Elizabeth II: Difference between revisions
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Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of [[Prince Albert, Duke of York]] (later King George VI), and his wife, [[Elizabeth, Duchess of York]] (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]. She was delivered at 02:40 ([[GMT]])<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33153 |date=21 April 1926 |page=1}}</ref> by [[Caesarean section]] at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 [[Bruton Street]] in [[Mayfair]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=103|Marr|2011|3p=76|Pimlott|2001|4pp=2–3|Lacey|2002|5pp=75–76|Roberts|2000|6p=74}} The [[Anglican]] [[Archbishop of York]], [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]], [[baptised]] her in the private chapel of [[Buckingham Palace]] on 29 May,{{sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2002|p=40}}{{Efn|name=baptism|Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] (her paternal great-granduncle); [[Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles]] (her paternal aunt); and [[Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone|Lady Elphinstone]] (her maternal aunt).{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=103|Hoey|2002|2p=40}}}} and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after [[Alexandra of Denmark|her paternal great-grandmother]], who had [[Death and funeral of Queen Alexandra|died six months earlier]]; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=103}} She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=12}} based on what she called herself at first.{{sfn|ps=none|Williamson|1987|p=205}} She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=15}} and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=56|Nicolson|1952|2p=433|Pimlott|2001|3pp=14–16}} |
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of [[Prince Albert, Duke of York]] (later King George VI), and his wife, [[Elizabeth, Duchess of York]] (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]. She was delivered at 02:40 ([[GMT]])<ref>{{London Gazette|mode=cs2 |issue=33153 |date=21 April 1926 |page=1}}</ref> by [[Caesarean section]] at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 [[Bruton Street]] in [[Mayfair]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=103|Marr|2011|3p=76|Pimlott|2001|4pp=2–3|Lacey|2002|5pp=75–76|Roberts|2000|6p=74}} The [[Anglican]] [[Archbishop of York]], [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]], [[baptised]] her in the private chapel of [[Buckingham Palace]] on 29 May,{{sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2002|p=40}}{{Efn|name=baptism|Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] (her paternal great-granduncle); [[Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles]] (her paternal aunt); and [[Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone|Lady Elphinstone]] (her maternal aunt).{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=103|Hoey|2002|2p=40}}}} and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after [[Alexandra of Denmark|her paternal great-grandmother]], who had [[Death and funeral of Queen Alexandra|died six months earlier]]; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=103}} She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=12}} based on what she called herself at first.{{sfn|ps=none|Williamson|1987|p=205}} She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=15}} and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=56|Nicolson|1952|2p=433|Pimlott|2001|3pp=14–16}} |
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Elizabeth's only sibling, [[Princess Margaret]], was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their [[governess]], [[Marion Crawford]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1p=26|Pimlott|2001|2p=20|Shawcross|2002|3p=21}} Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Lacey|2002|2pp=62–63|Pimlott|2001|3pp=24, 69}} Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled ''[[The Little Princesses]]'' in 1950, much to the dismay of the [[British royal family|royal family]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=108–110|Lacey|2002|2pp=159–161|Pimlott|2001|3pp=20, 163}} The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=108–110}} Others echoed such observations: [[Winston Churchill]] described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=105|Lacey|2002|2p=81|Shawcross|2002|3pp=21–22}} Her cousin [[Margaret Rhodes]] described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=105–106}} Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 [[Piccadilly]] (their [[town house]] in London) and [[Royal Lodge]] in Windsor.{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=14–34|Heald|2007|2pp=7–8|Warwick|2002|3pp=35–39}} |
Elizabeth's only sibling, [[Princess Margaret]], was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their [[governess]], [[Marion Crawford]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1p=26|Pimlott|2001|2p=20|Shawcross|2002|3p=21}} Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Lacey|2002|2pp=62–63|Pimlott|2001|3pp=24, 69}} Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled ''[[The Little Princesses]]'' in 1950, much to the dismay of the [[British royal family|royal family]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=108–110|Lacey|2002|2pp=159–161|Pimlott|2001|3pp=20, 163}} The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=108–110}} Others echoed such observations: [[Winston Churchill]] described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=105|Lacey|2002|2p=81|Shawcross|2002|3pp=21–22}} Her cousin [[Margaret Rhodes]] described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=105–106}} Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 [[Piccadilly]] (their [[town house]] in London) and [[Royal Lodge]] in Windsor.{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=14–34|Heald|2007|2pp=7–8|Warwick|2002|3pp=35–39}} |
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During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the [[line of succession to the British throne]], behind her uncle [[Edward VIII|Edward]] and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=8|Lacey|2002|2p=76|Pimlott|2001|3p=3}} When [[Death and state funeral of George V|her grandfather died]] in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated]], after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite [[Wallis Simpson]] provoked a [[constitutional crisis]].{{sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|pp=97–98}} Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the [[regnal name]] George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became [[heir presumptive]]. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been [[heir apparent]] and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the [[male-preference primogeniture]] in effect at the time.{{sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=78, 85|Pimlott|2001|2pp=71–73}} |
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the [[line of succession to the British throne]], behind her uncle [[Edward VIII|Edward]] and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=8|Lacey|2002|2p=76|Pimlott|2001|3p=3}} When [[Death and state funeral of George V|her grandfather died]] in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated]], after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite [[Wallis Simpson]] provoked a [[constitutional crisis]].{{sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|pp=97–98}} Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the [[regnal name]] George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became [[heir presumptive]]. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been [[heir apparent]] and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the [[male-preference primogeniture]] in effect at the time.{{sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=78, 85|Pimlott|2001|2pp=71–73}} |
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Elizabeth received private tuition in [[constitutional history]] from [[Henry Marten (educator)|Henry Marten]], [[List of provosts of Eton College|Vice-Provost]] of [[Eton College]],{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Crawford|1950|2p=85|Lacey|2002|3p=112|Marr|2011|4p=88|Pimlott|2001|5p=51|Shawcross|2002|6p=25}} and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.<ref name="Edu">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education |url=https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507231247/https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> A [[Girl Guides]] company, the [[1st Buckingham Palace Company]], was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.{{sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1p=84|Pimlott|2001|2p=47}} Later, she was enrolled as a [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Sea Ranger]].<ref name="Edu" /> |
Elizabeth received private tuition in [[constitutional history]] from [[Henry Marten (educator)|Henry Marten]], [[List of provosts of Eton College|Vice-Provost]] of [[Eton College]],{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Crawford|1950|2p=85|Lacey|2002|3p=112|Marr|2011|4p=88|Pimlott|2001|5p=51|Shawcross|2002|6p=25}} and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.<ref name="Edu">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education |url=https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507231247/https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> A [[Girl Guides]] company, the [[1st Buckingham Palace Company]], was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.{{sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1p=84|Pimlott|2001|2p=47}} Later, she was enrolled as a [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Sea Ranger]].<ref name="Edu" /> |
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In 1939, Elizabeth's parents [[1939 royal tour of Canada|toured Canada]] and the United States. As in 1927, when they had [[Royal tours of Australia#1927|toured Australia]] and [[Royal visits to New Zealand#1951–2000|New Zealand]], Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}} She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} They corresponded regularly,{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} and she and her parents made the first royal [[transatlantic telephone]] call on 18 May.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}} |
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents [[1939 royal tour of Canada|toured Canada]] and the United States. As in 1927, when they had [[Royal tours of Australia#1927|toured Australia]] and [[Royal visits to New Zealand#1951–2000|New Zealand]], Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}} She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} They corresponded regularly,{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} and she and her parents made the first royal [[transatlantic telephone]] call on 18 May.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}} |
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=== Second World War === |
=== Second World War === |
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[[File:Hrh Princess Elizabeth in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, April 1945 TR2832.jpg|thumb|right|In [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]] uniform, April 1945]] |
[[File:Hrh Princess Elizabeth in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, April 1945 TR2832.jpg|thumb|right|In [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]] uniform, April 1945]] |
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In September 1939, [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|Britain entered the Second World War]]. [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|Lord Hailsham]] suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] to Canada to avoid the frequent [[Aerial bombing of cities|aerial bombings]] of London by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''.{{sfn|ps=none|Warwick|2002|page=102}} This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=21 December 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507183311/https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> The princesses stayed at [[Balmoral Castle]], Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to [[Sandringham House]], Norfolk.{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=104–114|Pimlott|2001|2pp=56–57}} From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to [[Windsor Castle]], where they lived for most of the next five years.{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=114–119|Pimlott|2001|2p=57}} At Windsor, the princesses staged [[pantomime]]s at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought [[yarn]] to knit into military garments.{{sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|pp=137–141}} In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Children's Hour]]'', addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.<ref name="CH">{{Cite web |date=13 October 1940 |title=Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053143/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=22 July 2009 |website=BBC Archive}}</ref> She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."<ref name="CH" /> |
In September 1939, [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|Britain entered the Second World War]]. [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|Lord Hailsham]] suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] to Canada to avoid the frequent [[Aerial bombing of cities|aerial bombings]] of London by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''.{{sfn|ps=none|Warwick|2002|page=102}} This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=21 December 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507183311/https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |archive-date=7 May 2016 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The princesses stayed at [[Balmoral Castle]], Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to [[Sandringham House]], Norfolk.{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=104–114|Pimlott|2001|2pp=56–57}} From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to [[Windsor Castle]], where they lived for most of the next five years.{{sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=114–119|Pimlott|2001|2p=57}} At Windsor, the princesses staged [[pantomime]]s at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought [[yarn]] to knit into military garments.{{sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|pp=137–141}} In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Children's Hour]]'', addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.<ref name="CH">{{Cite web |date=13 October 1940 |title=Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053143/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=22 July 2009 |website=BBC Archive |mode=cs2}}</ref> She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."<ref name="CH" /> |
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In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the [[Grenadier Guards]], of which she had been appointed [[colonel]] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early public life |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328170101/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=20 April 2010 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five [[counsellors of state]] in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=71}} In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary [[Auxiliary Territorial Service#Ranks|second subaltern]] in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the [[service number]] 230873.<ref>{{London Gazette |nolink=y |issue=36973 |date=6 March 1945 |page=1315 |supp=y}}</ref> She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] at the time) five months later.<ref>{{ |
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the [[Grenadier Guards]], of which she had been appointed [[colonel]] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early public life |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328170101/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=20 April 2010 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five [[counsellors of state]] in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=71}} In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary [[Auxiliary Territorial Service#Ranks|second subaltern]] in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the [[service number]] 230873.<ref>{{London Gazette |nolink=y |issue=36973 |date=6 March 1945 |page=1315 |supp=y |mode=cs2}}</ref> She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] at the time) five months later.<ref>{{multiref|{{Harvnb|Bradford|2012|p=45}}; {{Harvnb|Lacey|2002|p=148}}; {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=100}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=75}}; | {{London Gazette |nolink=y |issue=37205 |date=31 July 1945 |page=3972 |supp=y |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite magazine |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=25 May 2018 |title=The World War II Auto Mechanic in This Photo Is Queen Elizabeth II. Here's the Story Behind the Picture |magazine=Time |url=http://time.com/5287517/world-war-ii-queen-elizabeth-photo |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155138/https://time.com/5287517/world-war-ii-queen-elizabeth-photo/ |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Barr |first=Sabrina |date=22 April 2020 |title=Our Queen at War: Princess Elizabeth's role in the British armed forces during the Second World War |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-birthday-second-world-war-mechanic-driver-princess-ats-a9473351.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914230115/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-birthday-second-world-war-mechanic-driver-princess-ats-a9473351.html |archive-date=14 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> |
