List of political parties in Russia
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This article discusses political parties in Russia.
The Russian Federation has a de jure multi-party system, however it operates as a near de facto one-party system. As of 2020[update] six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia).
History
After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new, independent parties was blocked.[by whom?] The last-registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration. However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 as of December 2012[update].
Party of power
A "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization.[1][2] The concept resembles that of a cartel party.[2] These parties were specially established for support of the incumbent president or prime minister in the Russian parliament:
- Inter-regional Deputies Group/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
- Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–1994)
- Our Home – Russia (1995–1999)
- Unity (1999–2001/2003)
- A Just Russia - For Truth (the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
- United Russia (2001–present)
Social composition of voters
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[3] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. According to researchers[who?], this could be because women place a great value on stability. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[4]
Current parties
All parties registered by the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections all over the country. The list is placed on the Justice Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2021.
Parties represented in the State Duma and the Federation Council
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Parties represented in the regional parliaments
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List of registered parties
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Historical parties (1992–present)
Far-left
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Left-wing
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Centre-left
Centrist
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Centre-right
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Right-wing
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Far-right
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Syncretic
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Regionalist parties
Soviet parties, 1917–1992
CPSU and factions
Clandestine and illegal parties
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Parties of the multi-party period
Parties of the Russian Empire, 1721–1917
Pre-revolutionary organizations
After-revolutionary parties
Left-wing
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Centrist and moderate right
Right-wing
See also
References
- ^ Compare: Isaacs, Rico (21 March 2011). Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Central Asian Studies. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2011). ISBN 9781136791079. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
A central principle behind the party of power is a party's relationship with the state (Knox et al., 2006). Parties of power have a close relationship with the executive branch which is seen to co-opt parties of power for their own political purposes (Hale, 2004). Thus, parties of power are an extension of the executive where the party 'is the actual group whose members wield power in and through the executive branch of government' (Oversloot and Verheul, 2006: 394).
- ^ a b Isaacs, Rico (2011). Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. Routledge. p. 38.
- ^ "Russia Analytical Digest" (PDF) (102). University of Basel, Center for Security Studies Zürich, Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen. 26 November 2011: 2–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Yevgeny Utkin. Seven parties, one virtually certain outcome Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2011-11-23)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Russia". Europe Elects. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
- ^ "В Грозном активисты "Единой России" присоединились к митингу в поддержку российских военнослужащих". er.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ ""Медуза" выяснила, что "Единая Россия" "рекомендует" говорить о войне своим кандидатам во время выборов Войну развязал Запад. Украина — в заложниках у США. Россия — заботится обо всех мирных украинцах". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ "In Ukraine Russia is Fighting Neo-Nazism – Communist Party of the Russian Federation". 2022-07-07. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ "СПРАВЕДЛИВАЯ РОССИЯ – ПАТРИОТЫ – ЗА ПРАВДУ - Своих не бросаем!". 2022-07-07. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ Sardana Avksentyeva (15 February 2022). Новые люди против войны [New People against war]. newpeople.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Новые люди" согласны, что миром проблему с Украиной не решить ["New people" agree that the Ukraine problem can't be solved by peace]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 24 February 2022.
- ^ Sardana Avksentyeva (22 April 2022). Сардана Авксентьева: Меня часто спрашивают – как вы относитесь к спецоперации. Попробую объяснить || Daily Moscow [I am often asked how I feel about the special operation. I'll try to explain].
- ^ "Елена Ульянова: Пора остановиться и договориться". rost.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
- ^ "Ксения Безуглова: Нам всем нужен мир". rost.ru. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
- ^ "О первоочередных шагах, направленных на прекращение гибели людей в российско-украинском конфликте". Партия Яблоко (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-10.
- ^ "НЕТ ***! ЗА МИР! Сбор подписей". Партия Яблоко (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-07-10.
- ^ https://digitaldem.ru/2021/09/20/partiya-prjamoj-demokratii-proshla-v-zaksobranije-eao/ Партия прямой демократии прошла в заксобрание Еврейской автономной области
- ^ "Список зарегистрированных политических партий - Минюст России". minjust.ru.
Further reading
- Gel′man, Vladimir (2013). Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy. CQ Press. pp. 273–289.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Hale, Henry E. (2006). Why Not Parties in Russia?: Democracy, Federalism, and the State. Cambridge University Press.
- Smyth, Regina (2012). Political parties. Routledge. pp. 115–128.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - White, Stephen (2013). Russia's Client Party System. CQ Press. pp. 306–330.
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External links
- Justice Ministry webpage about Russian political parties
- Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation webpage about Russian political parties
