Voiced palatal lateral approximant
| Voiced palatal lateral approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʎ | |||
| IPA Number | 157 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʎ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028E | ||
| X-SAMPA | L | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
| Voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠ʲ | |
| ʎ̟ | |
| ȴ |
The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩ (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, ⟨λ⟩), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal lateral approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, alveolo-palatal; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,[1] or postalveolo-prepalatal.[2] None of the 13 languages investigated by Recasens (2013), many of them Romance, has a 'true' palatal.[3] That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[4]
There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolo-palatal lateral approximant. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨l̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̟⟩; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȴ⟩ ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩), used especially in Sinological circles.
The palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its voiceless counterpart /ʎ̥/ in the Xumi language spoken in China.[5][6]
Features
Features of the palatal lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aragonese | [agulla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [a̠ˈɣuʎa̠] | 'needle' | ||
| Aromanian | [ljepuri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʎepuri] | 'rabbit' | ||
| Astur-Leonese | Asturian | [llingua] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʎĩŋgwa̝] | 'language' | Where /ʎ/ is absent due to a yeísmo-like merger, it is replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect) and spelled ⟨ḷḷ⟩. Yeísmo is prevalent in Extremaduran language (spoken in northwestern Extremadura) and west central Asturian. |
| Leonese | |||||
| Mirandese | [lhéngua] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʎɛ̃gwɐ] | |||
| Aymara | [llaki] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʎaki] | 'sad' | ||
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|bonbilla]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bo̞mbiʎa̠] | 'bulb' | ||
| Breton | [familh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fa̠miʎ] | 'family' | ||
| Bulgarian | любов | [l̠ʲubof] | 'love' | Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] | |
| Catalan | Standard | [[[Catalan orthography|ull]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈul̠ʲ] | 'eye' | Alveolo-palatal.[2] See Catalan phonology |
| Eastern Aragon | [[[Catalan orthography|clau]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkl̠ʲa̠w] | 'key' | Allophone of /l/ in consonant clusters | |
| English | County Donegal[7] | [[[English orthography|million]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmɪʎən] | 'million' | Allophone of the sequence /lj/.[7] |
| General American[8] | A frequent allophone of the sequence /lj/; sometimes realized as [jj].[8] See English phonology | ||||
| Enindhilyagwa | [angalya] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aŋal̠ʲa] | 'place' | Laminal post-alveolar | |
| Faroese[9] | [[[Faroese orthography|telgja]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa] | 'to carve' | Allophone of /l/ before palatal consonants.[9] Sometimes voiceless [ʎ̥].[9] See Faroese phonology | |
| Franco-Provençal | [balyi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [baʎi] | 'give' | ||
| French | Some dialects[10] | [papillon] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [papiʎɒ̃] | 'butterfly' | Corresponds to /j/ in modern standard French. See French phonology |
| Galician | Standard | [illado] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iˈʎa̠ðo̝] | 'insulated' | Many Galician speakers are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish |
| Greek | ήλιος | 'sun' | Postalveolar.[11] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Hungarian | Northern dialects[12] | [[[Hungarian orthography|lyuk]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʎuk] | 'hole' | Alveolo-palatal.[13] Modern standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging /ʎ/ into /j/. See Hungarian ly and Hungarian phonology |
| Italian[2] | [[[Italian alphabet|figlio]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfiʎːo] | 'son' | Alveolo-palatal.[2] Realized as fricative [ʎ̝] in a large number of accents.[14] See Italian phonology | |
| Korean | [[[Hangul|실례]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[sillye] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɕil̠ʲl̠ʲe] | 'discourtesy' | Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] See Korean phonology | |
| Norwegian | Northern and central dialects[15] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|alle]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɑʎːe] | 'all' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Standard | [miralhar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miɾa̠ˈʎa̠] | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
| Portuguese | Standard | [ralho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʁaʎu] | 'I scold' | Alveolo-palatal in European Portuguese.[16] May instead be [lʲ], [l] (Northeast) or [j] (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.[17][18] See Portuguese phonology |
| Many dialects[19] | [sandália] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ] | 'sandal' | Possible realization of post-stressed /li/ plus vowel. | |
| Quechua[20] | [qallu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [qaʎʊ] | 'tongue' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[21] | [[[Romanian alphabet|lingură]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʎungurə][stress?] | 'spoon' | Corresponds to [l][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic[22] | [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|till]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʲʰiːʎ] | 'return' | Alveolo-palatal.[citation needed] See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[23] | љуљaшка / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|ljuljaška]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʎ̟ǔʎ̟a̠ːʃka̠] | 'swing (seat)' | Palato-alveolar.[23] See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Sissano | [piyl] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [piʎ] | 'fish' | ||
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|ľúbiť]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'to love' | Merges with /l/ in southern dialects. See Slovak phonology | ||
| Spanish[24] | Andean | [[[Spanish orthography|caballo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ka̠ˈβa̠ʎö] | 'horse' | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology |
| Castilian[25] | |||||
| Chavacano | |||||
| Central areas in Extremadura | |||||
| Eastern and southwestern Manchego | |||||
| Murcian | |||||
| Paraguayan[26] | |||||
| Philippine Spanish | |||||
| Very few areas in Andalusia | |||||
| Xumi | Lower[5] | [Rʎ̟o] | 'musk deer' | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless /ʎ̥/.[5][6] | |
| Upper[6] | [Hʎ̟ɛ] | 'correct, right' | |||
See also
References
- ^ Recasens (2013:2), citing Ladefoged (1997:602)
- ^ a b c d Recasens et al. (1993:222)
- ^ Recasens (2013:11)
- ^ Recasens (2013:10–13)
- ^ a b c Chirkova & Chen (2013:365, 367–368)
- ^ a b c Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:382–383)
- ^ a b Stenson (1991), cited in Hickey (2004:71)
- ^ a b Wells (1982:490)
- ^ a b c Árnason (2011:115)
- ^ Grevisse & Goosse (2011, §33, b), Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006:47)
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^ Benkő (1972:?)
- ^ Recasens (2013:10)
- ^ Ashby (2011:64): "(…) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
- ^ Teixeira et al. (2012:321)
- ^ Stein (2011:223)
- ^ Aragão (2009:168)
- ^ Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:149)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
- ^ a b Jazić (1977:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:188)
- ^ [1] ALPI
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Lipski (1996) and Alvar (1996). [dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5120313.pdf Yeísmo en el español de América]
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{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
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{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Stenson, Nancy (1991), "Code-switching vs. borrowing in modern Irish", in Sture Ureland, P.; Broderick, George (eds.), Language Contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 559–579
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