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[[File:Special Film Project 186 - Buckingham Palace 2.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, [[8 May 1945]]]] |
[[File:Special Film Project 186 - Buckingham Palace 2.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, [[8 May 1945]]]] |
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At the end of the war in Europe, on [[Victory in Europe Day]], Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down [[Whitehall]], all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Pimlott|2001|2p=79}} |
At the end of the war in Europe, on [[Victory in Europe Day]], Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down [[Whitehall]], all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Pimlott|2001|2p=79}} |
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During the war, plans were drawn to quell [[Welsh nationalism]] by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of [[Caernarfon Castle]] or a patron of [[Urdd Gobaith Cymru]] (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with [[conscientious objector]]s in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2005 |title=Royal plans to beat nationalism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208181209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> Welsh politicians suggested she be made [[Princess of Wales]] on her 18th birthday. [[Home Secretary]] [[Herbert Morrison]] supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a [[Prince of Wales]] and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=71–73}} In 1946, she was inducted into [[Gorsedd Cymru|the Gorsedd of Bards]] at the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorsedd of the Bards |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518203811/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=National Museum of Wales}}</ref> |
During the war, plans were drawn to quell [[Welsh nationalism]] by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of [[Caernarfon Castle]] or a patron of [[Urdd Gobaith Cymru]] (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with [[conscientious objector]]s in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2005 |title=Royal plans to beat nationalism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |url-status=live |access-date=15 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208181209/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Welsh politicians suggested she be made [[Princess of Wales]] on her 18th birthday. [[Home Secretary]] [[Herbert Morrison]] supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a [[Prince of Wales]] and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=71–73}} In 1946, she was inducted into [[Gorsedd Cymru|the Gorsedd of Bards]] at the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorsedd of the Bards |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518203811/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=National Museum of Wales |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the [[British Commonwealth]] on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 April 1947 |title=A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191402/https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> The oft-quoted speech was written by [[Dermot Morrah]], a journalist for ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name="Oldie">{{Cite web |last=Utley |first=Charles |date=June 2017 |title=My grandfather wrote the Princess's speech |url=https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531074419/https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=The Oldie}}</ref> |
Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the [[British Commonwealth]] on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 April 1947 |title=A speech by the Queen on her 21st birthday |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191402/https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The oft-quoted speech was written by [[Dermot Morrah]], a journalist for ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name="Oldie">{{Cite web |last=Utley |first=Charles |date=June 2017 |title=My grandfather wrote the Princess's speech |url=https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531074419/https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=The Oldie |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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=== Marriage === |
=== Marriage === |
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Elizabeth met her future husband, [[Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark]], in 1934 and again in 1937.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=132–139|Lacey|2002|2pp=124–125|Pimlott|2001|3p=86}} They were [[Cousin#Cousin chart|second cousins once removed]] through [[King Christian IX of Denmark]] and third cousins through [[Queen Victoria]]. After meeting for the third time at the [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Brandreth|2004|2pp=132–136, 166–169|Lacey|2002|3pp=119, 126, 135}} She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.{{sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=77}} |
Elizabeth met her future husband, [[Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark]], in 1934 and again in 1937.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=132–139|Lacey|2002|2pp=124–125|Pimlott|2001|3p=86}} They were [[Cousin#Cousin chart|second cousins once removed]] through [[King Christian IX of Denmark]] and third cousins through [[Queen Victoria]]. After meeting for the third time at the [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Brandreth|2004|2pp=132–136, 166–169|Lacey|2002|3pp=119, 126, 135}} She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.{{sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=77}} |
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The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a [[British subject]] who had served in the [[Royal Navy]] throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with [[Nazi]] links.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=31 October 2000 |title=The Real Prince Philip |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209095416/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-date=9 February 2010 |access-date=23 September 2009 |publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref> Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."{{sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|p=180}} Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "[[Hun (pejorative)|the Hun]]".<ref>{{ |
The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a [[British subject]] who had served in the [[Royal Navy]] throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with [[Nazi]] links.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=31 October 2000 |title=The Real Prince Philip |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209095416/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-date=9 February 2010 |access-date=23 September 2009 |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."{{sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|p=180}} Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "[[Hun (pejorative)|the Hun]]".<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=20 April 2006 |title=Philip, the one constant through her life |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 |mode=cs2}};{{cbignore}} | {{Harvnb|Brandreth|2004|p=314}}}}</ref> In later life, however, she told the biographer [[Tim Heald]] that Philip was "an English gentleman".{{sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=xviii}} |
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[[File:Huwelijk Prinses Elisabeth, Bestanddeelnr 902-4693 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947]] |
[[File:Huwelijk Prinses Elisabeth, Bestanddeelnr 902-4693 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947]] |
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Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from [[Greek Orthodoxy]] to [[Anglicanism]], and adopted the style ''Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten'', taking [[Mountbatten family|the surname of his mother's British family]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1pp=55–56|Pimlott|2001|2pp=101, 137}} Shortly before the wedding, he was created [[Duke of Edinburgh]] and granted the style ''His Royal Highness''.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y| issue=38128|page=5495| date=21 November 1947}}</ref> Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.<ref name="news1">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2007 |title=60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203033258/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> Elizabeth required [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|ration coupons]] to buy the material for [[Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|her gown]] (which was designed by [[Norman Hartnell]]) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=58|Pimlott|2001|2pp=133–134}} In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=59|Petropoulos|2006|2p=363}} Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=61}} |
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from [[Greek Orthodoxy]] to [[Anglicanism]], and adopted the style ''Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten'', taking [[Mountbatten family|the surname of his mother's British family]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1pp=55–56|Pimlott|2001|2pp=101, 137}} Shortly before the wedding, he was created [[Duke of Edinburgh]] and granted the style ''His Royal Highness''.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y| issue=38128|page=5495| date=21 November 1947 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.<ref name="news1">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2007 |title=60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203033258/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth required [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|ration coupons]] to buy the material for [[Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|her gown]] (which was designed by [[Norman Hartnell]]) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=58|Pimlott|2001|2pp=133–134}} In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=59|Petropoulos|2006|2p=363}} Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=61}} |
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Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, [[Charles III|Charles]], in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued [[Letters patent (United Kingdom)|letters patent]] allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.<ref>{{ |
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, [[Charles III|Charles]], in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued [[Letters patent (United Kingdom)|letters patent]] allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.<ref>{{multiref|Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; | {{Harvnb|Hoey|2002|pp=69–70}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=155–156}}}}</ref> A second child, [[Princess Anne]], was born in August 1950.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=163}} |
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Following their wedding, the couple leased [[Windlesham Moor]], near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,<ref name="news1" /> when they took up residence at [[Clarence House]] in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British [[Crown Colony of Malta]] as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Gwardamanġa]], at [[Villa Guardamangia]], the rented home of Philip's uncle, [[Lord Mountbatten]]. Their two children remained in Britain.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=226–238|Pimlott|2001|2pp=145, 159–163, 167}} |
Following their wedding, the couple leased [[Windlesham Moor]], near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,<ref name="news1" /> when they took up residence at [[Clarence House]] in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British [[Crown Colony of Malta]] as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Gwardamanġa]], at [[Villa Guardamangia]], the rented home of Philip's uncle, [[Lord Mountbatten]]. Their two children remained in Britain.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=226–238|Pimlott|2001|2pp=145, 159–163, 167}} |
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As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and [[Harry S. Truman]] in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary [[Martin Charteris]] carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=240–241|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=169–172}} In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, [[Sagana Lodge]], after a night spent at [[Treetops Hotel]], when word arrived of [[Death and state funeral of George VI|the death]] of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=245–247|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=173–176|Shawcross|2002|4p=16}} She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,{{sfnm|ps=none|1a1=Bousfield|1a2=Toffoli|1y=2002|1p=72|Bradford|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3p=179|Shawcross|2002|4p=17}} and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.{{sfn|ps=none|Mitchell|2003|page=113}} She was [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II|proclaimed queen]] throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=178–179}} Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=186–187}} |
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and [[Harry S. Truman]] in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary [[Martin Charteris]] carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=240–241|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=169–172}} In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, [[Sagana Lodge]], after a night spent at [[Treetops Hotel]], when word arrived of [[Death and state funeral of George VI|the death]] of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=245–247|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=173–176|Shawcross|2002|4p=16}} She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,{{sfnm|ps=none|1a1=Bousfield|1a2=Toffoli|1y=2002|1p=72|Bradford|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3p=179|Shawcross|2002|4p=17}} and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.{{sfn|ps=none|Mitchell|2003|page=113}} She was [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II|proclaimed queen]] throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=178–179}} Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=186–187}} |
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With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the [[royal house]] would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for ''House of Mountbatten'', and Philip suggested ''House of Edinburgh'', after his ducal title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soames |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Soames |date=1 June 2012 |title=Emma Soames: As Churchills we're proud to do our duty |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602100737/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the [[House of Windsor]]. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be ''Windsor''. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=80|Brandreth|2004|2pp=253–254|Lacey|2002|3pp=172–173|Pimlott|2001|4pp=183–185}} In 1960, the surname ''[[Mountbatten-Windsor]]'' was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=297–298}}<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y| issue=41948 |supp=y|page=1003| date=5 February 1960}}</ref> |
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the [[royal house]] would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for ''House of Mountbatten'', and Philip suggested ''House of Edinburgh'', after his ducal title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soames |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Soames |date=1 June 2012 |title=Emma Soames: As Churchills we're proud to do our duty |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602100737/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the [[House of Windsor]]. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be ''Windsor''. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=80|Brandreth|2004|2pp=253–254|Lacey|2002|3pp=172–173|Pimlott|2001|4pp=183–185}} In 1960, the surname ''[[Mountbatten-Windsor]]'' was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=297–298}}<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y| issue=41948 |supp=y|page=1003| date=5 February 1960 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry [[Peter Townsend (RAF officer)|Peter Townsend]], a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her [[Private Secretary to the Sovereign|private secretary]], "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=269–271}} Senior politicians were against the match and the [[Church of England]] did not permit [[remarriage]] after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a [[civil marriage]], she would have been expected to renounce her [[right of succession]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=269–271|Lacey|2002|2pp=193–194|Pimlott|2001|3pp=201, 236–238}} Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=271|Lacey|2002|3p=194|Pimlott|2001|4p=238|Shawcross|2002|5p=146}} In 1960, she married [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon|Antony Armstrong-Jones]], who was created [[Earl of Snowdon]] the following year. They were divorced in 1978. She did not remarry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Margaret: Marriage and family |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106225052/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> |
