɡ	ᩉᩖᩢᨠ	ᦜᧅᧈ	/la᷄k/	post
mid	ᩃᩢ᩠ᨠ	ᦟᧅᧈ	/lāk/	steal
high-risinɡ	ᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨠ	ᦜᦱᧅᧈ	/la᷄ːk/	differ from others
mid	ᩃᩣ᩠ᨠ	ᦟᦱᧅᧈ	/lāːk/	draɡ, pull

Grammar

Pronouns

^[3]

		Singular Familiar	Singular	Deferential	Plural Familiar	Plural	Deferential
1st person	exclusive	ᦕᦴᧉᦃᦱᧉ pʰuu3xaa3	ᦃᦱᧉ xaa3	ᦃᦱᧉᦓᦾᧉ xaa3nɔj6	–	ᦎᦴ tuu1	ᦎᦴᦃᦾᧉ tuu1xɔj3
1st person	inclusive	ᦕᦴᧉᦃᦱᧉ pʰuu3xaa3	ᦃᦱᧉ xaa3	ᦃᦱᧉᦓᦾᧉ xaa3nɔj6	–	ᦣᧁ haw4	–
2nd person		ᦈᧁᧉᦙᧃ caw3man4	ᦆᦲᧂ xiŋ4	ᦎᦳᧃᦈᧁᧉ tun1caw3	ᦉᦴ suu1	ᦉᦴᦑᦱᧃᧈ suu1taan5	–
3rd person		ᦎᦳᧃᦑᦱᧃᧈ tun1taan5	ᦙᧃ man4	–	ᦎᦳᧃᦑᦱᧃᧈ tun1taan5	ᦃᧁ xaw1	ᦃᧁᦈᧁᧉ xaw1caw3

Syntax

Word order is usually subject–verb–object (SVO); modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns.

Interrogatives

^[3]

Word	Meaning
ᦉᧂ (saŋ1)	What
ᦌᦹ (sɯɯ4)	Why
ᦂᦲᧈ (kii1)	How many
ᦺᦕ (pʰaj1)	Who
ᦺᦐ (naj1)	Where

Vocabulary

As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lue has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes. Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lue has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with, the other Southwestern Tai languages. Tai Lue has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun.^[1]

Below, some Thai Lue words are given with standard Central Thai equivalents for comparison. Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lue words, written in New Tai Lue script, are shown on the right.

Different words

Many words differ from Thai greatly:

ยี่สิบ → ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ (/jîː sìp/ → /sâːw/, twenty; cf. Lao: /sáːw/, Northern Thai: /sāw/)
พูด → ᩋᩪᩢ (/pʰûːt/ → /ʔu᷅ː/, to speak; cf. Northern Thai: /ʔu᷇ː/)
พี่ชาย → ᩋᩢᩣ᩠ᨿ (/pʰîː t͡ɕʰaːj/ → /ʔa᷅ːj/, older brother; cf. Lao: /ʔâːj/, Northern Thai: /ʔa᷇ːj/)

Similar words

Some words differ in tone only:

หนึ่ง → ᨶ᩠ᨦᩧ᩵ (/nɯŋ/, one)
หก → ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ (/hók/, six)
เจ็ด → ᨧᩮ᩠ᨯ (/t͡ɕét/, seven)
สิบ → ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ (/síp/, ten)
กิน → ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ (/kín/, to eat)

Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Thai is ฮ (/h/) in Tai Lue, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan:

ร้อน → ᩁᩢᩬᩁ (/rɔ́n/ → /hɔ̀n/, hot; cf. Lao: /hɔ̂n/, Northern Thai: /hɔ́ːn/)
รัก → ᩁᩢ᩠ᨠ (/rák/ → /hak/, to love; cf. Lao: /hāk/, Northern Thai: /ha᷇k/)
รู้ → ᩁᩪᩢ (/rúː/ → /hùː/, to know; cf. Lao: /hûː/, Northern Thai: /húː/)

Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/) become unaspirated:

เชียงราย → ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ (/t͡ɕʰiaŋ raːj/ → /t͡ɕêŋ hâːj/, Chiang Rai city and province)
คิด → ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ (/kʰít/ → /kɯt/, to think; cf. Northern Thai: /kɯ́t/)
พ่อ → ᨻᩳ᩵ (/pʰɔ̂/ → /pɔ/, father; cf. Northern Thai: /pɔ̂ː/)
ทาง → ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ (/tʰaːŋ/ → /tâːŋ/, way; cf. Northern Thai: /tāːŋ/)

(Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lue and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.)

Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร (/r/) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated:

ประเทศ → ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ (/praʔtʰêːt/ → /pʰaʔtêːt/, country; cf. Northern Thai /pʰa.têːt/)

Other differences:

ให้ → ᩉᩨᩢ (/hâj/ → /hɯ᷅/, to give, let)

Numbers

1	᧚	ᦓᦹᧂᧈ	ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ	nɯŋ
2	᧒	ᦉᦸᧂ	ᩈᩬᨦ	sɔ́ŋ
3	᧓	ᦉᦱᧄ	ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ	sám
4	᧔	ᦉᦲᧈ	ᩈᩦ᩵	si᷄ː
5	᧕	ᦠᦱᧉ	ᩉᩢᩣ	ha᷅ː
6	᧖	ᦷᦠᧅ	ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ	hók
7	᧗	ᦵᦈᧆ	ᩮᨧ᩠ᨯ	t͡ɕét
8	᧘	ᦶᦔᧆᧈ	ᩯᨸ᩠ᨯ	pɛ᷄t
9	᧙	ᦂᧁᧉ	ᩮᨠᩢᩢᩣ	ka᷅w
10	᧚᧐	ᦉᦲᧇ	ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ	síp
100	᧚᧐᧐	ᦣᦾᧉ	ᩁᩢᩭ	hɔ̀i
10,000	᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐	ᦖᦹᧃᧈ	ᩉ᩠ᨾᩨ᩵ᩁ	mɯ᷄n
100,000	᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐	ᦶᦉᧃ	ᩯᩈ᩠ᨶ	sɛ́n
1,000,000	᧚᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐᧐	ᦟᦱᧃᧉ	ᩃᩢᩣ᩠ᨶ	làn

Writing systems

Tai Lue is written in three different scripts. One is the Fak Kham script, a variety of the Thai script of Sukhothai. The second is the Tham script, which was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new script is a simplified version of the old script.

Fak Kham

An ancient script, also used in Kengtung, Northern Thailand and Northern Laos centuries ago.

Tham

The Tham script is called 老傣文 lao dai wen (Old Dai script) in Chinese. Readable by the most people in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

New Tai Lue

New Tai Lue is a modernization of the Lanna alphabet (also known as the Tai Tham script), which is similar to the Thai alphabet, and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after the syllable initial consonant.

Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length, and the tone mark.

Related varieties

The Bajia people (八甲人), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village (勐康村), Meng'a Town (勐阿镇), Menghai County, Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lue.^{[citation needed]} There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270).^[4] The Bajia are also known as the Chinese Dai 汉傣.

Notes

^ Chinese: 傣仂语; pinyin: Dǎilèyǔ; Burmese: လူးရှမ်း, romanized: luu Shan; Lao: ພາສາໄຕລື້; Thai: ภาษาไทลื้อ, romanized: phasa thai lue, pronounced [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; Vietnamese: tiếng Lự or tiếng Lữ; also spelled Tai Lɯ, Tai Lü, Thai Lue, Tai Le

References

^ ^a ^b Tai Lue at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ "Lü". Ethnologue.
^ ^a ^b Tai Lü Dictionary – Webonary
^ You, Weiqiong 尤伟琼 (2013). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié yánjiū 云南民族识别研究 [Classifying Ethnic Groups of Yunnan] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-12703-0.

External links

[2] Chinese: 傣仂语; pinyin: Dǎilèyǔ; Burmese: လူးရှမ်း, romanized: luu Shan; Lao: ພາສາໄຕລື້; Thai: ภาษาไทลื้อ, romanized: phasa thai lue, pronounced [pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.lɯ́ː]; Vietnamese: tiếng Lự or tiếng Lữ; also spelled Tai Lɯ, Tai Lü, Thai Lue, Tai Le

[e18-1] Tai Lue at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[ethnologue-3] "Lü". Ethnologue.

[Tai_Lü_Dictionary-4] Tai Lü Dictionary – Webonary

[You2013-5] You, Weiqiong 尤伟琼 (2013). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié yánjiū 云南民族识别研究 [Classifying Ethnic Groups of Yunnan] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-7-105-12703-0.

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