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry [[Peter Townsend (RAF officer)|Peter Townsend]], a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her [[Private Secretary to the Sovereign|private secretary]], "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=269–271}} Senior politicians were against the match and the [[Church of England]] did not permit [[remarriage]] after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a [[civil marriage]], she would have been expected to renounce her [[right of succession]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=269–271|Lacey|2002|2pp=193–194|Pimlott|2001|3pp=201, 236–238}} Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=271|Lacey|2002|3p=194|Pimlott|2001|4p=238|Shawcross|2002|5p=146}} In 1960, she married [[Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon|Antony Armstrong-Jones]], who was created [[Earl of Snowdon]] the following year. They were divorced in 1978. She did not remarry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Margaret: Marriage and family |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106225052/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Despite the [[Death and funeral of Queen Mary|death of Queen Mary]] on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=82}} The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the [[anointing]] and [[Eucharist|communion]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2003 |title=50 facts about The Queen's Coronation |url=https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207234935/https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref>{{efn|name=television|Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licences in the United Kingdom]] doubled to 3{{spaces}}million,{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=207}} and many of the more than 20{{spaces}}million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.{{sfnm|ps=none|Briggs|1995|1pp=420 {{Wikt-lang|en|ff.}}|Pimlott|2001|2p=207|Roberts|2000|3p=82}} In North America, almost 100{{spaces}}million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.{{sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|p=182}}}} On Elizabeth's instruction, [[Coronation gown of Elizabeth II|her coronation gown]] was embroidered with the [[floral emblem]]s of Commonwealth countries.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=190|Pimlott|2001|2pp=247–248}} |
Despite the [[Death and funeral of Queen Mary|death of Queen Mary]] on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=82}} The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the [[anointing]] and [[Eucharist|communion]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2003 |title=50 facts about The Queen's Coronation |url=https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207234935/https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref>{{efn|name=television|Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of [[Television licensing in the United Kingdom|television licences in the United Kingdom]] doubled to 3{{spaces}}million,{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=207}} and many of the more than 20{{spaces}}million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.{{sfnm|ps=none|Briggs|1995|1pp=420 {{Wikt-lang|en|ff.}}|Pimlott|2001|2p=207|Roberts|2000|3p=82}} In North America, almost 100{{spaces}}million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.{{sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|p=182}}}} On Elizabeth's instruction, [[Coronation gown of Elizabeth II|her coronation gown]] was embroidered with the [[floral emblem]]s of Commonwealth countries.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=190|Pimlott|2001|2pp=247–248}} |
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=== Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth === |
=== Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth === |
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{{further|Commonwealth realm#From the accession of Elizabeth II}} |
{{further|Commonwealth realm#From the accession of Elizabeth II}} |
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[[File:British Empire in February 1952.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|Elizabeth's realms]] (light red and pink) and their territories and [[protectorate]]s (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952]] |
[[File:British Empire in February 1952.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|Elizabeth's realms]] (light red and pink) and their territories and [[protectorate]]s (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952]] |
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From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the [[British Empire]] continued its transformation into the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{sfn|ps=none|Marr|2011|p=272}} By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=182}} In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than {{convert|40000|mi|km}} by land, sea and air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commonwealth: Gifts to the Queen |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301123708/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |publisher=[[Royal Collection Trust]]}}</ref> She became the first reigning [[monarch of Australia]] and [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]] to visit those nations.<ref>{{ |
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the [[British Empire]] continued its transformation into the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{sfn|ps=none|Marr|2011|p=272}} By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=182}} In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than {{convert|40000|mi|km}} by land, sea and air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commonwealth: Gifts to the Queen |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301123708/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |publisher=[[Royal Collection Trust]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> She became the first reigning [[monarch of Australia]] and [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]] to visit those nations.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite web |date=13 October 2015 |title=Australia: Royal visits |url=https://www.royal.uk/australia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201044226/https://www.royal.uk/australia |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |title=New Zealand: Royal visits |newspaper=The Royal Family |date=22 December 2015 |url=https://www.royal.uk/new-zealand |publisher=Royal Household |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322052936/https://www.royal.uk/new-zealand |url-status=live|last1=Vallance |first1=Adam }}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=126}}}}</ref> During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=278|Marr|2011|2p=126|Pimlott|2001|3p=224|Shawcross|2002|4p=59}} Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to other countries and [[List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II|tours of the Commonwealth]]; she was the most widely travelled [[head of state]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Sophie |date=11 May 2012 |title=Queen's Diamond Jubilee: Sixty years of royal tours |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/Queens-Diamond-Jubilee-sixty-years-of-royal-tours |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 February 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/ZsXhc |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, [[Sir Anthony Eden]] and [[Guy Mollet]], discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the [[Treaty of Rome]], which established the [[European Economic Community]], the precursor to the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomson |first=Mike |date=15 January 2007 |title=When Britain and France nearly married |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123072141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |archive-date=23 January 2009}}</ref> In November 1956, Britain and France [[Suez Crisis|invaded Egypt]] in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the [[Suez Canal]]. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=255|Roberts|2000|2p=84}} |
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, [[Sir Anthony Eden]] and [[Guy Mollet]], discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the [[Treaty of Rome]], which established the [[European Economic Community]], the precursor to the [[European Union]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomson |first=Mike |date=15 January 2007 |title=When Britain and France nearly married |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123072141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |archive-date=23 January 2009 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In November 1956, Britain and France [[Suez Crisis|invaded Egypt]] in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the [[Suez Canal]]. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=255|Roberts|2000|2p=84}} |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume|With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Commonwealth Conference]]]] |
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume|With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Commonwealth Conference]]]] |
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The governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to [[Kissing hands|commission to form a government]] following Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], the [[lord president of the council]]. Lord Salisbury and [[Lord Kilmuir]], the [[lord chancellor]], consulted the [[British Cabinet]], Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench [[1922 Committee]], resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: [[Harold Macmillan]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=175–176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=256–260|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} |
The governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to [[Kissing hands|commission to form a government]] following Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], the [[lord president of the council]]. Lord Salisbury and [[Lord Kilmuir]], the [[lord chancellor]], consulted the [[British Cabinet]], Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench [[1922 Committee]], resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: [[Harold Macmillan]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=175–176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=256–260|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} |
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The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=199|Shawcross|2002|2p=75}} [[John Grigg (writer)|Lord Altrincham]] accused her of being "out of touch".<ref>{{ |
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=199|Shawcross|2002|2p=75}} [[John Grigg (writer)|Lord Altrincham]] accused her of being "out of touch".<ref>{{multiref| Altrincham in ''[[National Review (London)|National Review]]'', quoted by | {{Harvnb|Brandreth|2004|p=374}}; {{Harvnb|Roberts|2000|p=83}}}}</ref> Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=374|Pimlott|2001|2pp=280–281|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint [[Alec Douglas-Home]] as the prime minister, advice she followed.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=22|Pimlott|2001|2pp=324–335|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=22|Pimlott|2001|2pp=324–335|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.{{sfn|ps=none|Roberts|2000|p=84}} |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip sit on thrones before a full Parliament.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Seated with Philip on thrones at the [[Canadian parliament]], 1957]] |
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip sit on thrones before a full Parliament.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Seated with Philip on thrones at the [[Canadian parliament]], 1957]] |
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In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the [[23rd Canadian Parliament]], becoming the first [[monarch of Canada]] to open a parliamentary session.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |title=Queen and Canada: Royal visits |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504150511/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=Royal Household}}</ref> Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.<ref name="Canada" />{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=114}} In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=303|Shawcross|2002|2p=83}} On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President [[Kwame Nkrumah]], who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.{{sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed '[[Speech to the Troops at Tilbury|the heart and stomach of a man]]' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."{{sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Before her tour through parts of [[Quebec]] in 1964, the press reported extremists within the [[Quebec separatist movement]] were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubois |first=Paul |date=12 October 1964 |title=Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday |page=1 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |archive-date=23 January 2021}}</ref> No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in [[Montreal]]; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.{{sfn|ps=none|Bousfield|Toffoli|2002|p=139}} |
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the [[23rd Canadian Parliament]], becoming the first [[monarch of Canada]] to open a parliamentary session.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |title=Queen and Canada: Royal visits |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504150511/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref> Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.<ref name="Canada" />{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=114}} In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=303|Shawcross|2002|2p=83}} On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President [[Kwame Nkrumah]], who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.{{sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed '[[Speech to the Troops at Tilbury|the heart and stomach of a man]]' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."{{sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Before her tour through parts of [[Quebec]] in 1964, the press reported extremists within the [[Quebec separatist movement]] were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubois |first=Paul |date=12 October 1964 |title=Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday |page=1 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |url-status=live |access-date=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in [[Montreal]]; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.{{sfn|ps=none|Bousfield|Toffoli|2002|p=139}} |
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Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=Royal Family tree and line of succession |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311001051/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |archive-date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y |issue=43268 |date=11 March 1964 |page=2255}}</ref> |
Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=Royal Family tree and line of succession |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311001051/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|mode=cs2 |issue=43268 |date=11 March 1964 |page=2255}}</ref> |
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On 21 October 1966, the [[Aberfan disaster]] in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a [[colliery]] [[spoil tip]] collapsed, engulfing [[Pantglas Junior School]] and the surrounding houses in the village. The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2022 |title=Aberfan disaster: The Queen's regret after tragedy |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |archive-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=How filming the agony of Aberfan for The Crown revealed a village still in trauma |url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221000005/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> |
On 21 October 1966, the [[Aberfan disaster]] in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a [[colliery]] [[spoil tip]] collapsed, engulfing [[Pantglas Junior School]] and the surrounding houses in the village. The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2022 |title=Aberfan disaster: The Queen's regret after tragedy |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=How filming the agony of Aberfan for The Crown revealed a village still in trauma |url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221000005/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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=== Acceleration of decolonisation === |
=== Acceleration of decolonisation === |
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The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, [[Ian Smith]], in opposition to moves towards [[majority rule]], [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "[[Queen of Rhodesia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |date=18 August 2019 |title=As The Crown returns, watch out for these milestones |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704002344/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |archive-date=4 July 2021}}</ref> Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=66|Pimlott|2001|2pp=345–354}} As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the [[European Community]], a goal it [[Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities|achieved in 1973]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1pp=123, 154, 176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=301, 315–316, 415–417}} |
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, [[Ian Smith]], in opposition to moves towards [[majority rule]], [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "[[Queen of Rhodesia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |date=18 August 2019 |title=As The Crown returns, watch out for these milestones |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704002344/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |archive-date=4 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=66|Pimlott|2001|2pp=345–354}} As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the [[European Community]], a goal it [[Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities|achieved in 1973]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1pp=123, 154, 176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=301, 315–316, 415–417}} |
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Elizabeth toured [[Yugoslavia]] in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a [[communist country]].{{sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2022|page=58}} She was received at the airport by President [[Josip Broz Tito]], and a crowd of thousands greeted her in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1972 |title=Big Crowds in Belgrade Greet Queen Elizabeth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> |
Elizabeth toured [[Yugoslavia]] in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a [[communist country]].{{sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2022|page=58}} She was received at the airport by President [[Josip Broz Tito]], and a crowd of thousands greeted her in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1972 |title=Big Crowds in Belgrade Greet Queen Elizabeth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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In February 1974, the British prime minister, [[Edward Heath]], advised Elizabeth to call [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|a general election]] in the middle of her tour of the [[Austronesia]]n [[Pacific Rim]], requiring her to fly back to Britain.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Pimlott|2001|2p=418}} The election resulted in a [[hung parliament]]; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]]. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister, and Elizabeth asked the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Harold Wilson]], to form a government.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Marr|2011|2p=256|Pimlott|2001|3p=419|Shawcross|2002|4pp=109–110}} |
In February 1974, the British prime minister, [[Edward Heath]], advised Elizabeth to call [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|a general election]] in the middle of her tour of the [[Austronesia]]n [[Pacific Rim]], requiring her to fly back to Britain.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Pimlott|2001|2p=418}} The election resulted in a [[hung parliament]]; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]]. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister, and Elizabeth asked the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Harold Wilson]], to form a government.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Marr|2011|2p=256|Pimlott|2001|3p=419|Shawcross|2002|4pp=109–110}} |
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In 1977, Elizabeth marked the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver Jubilee]] of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with [[List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|her associated national and Commonwealth tours]]. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, [[Lord Snowdon]].{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=449}} In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s communist leader, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], and his wife, [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]],{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=137|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89|Shawcross|2002|3p=178}} though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".<ref>Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|p=178}}</ref> The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of [[Anthony Blunt]], former [[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]], as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1pp=336–337, 470–471|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89}} |
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver Jubilee]] of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with [[List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|her associated national and Commonwealth tours]]. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, [[Lord Snowdon]].{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=449}} In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s communist leader, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], and his wife, [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]],{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=137|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89|Shawcross|2002|3p=178}} though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".<ref>Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|p=178}}</ref> The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of [[Anthony Blunt]], former [[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]], as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1pp=336–337, 470–471|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89}} |
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According to [[Paul Martin Sr.]], by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried [[the Crown]] "had little meaning for" [[Pierre Trudeau]], the Canadian prime minister.<ref name="Post" /> [[Tony Benn]] said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".<ref name="Post">{{Cite news |last=Heinricks |first=Geoff |date=29 September 2000 |title=Trudeau: A drawer monarchist |page=B12 |work=[[National Post]] |location=Toronto}}</ref> Trudeau's supposed [[Republicanism in Canada|republicanism]] seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various [[Canadian royal symbols]] during his term of office.<ref name="Post" /> In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the [[patriation]] of the [[Canadian constitution]] found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".<ref name="Post" /> She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.<ref name="Post" /> |
According to [[Paul Martin Sr.]], by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried [[the Crown]] "had little meaning for" [[Pierre Trudeau]], the Canadian prime minister.<ref name="Post" /> [[Tony Benn]] said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".<ref name="Post">{{Cite news |last=Heinricks |first=Geoff |date=29 September 2000 |title=Trudeau: A drawer monarchist |page=B12 |work=[[National Post]] |location=Toronto |mode=cs2}}</ref> Trudeau's supposed [[Republicanism in Canada|republicanism]] seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various [[Canadian royal symbols]] during his term of office.<ref name="Post" /> In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the [[patriation]] of the [[Canadian constitution]] found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".<ref name="Post" /> She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.<ref name="Post" /> |
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=== Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership === |
=== Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership === |
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[[File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse|Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony]] |
[[File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse|Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony]] |
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During the 1981 [[Trooping the Colour]] ceremony, six weeks before the [[wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer]], six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down [[The Mall, London]], on her horse, [[Burmese (horse)|Burmese]]. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, [[Marcus Sarjeant]], was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 1981 |title=Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=281|Pimlott|2001|2pp=476–477|Shawcross|2002|3p=192}} That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to [[Dunedin]], New Zealand. [[Christopher John Lewis]], who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a [[.22 rifle]] from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeilly |first=Hamish |date=1 March 2018 |title=Intelligence documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth in New Zealand |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183822/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with [[attempted murder]] or [[treason]] was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a [[psychiatric hospital]] with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]] and their son [[Prince William]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ainge Roy |first=Eleanor |date=13 January 2018 |title='Damn ... I missed': the incredible story of the day the Queen was nearly shot |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301120257/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> |
During the 1981 [[Trooping the Colour]] ceremony, six weeks before the [[wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer]], six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down [[The Mall, London]], on her horse, [[Burmese (horse)|Burmese]]. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, [[Marcus Sarjeant]], was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 1981 |title=Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=281|Pimlott|2001|2pp=476–477|Shawcross|2002|3p=192}} That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to [[Dunedin]], New Zealand. [[Christopher John Lewis]], who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a [[.22 rifle]] from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeilly |first=Hamish |date=1 March 2018 |title=Intelligence documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth in New Zealand |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183822/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |archive-date=26 June 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with [[attempted murder]] or [[treason]] was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a [[psychiatric hospital]] with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]] and their son [[Prince William]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ainge Roy |first=Eleanor |date=13 January 2018 |title='Damn ... I missed': the incredible story of the day the Queen was nearly shot |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |url-status=live |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301120257/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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[[File:President Ronald Reagan riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II during visit to Windsor Castle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.|Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982]] |
[[File:President Ronald Reagan riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II during visit to Windsor Castle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.|Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982]] |
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From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the [[Falklands War]], for which she reportedly felt anxiety{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=115|Pimlott|2001|2p=487}} and pride.{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=487|Shawcross|2002|2p=127}} On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, [[Michael Fagan (intruder)|Michael Fagan]], in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=297–298|Pimlott|2001|2p=491}} After hosting US president [[Ronald Reagan]] at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting [[Rancho del Cielo|his California ranch]] in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the [[United States invasion of Grenada|invasion of Grenada]], one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=188|Pimlott|2001|2p=497}} |
From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the [[Falklands War]], for which she reportedly felt anxiety{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=115|Pimlott|2001|2p=487}} and pride.{{sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=487|Shawcross|2002|2p=127}} On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, [[Michael Fagan (intruder)|Michael Fagan]], in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=297–298|Pimlott|2001|2p=491}} After hosting US president [[Ronald Reagan]] at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting [[Rancho del Cielo|his California ranch]] in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the [[United States invasion of Grenada|invasion of Grenada]], one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=188|Pimlott|2001|2p=497}} |
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Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' tabloid.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=488–490}} As [[Kelvin MacKenzie]], editor of ''The Sun'', told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=521}} Newspaper editor [[Donald Trelford]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'' of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Thatcherism#economicposition|economic policies]] fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, [[1981 England riots|a series of riots]], the violence of [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|a miners' strike]], and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide [[Michael Shea (diplomat)|Michael Shea]] and Commonwealth secretary-general [[Shridath Ramphal]], but Shea claimed his remarks were taken [[out of context]] and embellished by speculation.<ref>{{ |
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' tabloid.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=488–490}} As [[Kelvin MacKenzie]], editor of ''The Sun'', told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=521}} Newspaper editor [[Donald Trelford]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'' of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Thatcherism#economicposition|economic policies]] fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, [[1981 England riots|a series of riots]], the violence of [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|a miners' strike]], and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide [[Michael Shea (diplomat)|Michael Shea]] and Commonwealth secretary-general [[Shridath Ramphal]], but Shea claimed his remarks were taken [[out of context]] and embellished by speculation.<ref>{{multiref|{{Harvnb|Hardman|2011|pp=216–217}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=503–515}}; {{nowrap|see also}} | {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=195–207}}; {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=129–132}}}}</ref> Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]]—Thatcher's political opponents.<ref>{{multiref|Thatcher to [[Brian Walden]], quoted in {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=207}}; | Neil quoted in {{Harvnb|Wyatt|1999|loc= diary of 26 October 1990}}}}</ref> Thatcher's biographer, [[John Campbell (biographer)|John Campbell]], claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".{{sfn|ps=none|Campbell|2003|p=467}} Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=167, 171–173}} and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the [[Order of Merit]] and the [[Order of the Garter]]—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by [[John Major]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Roberts|2000|1p=101|Shawcross|2002|2p=139}} [[Brian Mulroney]], Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.<ref name="Geddes">{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |year=2012 |title=The day she descended into the fray |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |edition=Special Commemorative <!-- Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years --> |page=72 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="MacQueen">{{Cite magazine |last1=MacQueen |first1=Ken |last2=Treble |first2=Patricia |year=2012 |title=The Jewel in the Crown |magazine=Maclean's |edition=Special Commemorative <!-- Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years --> |pages=43–44 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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[[File:Christmas Card issued by H.R.H. Queen Elizabeth II (1987) (52344711248).jpg|thumb|right|With Philip and their four eldest grandchildren, 1987]] |
[[File:Christmas Card issued by H.R.H. Queen Elizabeth II (1987) (52344711248).jpg|thumb|right|With Philip and their four eldest grandchildren, 1987]] |
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In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen fulfills a Royal Goal: To visit China |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155118/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> The tour included the [[Forbidden City]], the [[Great Wall of China]], and the [[Terracotta Warriors]].{{sfn|ps=none|BBC Books|1991|page=181}} At a [[state banquet]], Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with [[Queen Elizabeth I]]'s letter to the [[Wanli Emperor]], and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2019|page=437}} Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that [[Handover of Hong Kong|sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred]] from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bogert |first=Carroll R. |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Arrives In Peking for 6-Day Visit |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> |
In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen fulfills a Royal Goal: To visit China |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155118/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The tour included the [[Forbidden City]], the [[Great Wall of China]], and the [[Terracotta Warriors]].{{sfn|ps=none|BBC Books|1991|page=181}} At a [[state banquet]], Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with [[Queen Elizabeth I]]'s letter to the [[Wanli Emperor]], and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2019|page=437}} Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that [[Handover of Hong Kong|sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred]] from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bogert |first=Carroll R. |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Arrives In Peking for 6-Day Visit |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=293–294|Pimlott|2001|2p=541}} The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show ''[[It's a Royal Knockout]]'' in 1987 was ridiculed.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1pp=82–83|Lacey|2002|2p=307|Pimlott|2001|3pp=522–526}} In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive [[Meech Lake Accord|constitutional amendments]], prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.<ref name=Geddes /> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|a military coup]]. As [[monarch of Fiji]], Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General [[Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau]] to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=515–516}} |
By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=293–294|Pimlott|2001|2p=541}} The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show ''[[It's a Royal Knockout]]'' in 1987 was ridiculed.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1pp=82–83|Lacey|2002|2p=307|Pimlott|2001|3pp=522–526}} In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive [[Meech Lake Accord|constitutional amendments]], prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.<ref name=Geddes /> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|a military coup]]. As [[monarch of Fiji]], Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General [[Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau]] to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=515–516}} |
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|alt=Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose|With Philip in Germany, October 1992]] |
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 199-1992-089-19Acropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|alt=Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose|With Philip in Germany, October 1992]] |
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On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the [[Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Ruby Jubilee]] of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her {{lang|la|[[annus horribilis]]}} (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=24 November 1992 |title=Annus horribilis speech |work=royal.uk |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191553/https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|Republican feeling in Britain]] had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace{{efn|name=finances|The ''[[Sunday Times Rich List 1989]]'' put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|5200000000|1989|r=-6}}}} in today's value),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} but it included state assets like the [[Royal Collection]] that were not hers personally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Rich List: Changing face of wealth |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106171208/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |archive-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".<ref>{{ |
On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the [[Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Ruby Jubilee]] of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her {{lang|la|[[annus horribilis]]}} (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=24 November 1992 |title=Annus horribilis speech |work=royal.uk |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191553/https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |archive-date=3 January 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|Republican feeling in Britain]] had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace{{efn|name=finances|The ''[[Sunday Times Rich List 1989]]'' put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|5200000000|1989|r=-6}}}} in today's value),{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|mode=cs2}} but it included state assets like the [[Royal Collection]] that were not hers personally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Rich List: Changing face of wealth |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106171208/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".<ref>{{multiref|[[David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie|Lord Airlie]], the [[lord chamberlain]], quoted in | {{Harvnb|Hoey|2002|p=225}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=561}}}}</ref> In 1971, [[Jock Colville]], her former private secretary and a director of her bank, [[Coutts]], estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|2000000|1971|1993|r=-6}}}} in 1993{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y|mode=cs2}}).<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=11 June 1971 |title=£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate' |page=1 |work=[[The Times]] |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=401}}}}</ref> }}—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=519–534}} In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, [[Sarah, Duchess of York|Sarah]], and [[Mauritius (1968–1992)|Mauritius]] removed Elizabeth as [[Queen of Mauritius|head of state]]; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain [[Mark Phillips]] in April;{{sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=319|Marr|2011|2p=315|Pimlott|2001|3pp=550–551}} angry demonstrators in [[Dresden]] threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stanglin |first=Douglas |date=18 March 2010 |title=German study concludes 25,000 died in Allied bombing of Dresden |work=[[USA Today]] |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1 |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515131113/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1 |archive-date=15 May 2010 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and [[1992 Windsor Castle fire|a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle]], one of her [[official residence]]s, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=377|Pimlott|2001|2pp=558–559|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=204}} In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=377}} Two days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying [[income tax]] from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the [[civil list]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=229|Lacey|2002|2pp=325–326|Pimlott|2001|3pp=559–561}} In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=226|Hardman|2011|2p=96|Lacey|2002|3p=328|Pimlott|2001|4p=561}} At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued ''The Sun'' newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her [[Royal Christmas Message|annual Christmas message]] two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=562}} Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against ''The Sun'' five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law, the Duchess of York, and her granddaughter [[Princess Beatrice]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 1993 |title=Queen Threatens to Sue Newspaper |work=Associated Press News |location=London |url=https://apnews.com/article/5b6c71ab1ca6e966a27db134c49909ec |url-status=live |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407111152/https://apnews.com/article/5b6c71ab1ca6e966a27db134c49909ec |archive-date=7 April 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the [[scaphoid bone]] in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 1994 |title=Queen Breaks Wrist in Riding Accident |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/cf58eee09036d3885bc872e5662ff027 |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831195506/https://apnews.com/article/cf58eee09036d3885bc872e5662ff027 |archive-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.{{efn|name=russia|The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by [[King Edward VII]] in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met [[Nicholas II]] on [[royal yacht]]s off the Baltic port of what is now [[Tallinn]], Estonia.<ref>{{ |
In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the [[scaphoid bone]] in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 1994 |title=Queen Breaks Wrist in Riding Accident |work=Associated Press News |url=https://apnews.com/article/cf58eee09036d3885bc872e5662ff027 |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831195506/https://apnews.com/article/cf58eee09036d3885bc872e5662ff027 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.{{efn|name=russia|The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by [[King Edward VII]] in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met [[Nicholas II]] on [[royal yacht]]s off the Baltic port of what is now [[Tallinn]], Estonia.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=15 July 1994 |title=Elizabeth II to visit Russia in October |page=2 |work=Evansville Press |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97450734/queen-russia/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97450734/queen-russia/ |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Tomaszewski|2002|page=22}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sloane |first=Wendy |date=19 October 1994 |title=Not all's forgiven as queen tours a czarless Russia |work=The Christian Science Monitor |location=Moscow |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/1019/19092.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905181532/https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/1019/19092.html |archive-date=5 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> During the [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|four-day visit]], which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 1994 |title=British queen in Moscow |work=United Press International |location=Moscow |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/17/British-queen-in-Moscow/3900782366400/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312020810/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/17/British-queen-in-Moscow/3900782366400/ |archive-date=12 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> she and Philip attended events in Moscow and [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |date=15 October 1994 |title=Queen's Visit: Lifting the Clouds of the Past |work=Moscow Times |mode=cs2}}</ref>}} In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a [[hoax call]] by Montreal radio host [[Pierre Brassard]] impersonating Canadian prime minister [[Jean Chrétien]]. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence [[1995 Quebec referendum|Quebec's referendum]] on proposals to break away from Canada.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=29 October 1995 |title=Allo! Allo! Ici the Queen. Who's This? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/allo-allo-ici-the-queen-who-s-this.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/allo-allo-ici-the-queen-who-s-this.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |title=Queen falls victim to radio hoaxer |date=28 October 1995 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/queen-falls-victim-to-radio-hoaxer-1579745.html |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603193700/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/queen-falls-victim-to-radio-hoaxer-1579745.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |url-status=live}}}}</ref> |
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In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=356|Pimlott|2001|2pp=572–577|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=168}} In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] ([[George Carey]]) and her private secretary ([[Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes|Robert Fellowes]]), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=357|Pimlott|2001|2p=577}} |
In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=356|Pimlott|2001|2pp=572–577|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=168}} In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] ([[George Carey]]) and her private secretary ([[Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes|Robert Fellowes]]), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=357|Pimlott|2001|2p=577}} |
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In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|was killed]] in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Harry]], wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=358|Hardman|2011|2p=101|Pimlott|2001|3p=610}} Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Marr|2011|3p=338|Pimlott|2001|4p=615}} but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at [[half-mast]] over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.<ref name=MacQueen />{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Lacey|2002|3pp=6–7|Pimlott|2001|4p=616|Roberts|2000|5p=98|Shawcross|2002|6p=8}} Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a [[Addresses to the nation by Elizabeth II|live television broadcast]] on 5 September, the day before [[Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana's funeral]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=358–359|Lacey|2002|2pp=8–9|Pimlott|2001|3pp=621–622}} In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}} As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}} |
In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|was killed]] in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Harry]], wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=358|Hardman|2011|2p=101|Pimlott|2001|3p=610}} Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Marr|2011|3p=338|Pimlott|2001|4p=615}} but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at [[half-mast]] over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.<ref name=MacQueen />{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Lacey|2002|3pp=6–7|Pimlott|2001|4p=616|Roberts|2000|5p=98|Shawcross|2002|6p=8}} Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a [[Addresses to the nation by Elizabeth II|live television broadcast]] on 5 September, the day before [[Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana's funeral]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=358–359|Lacey|2002|2pp=8–9|Pimlott|2001|3pp=621–622}} In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}} As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}} |
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In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",<ref name="goback">{{Cite news |date=14 October 1997 |title=Indian group calls off protest, accepts queen's regrets |publisher=CNN |location=Amritsar, India |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202629/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen/ |archive-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=15 October 1997 |title=In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191611/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a [[wreath]] and stood for a 30‑second [[moment of silence]].<ref name="NYT" /> As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.<ref name="goback" /> That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at [[Banqueting House]] to mark their golden wedding anniversary.<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 November 1997 |title=A speech by The Queen on her Golden Wedding Anniversary |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073945/https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |archive-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary" /> |
In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",<ref name="goback">{{Cite news |date=14 October 1997 |title=Indian group calls off protest, accepts queen's regrets |publisher=CNN |location=Amritsar, India |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202629/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen/ |archive-date=3 May 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=15 October 1997 |title=In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |url-status=live |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191611/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |archive-date=17 May 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a [[wreath]] and stood for a 30‑second [[moment of silence]].<ref name="NYT" /> As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.<ref name="goback" /> That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at [[Banqueting House]] to mark their golden wedding anniversary.<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 November 1997 |title=A speech by The Queen on her Golden Wedding Anniversary |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073945/https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |archive-date=10 January 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary" /> |
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In 1999, as part of the process of [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution within the UK]], Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the [[National Assembly for Wales]] at [[Cardiff]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Geoffrey |date=27 May 1999 |title=Welsh crown day with a song |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163608/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |archive-date=20 September 2022}}</ref> and the [[Scottish Parliament]] at [[Edinburgh]] in July.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engel |first=Matthew |date=2 July 1999 |title=Something for everyone as Scots at last put history behind them |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914185759/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |archive-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> |
In 1999, as part of the process of [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution within the UK]], Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the [[National Assembly for Wales]] at [[Cardiff]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Geoffrey |date=27 May 1999 |title=Welsh crown day with a song |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163608/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the [[Scottish Parliament]] at [[Edinburgh]] in July.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engel |first=Matthew |date=2 July 1999 |title=Something for everyone as Scots at last put history behind them |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |url-status=live |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914185759/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |archive-date=14 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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=== Golden Jubilee === |
=== Golden Jubilee === |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II with her British Prime Ministers during her Golden Jubilee in 2002.jpg|thumb|Golden Jubilee dinner with living British prime ministers, 2002: (left to right) Tony Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, [[James Callaghan]], John Major]] |
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II with her British Prime Ministers during her Golden Jubilee in 2002.jpg|thumb|Golden Jubilee dinner with living British prime ministers, 2002: (left to right) Tony Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, [[James Callaghan]], John Major]] |
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On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from [[Southwark]], bound for the [[Millennium Dome]]. Before passing under [[Tower Bridge]], Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the [[Pool of London]] using a laser torch.<ref>{{ |
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from [[Southwark]], bound for the [[Millennium Dome]]. Before passing under [[Tower Bridge]], Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the [[Pool of London]] using a laser torch.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=December 1999 |title=Queen to visit Southwark on Millennium Eve |work=London SE1 |url=https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/1299/queen.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021754/https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/1299/queen.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |title=Beacons blaze across UK |date=31 December 1999 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/586264.stm |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021743/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/586264.stm |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |url-status=live}}}}</ref> Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.{{sfn|ps=none|Knappett|2016|page=24}} During the singing of ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'', Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister [[Tony Blair]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Shawcross|2002|1p=224|Bedell Smith|2017|2p=423}} |
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In 2002, Elizabeth marked her [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]], the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=156|Bradford|2012|2pp=248–249|Marr|2011|3pp=349–350}} She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a [[power cut]] plunged [[King's House, Jamaica|King's House]], the official residence of the [[Governor-General of Jamaica|governor-general]], into darkness.{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=31}} As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,{{sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|pp=166–167}} and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.{{sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=157}} |
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]], the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=156|Bradford|2012|2pp=248–249|Marr|2011|3pp=349–350}} She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a [[power cut]] plunged [[King's House, Jamaica|King's House]], the official residence of the [[Governor-General of Jamaica|governor-general]], into darkness.{{sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=31}} As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,{{sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|pp=166–167}} and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.{{sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=157}} |
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[[File:Queen at NASA.jpg|thumb|left|Greeting [[NASA]] employees at the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], Maryland, May 2007]] |
[[File:Queen at NASA.jpg|thumb|left|Greeting [[NASA]] employees at the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], Maryland, May 2007]] |
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In 2003, Elizabeth sued the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' for [[Breach of confidence in English law|breach of confidence]] and obtained an [[injunction]] which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a [[footman]] at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higham |first=Nick |date=14 September 2012 |title=Analysis: The Royal Family's history of legal action |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Matt |date=24 November 2003 |title=Palace and Mirror settle over fake footman |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601015921/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |archive-date=1 June 2022}}</ref> Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had [[keyhole surgery]] on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new [[Emirates Stadium]] because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2006 |title=Queen cancels visit due to injury |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217060327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |archive-date=17 February 2007}}</ref> |
In 2003, Elizabeth sued the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' for [[Breach of confidence in English law|breach of confidence]] and obtained an [[injunction]] which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a [[footman]] at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higham |first=Nick |date=14 September 2012 |title=Analysis: The Royal Family's history of legal action |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Matt |date=24 November 2003 |title=Palace and Mirror settle over fake footman |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601015921/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |archive-date=1 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had [[keyhole surgery]] on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new [[Emirates Stadium]] because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2006 |title=Queen cancels visit due to injury |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217060327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the [[British Armed Forces]] were overstretched in Iraq and [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=28 May 2007 |title=Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552769/Revealed-Queens-dismay-at-Blair-legacy.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/OFaqF |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to [[Northern Ireland peace process|achieve peace]] in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=27 May 2007 |title=Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552767/Tony-and-Her-Majesty-an-uneasy-relationship.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/d1rD2 |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Queen celebrates diamond wedding |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7101094.stm |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913162744/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1631550463567&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20UK%20%7C%20Queen%20celebrates%20diamond%20wedding&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7101094.stm&rp= |archive-date=13 September 2021}}</ref> On 20 March 2008, at the [[Church of Ireland]] [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)|St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh]], Elizabeth attended the first [[Maundy service]] held outside England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2008 |title=Historic first for Maundy service |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412102120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |archive-date=12 April 2009}}</ref> |
In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the [[British Armed Forces]] were overstretched in Iraq and [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=28 May 2007 |title=Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552769/Revealed-Queens-dismay-at-Blair-legacy.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/OFaqF |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to [[Northern Ireland peace process|achieve peace]] in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=27 May 2007 |title=Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552767/Tony-and-Her-Majesty-an-uneasy-relationship.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/d1rD2 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Queen celebrates diamond wedding |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7101094.stm |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913162744/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1631550463567&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20UK%20%7C%20Queen%20celebrates%20diamond%20wedding&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7101094.stm&rp= |archive-date=13 September 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 20 March 2008, at the [[Church of Ireland]] [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)|St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh]], Elizabeth attended the first [[Maundy service]] held outside England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2008 |title=Historic first for Maundy service |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412102120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |archive-date=12 April 2009 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and [[Head of the Commonwealth]].<ref name="UN">{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=6 July 2010 |title=A speech by the Queen to the United Nations General Assembly |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114061854/https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |archive-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> The [[UN secretary-general]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], introduced her as "an anchor for our age".<ref name="BBCUN">{{Cite news |date=7 July 2010 |title=Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715050818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |archive-date=15 July 2010}}</ref> During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British [[victims of the 9/11 attacks]]<!--Use common name-->.<ref name="BBCUN" /> Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2011 |title=Royal tour of Australia: The Queen ends visit with traditional 'Aussie barbie' |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |url-status=dead |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030150841/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |archive-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> By invitation of the [[Irish president]], [[Mary McAleese]], she made the first [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|state visit to the Republic of Ireland]] by a British monarch in May 2011.{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=253}} |
Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and [[Head of the Commonwealth]].<ref name="UN">{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=6 July 2010 |title=A speech by the Queen to the United Nations General Assembly |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114061854/https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The [[UN secretary-general]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], introduced her as "an anchor for our age".<ref name="BBCUN">{{Cite news |date=7 July 2010 |title=Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715050818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |mode=cs2}}</ref> During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British [[victims of the 9/11 attacks]]<!--Use common name-->.<ref name="BBCUN" /> Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2011 |title=Royal tour of Australia: The Queen ends visit with traditional 'Aussie barbie' |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |url-status=dead |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030150841/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |archive-date=30 October 2011 |mode=cs2}}</ref> By invitation of the [[Irish president]], [[Mary McAleese]], she made the first [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|state visit to the Republic of Ireland]] by a British monarch in May 2011.{{sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=253}} |
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=== Diamond Jubilee and longevity === |
=== Diamond Jubilee and longevity === |
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[[File:Day 194 - West Midlands Police - Royal Diamond Jubilee Visit (7555521830).jpg|thumb|Visiting [[Birmingham]] in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour]] |
[[File:Day 194 - West Midlands Police - Royal Diamond Jubilee Visit (7555521830).jpg|thumb|Visiting [[Birmingham]] in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour]] |
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Elizabeth's [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|2012 Diamond Jubilee]] marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.<ref>{{ |
Elizabeth's [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|2012 Diamond Jubilee]] marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=7 March 2012 |title=Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585 |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318154923/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite press release |mode=cs2 |title=Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012 |date=14 December 2011 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/12/their-royal-highnesses-prince-wales-duchess-cornwall-undertake-royal-tour-canada-2012.html |publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada |access-date=31 May 2012 |archive-date=20 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520183506/https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/12/their-royal-highnesses-prince-wales-duchess-cornwall-undertake-royal-tour-canada-2012.html |url-status=live}}}}</ref> On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Event News |publisher=The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Beacons |url=http://www.diamond-jubilee-beacons.buzzsites.co.uk/pages/event_news_162371.cfm |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075010/http://www.diamond-jubilee-beacons.buzzsites.co.uk/pages/event_news_162371.cfm |archive-date=16 November 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 18 December, she became the first British [[sovereign]] to attend a peacetime [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet meeting]] since [[George III]] in 1781.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2012 |title=UK to name part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20757382 |url-status=live |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128080212/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20757382 |archive-date=28 January 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth, who opened the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal, also opened the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] in London, making her the first [[List of people who have opened the Olympic Games|head of state to open]] two [[Olympic Games]] in two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2012 |title=Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony, Friday |agency=PR Newswire |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092404/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> For the London Olympics, she played herself in [[Happy & Glorious|a short film]] as part of [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]], alongside [[Daniel Craig]] as [[James Bond]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Nicholas |date=27 July 2012 |title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |archive-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary [[BAFTA]] for her [[patronage]] of the film industry and was called "the most memorable [[Bond girl]] yet" at the award ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2013 |title=Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407054746/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> |
Elizabeth, who opened the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal, also opened the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] in London, making her the first [[List of people who have opened the Olympic Games|head of state to open]] two [[Olympic Games]] in two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2012 |title=Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony, Friday |agency=PR Newswire |url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092404/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |archive-date=2 April 2015 |mode=cs2}}</ref> For the London Olympics, she played herself in [[Happy & Glorious|a short film]] as part of [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]], alongside [[Daniel Craig]] as [[James Bond]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Nicholas |date=27 July 2012 |title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary [[BAFTA]] for her [[patronage]] of the film industry and was called "the most memorable [[Bond girl]] yet" at the award ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2013 |title=Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407054746/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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[[File:Official Opening of the Borders Rail - 21086557488.jpg|thumb|Opening the [[Borders Railway]] on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=9 September 2015 |title=A speech by The Queen at the Borders Railway, Scotland |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Official Opening of the Borders Rail - 21086557488.jpg|thumb|Opening the [[Borders Railway]] on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=9 September 2015 |title=A speech by The Queen at the Borders Railway, Scotland |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref>]] |
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On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at [[King Edward VII's Hospital]] as a precaution after developing symptoms of [[gastroenteritis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304151251/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> A week later, she signed the new [[Charter of the Commonwealth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2013 |title=Recovering Queen signs Commonwealth charter |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024324/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |archive-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|summit in Sri Lanka]] by Prince Charles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2013 |title=Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125220445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Charles to be next Commonwealth head |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420141358/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |archive-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> She underwent [[cataract surgery]] in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collier |first=Hatty |date=8 June 2018 |title=The Queen undergoes eye surgery to remove cataract |work=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052447/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |via=Yahoo! News}}</ref> In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikkash |first=Roya |date=31 March 2019 |title=Queen slams brakes on driving in public |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174928/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> |
On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at [[King Edward VII's Hospital]] as a precaution after developing symptoms of [[gastroenteritis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304151251/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |archive-date=4 March 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> A week later, she signed the new [[Charter of the Commonwealth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2013 |title=Recovering Queen signs Commonwealth charter |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024324/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|summit in Sri Lanka]] by Prince Charles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2013 |title=Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125220445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Charles to be next Commonwealth head |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420141358/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She underwent [[cataract surgery]] in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collier |first=Hatty |date=8 June 2018 |title=The Queen undergoes eye surgery to remove cataract |work=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052447/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |via=Yahoo! News |mode=cs2}}</ref> In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikkash |first=Roya |date=31 March 2019 |title=Queen slams brakes on driving in public |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174928/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |archive-date=31 March 2019 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning British monarch]] and [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest-reigning queen regnant]] and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.<ref>{{ |
Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning British monarch]] and [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest-reigning queen regnant]] and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=6 September 2014 |title=Elizabeth Set to Beat Victoria's Record as Longest Reigning Monarch in British History |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/06/elizabeth-set-to-beat-victorias-record-as-longest-reigning-monarch-in-british-history_n_5777134.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926132141/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/06/elizabeth-set-to-beat-victorias-record-as-longest-reigning-monarch-in-british-history_n_5777134.html |archive-date=26 September 2014 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Modh |first=Shrikant |title=The Longest Reigning Monarch Queen Elizabeth II |date=11 September 2015 |url=http://philatelynews.com/the-longest-reigning-monarch-queen-elizabeth-ii |work=Philately News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033651/http://philatelynews.com/the-longest-reigning-monarch-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |title=Enthralling 'Audience' puts Britain's queen in room with politicians |date=24 August 2017 |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/enthralling-audience-puts-britains-queen-in-room-with-politicians |work=Chicago Sun-Times |first=Hedy |last=Weiss |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326201420/https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/enthralling-audience-puts-britains-queen-in-room-with-politicians/ |url-status=live}}}}</ref> She became the oldest current monarch after [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] died on 23 January 2015.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=24 January 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth II is now world's oldest monarch |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch/article6818895.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102192250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch/article6818895.ece |archive-date=2 January 2020 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |title=Queen becomes world's oldest monarch following death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia |date=23 January 2015 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11364902/Queen-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch-following-death-of-King-Abdullah-of-Saudi-Arabia.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/bB0Fi |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=20 November 2017}}{{cbignore}}}}</ref> She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest-serving current head of state]] following the [[death of King Bhumibol]] of Thailand on 13 October 2016,<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=13 October 2016 |title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326 |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013123050/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Addley |first=Esther |date=13 October 2016 |title=Queen Elizabeth II is longest-reigning living monarch after Thai king's death |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-is-longest-reigning-living-monarch-after-thai-kings-death |work=The Guardian |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423145926/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-is-longest-reigning-living-monarch-after-thai-kings-death |url-status=live}}}}</ref> and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] on the [[resignation of Robert Mugabe]] of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |title=Queen Elizabeth II will be the world's oldest head of state if Robert Mugabe is toppled |publisher=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-will-be-the-world-e2-80-99s-oldest-head-of-state-if-robert-mugabe-is-toppled/ar-BBF0dPV |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115195819/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-will-be-the-world-e2-80-99s-oldest-head-of-state-if-robert-mugabe-is-toppled/ar-BBF0dPV |archive-date=15 November 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate [[Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II|a sapphire jubilee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=29 January 2017 |title=The Blue Sapphire Jubilee: Queen will not celebrate 65th anniversary but instead sit in 'quiet contemplation' remembering father's death |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/blue-sapphire-jubilee-queen-will-not-celebrate-65th-anniversary |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IGX3p |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2017 |title=Queen and Prince Philip portraits released to mark 70th anniversary |work=The Guardian |agency=Press Association |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/20/queen-prince-philip-portraits-platinum-wedding-70th-anniversary |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120085334/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/20/queen-prince-philip-portraits-platinum-wedding-70th-anniversary |archive-date=20 November 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bilefsky |first=Dan |date=2 August 2017 |title=Prince Philip Makes His Last Solo Appearance, After 65 Years in the Public Eye |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/uk-prince-philip-retired-queen-elizabeth.html |access-date=4 August 2017 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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=== COVID-19 pandemic === |
=== COVID-19 pandemic === |
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On 19 March 2020, as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom]], Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friel |first=Mikhaila |date=16 March 2020 |title=The royal family is canceling events because of the coronavirus, and the Queen may be asked to self-isolate for up to 4 months |work=[[Business Insider|Insider]] |url=https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908185425/https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Queen and Prince Philip return to Windsor Castle for lockdown |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621150341/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |archive-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> |
On 19 March 2020, as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom]], Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friel |first=Mikhaila |date=16 March 2020 |title=The royal family is canceling events because of the coronavirus, and the Queen may be asked to self-isolate for up to 4 months |work=[[Business Insider|Insider]] |url=https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908185425/https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Queen and Prince Philip return to Windsor Castle for lockdown |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621150341/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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[[File:A private audience with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Virtual meeting]] with [[Cindy Kiro]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]], October 2021]] |
[[File:A private audience with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Virtual meeting]] with [[Cindy Kiro]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]], October 2021]] |
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On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's message seen by 24 million |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710073241/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |archive-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825205418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |archive-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of [[VE Day]], in a television broadcast at 9{{nbsp}}pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=VE Day: UK's streets not empty as filled with love, says Queen |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709230720/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |archive-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> In October, she visited the UK's [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Murphy |first=Victoria |date=15 October 2020 |title=Queen Elizabeth Is Joined by Prince William for Her First Public Outing in Seven Months |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a34380401/queen-elizabeth-prince-william-first-engagement-coronavirus-photos/ |url-status=live |magazine=Town & Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624154419/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a34380401/queen-elizabeth-prince-william-first-engagement-coronavirus-photos/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the [[Tomb of the Unknown Warrior]] at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=Queen wears face mask as she marks Unknown Warrior centenary |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54856877 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813224955/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54856877 |archive-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> In 2021, she received her first and second [[COVID-19 vaccinations]] in January and April respectively.<ref>{{ |
On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's message seen by 24 million |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710073241/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825205418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of [[VE Day]], in a television broadcast at 9{{nbsp}}pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=VE Day: UK's streets not empty as filled with love, says Queen |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709230720/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In October, she visited the UK's [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]] in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Murphy |first=Victoria |date=15 October 2020 |title=Queen Elizabeth Is Joined by Prince William for Her First Public Outing in Seven Months |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a34380401/queen-elizabeth-prince-william-first-engagement-coronavirus-photos/ |url-status=live |magazine=Town & Country |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624154419/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a34380401/queen-elizabeth-prince-william-first-engagement-coronavirus-photos/ |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the [[Tomb of the Unknown Warrior]] at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2020 |title=Queen wears face mask as she marks Unknown Warrior centenary |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54856877 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813224955/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54856877 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In 2021, she received her first and second [[COVID-19 vaccinations]] in January and April respectively.<ref>{{multiref|{{cite news |mode=cs2|title=The Queen and Prince Philip receive first dose of Covid vaccine|date=9 January 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine|access-date=5 July 2021|work=The Guardian|first=Mattha|last=Busby|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184958/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine|url-status=live}}; | {{Cite web |last=Petit |first=Stephanie |date=1 April 2021 |title=Queen Elizabeth Received Her Second COVID-19 Vaccine Before First Maskless Outing of the Year |url=https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020126/https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing/ |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=People |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> |
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Prince Philip [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|died on 9 April 2021]], after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a [[widow]] or widower since Queen Victoria.<ref>{{ |
Prince Philip [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|died on 9 April 2021]], after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a [[widow]] or widower since Queen Victoria.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: After over 70 years by her side, the Queen faces a future without her 'strength and stay' |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |url-status=live |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409125554/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |archive-date=9 April 2021 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |title=Queen will complete her reign in the same sad way as great-great grandmother Queen Victoria |date=9 April 2021 |url=https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |work=GoodtoKnow |last=Elliott |first=Caitlin |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611164919/https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |url-status=live}}}}</ref> She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tominey |first=Camilla |author-link=Camilla Tominey |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip's peaceful passing reflects a remarkable life lived in self-effacing dignity |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160905/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived/ |archive-date=10 April 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: The Queen says his death has 'left a huge void' – Duke of York |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |last=Abraham |first=Ellie |date=17 April 2021 |title=Social Media Reacts to 'heartbreaking' Image of Queen Sitting Alone at Prince Philip's Funeral |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706220849/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |archive-date=6 July 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Jennifer|last=Hassan|title=Image of Queen Elizabeth II sitting alone at Philip's funeral breaks hearts around the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip/|date=17 April 2021|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512191857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen's Christmas message pays tribute to 'beloved' Philip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220143732/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2|last=Ship|first=Chris|date=25 December 2021|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message|title=Queen remembers 'mischievous twinkle' of Prince Philip in emotional Christmas message|work=ITV News|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215133432/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message|url-status=live}}}}</ref> |
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Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the [[2021 State Opening of Parliament]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2021 |title=Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025817/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |archive-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> and the [[47th G7 summit]] in June.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=12 June 2021 |title=G7 summit: Queen charms prime ministers and presidents |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612035541/http://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |archive-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's [[National Health Service]], she announced that the NHS would be awarded the [[George Cross]] to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2021 |title=Queen gives George Cross to NHS for staff's 'courage and dedication' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57714088 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407012127/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57714088 |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> In October 2021, she began using a [[walking stick]] during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Jessica |date=12 October 2021 |title=Queen seen using walking stick for first time in 20 years |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/12/the-queen-seen-using-walking-stick-at-service-for-british-legion |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331202326/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/12/the-queen-seen-using-walking-stick-at-service-for-british-legion |archive-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Harry |date=21 October 2021 |title=The Queen spent night in hospital after cancelling Northern Ireland visit |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225193105/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |archive-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> the [[COP26]] summit in [[Glasgow]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Joseph |date=26 October 2021 |title=Queen will not attend COP26 climate change summit |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59056725 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201115457/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59056725 |archive-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> and the 2021 [[National Service of Remembrance]] were cancelled on health grounds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becky Morton |date=14 November 2021 |title=The Queen to miss Remembrance Sunday service |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59280608 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309025216/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59280608 |archive-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a [[crossbow]] with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the [[Amritsar massacre]]. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the [[Mental Health Act 2007|Mental Health Act]]. In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Man admits treason after breaking into grounds of Windsor Castle with crossbow 'to kill Queen' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203113557/https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> |
Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the [[2021 State Opening of Parliament]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2021 |title=Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025817/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the [[47th G7 summit]] in June.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=12 June 2021 |title=G7 summit: Queen charms prime ministers and presidents |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612035541/http://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's [[National Health Service]], she announced that the NHS would be awarded the [[George Cross]] to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2021 |title=Queen gives George Cross to NHS for staff's 'courage and dedication' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57714088 |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407012127/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57714088 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In October 2021, she began using a [[walking stick]] during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murray |first=Jessica |date=12 October 2021 |title=Queen seen using walking stick for first time in 20 years |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/12/the-queen-seen-using-walking-stick-at-service-for-british-legion |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331202326/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/12/the-queen-seen-using-walking-stick-at-service-for-british-legion |archive-date=31 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Harry |date=21 October 2021 |title=The Queen spent night in hospital after cancelling Northern Ireland visit |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225193105/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |archive-date=25 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> the [[COP26]] summit in [[Glasgow]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Joseph |date=26 October 2021 |title=Queen will not attend COP26 climate change summit |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59056725 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201115457/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59056725 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the 2021 [[National Service of Remembrance]] were cancelled on health grounds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becky Morton |date=14 November 2021 |title=The Queen to miss Remembrance Sunday service |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59280608 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309025216/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-59280608 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a [[crossbow]] with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the [[Amritsar massacre]]. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the [[Mental Health Act 2007|Mental Health Act]]. In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Man admits treason after breaking into grounds of Windsor Castle with crossbow 'to kill Queen' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203113557/https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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=== Platinum Jubilee === |
=== Platinum Jubilee === |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52124830349).jpg|thumb|With the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the [[Platinum Jubilee Pageant]], June 2022]] |
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52124830349).jpg|thumb|With the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the [[Platinum Jubilee Pageant]], June 2022]] |
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Elizabeth's [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum Jubilee]] began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for [[pensioner]]s, local [[Women's Institute]] members and charity volunteers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=5 February 2022 |title=Queen holds reception to mark Platinum Jubilee |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221164719/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |archive-date=21 February 2022}}</ref> In her [[accession day]] message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=5 February 2022 |title=Accession Day 2022 |work=Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174327/https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022}}</ref> |
Elizabeth's [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum Jubilee]] began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for [[pensioner]]s, local [[Women's Institute]] members and charity volunteers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=5 February 2022 |title=Queen holds reception to mark Platinum Jubilee |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |url-status=live |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221164719/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In her [[accession day]] message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=5 February 2022 |title=Accession Day 2022 |work=Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174327/https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members.<ref>{{ |
Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Dulcie |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |date=20 February 2022 |title=The Queen tests positive for Covid |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220115305/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |title=Britain's Queen Elizabeth tests positive for Covid-19 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=20 February 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527235154/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live}}}}</ref> She cancelled two [[virtual audience]]s on 22 February,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=22 February 2022 |title=Queen cancels virtual engagements as mild Covid persists |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60477065 |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304231039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60477065 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> but held a phone conversation with British prime minister [[Boris Johnson]] the following day amid [[Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border]],{{efn|Russia [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invaded Ukraine]] one day later.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elston |first=Laura |date=23 February 2022 |title=Queen holds telephone audience with PM despite Covid |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/boris-johnson-prime-minister-government-her-majesty-buckingham-palace-b2021845.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307155515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/boris-johnson-prime-minister-government-her-majesty-buckingham-palace-b2021845.html |archive-date=7 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> following which she made a donation to the [[Disasters Emergency Committee]] (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=3 March 2022 |title=The Queen makes 'generous' private donation to Ukraine fund as Royal family shows its support |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal/ |url-status=live |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305182024/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at [[Frogmore]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinton |first=Megan |date=28 February 2022 |title=Queen enjoys time with family after recovering from Covid |publisher=[[LBC]] |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305043126/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]] at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waddell |first=Lily |date=7 March 2022 |title=Queen holds in-person meeting with Justin Trudeau in front of blue and yellow flowers |work=Evening Standard |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-covid-battle-b986490.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307130729/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-covid-battle-b986490.html |archive-date=7 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Selby |first=Jenn |date=10 April 2022 |title=Covid left me 'exhausted', Queen tells bereaved couple |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/apr/10/covid-left-me-exhausted-queen-tells-bereaved-couple |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410211644/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/apr/10/covid-left-me-exhausted-queen-tells-bereaved-couple |archive-date=10 April 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth was present at [[A Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Duke of Edinburgh|the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip]] at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lauren |first=Turner |date=29 March 2022 |title=Queen attends Prince Philip memorial service at Westminster Abbey |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> but was unable to attend the annual [[Commonwealth Day]] service that month<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thompson |first=Eliza |date=14 March 2022 |title=Prince Charles Fills in for Queen Elizabeth II at Commonwealth Day Service Alongside Prince William |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service/ |url-status=live |magazine=Us Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314202741/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> or the [[Royal Maundy]] service in April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Charley |date=14 April 2022 |title=Prince Charles stands in for Queen at Maundy Service |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |archive-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> She missed the [[State Opening of Parliament]] in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament – Prince of Wales to read speech instead |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195207/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |archive-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=10 May 2022 |title=Queen's Speech: Why Prince William is attending State Opening of Parliament |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/10/prince-william-counsellors-state-queens-speech-state-opening/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612154417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/10/prince-william-counsellors-state-queens-speech-state-opening/ |archive-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> |
Elizabeth was present at [[A Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Duke of Edinburgh|the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip]] at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lauren |first=Turner |date=29 March 2022 |title=Queen attends Prince Philip memorial service at Westminster Abbey |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> but was unable to attend the annual [[Commonwealth Day]] service that month<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thompson |first=Eliza |date=14 March 2022 |title=Prince Charles Fills in for Queen Elizabeth II at Commonwealth Day Service Alongside Prince William |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service/ |url-status=live |magazine=Us Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314202741/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service/ |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> or the [[Royal Maundy]] service in April.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Charley |date=14 April 2022 |title=Prince Charles stands in for Queen at Maundy Service |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She missed the [[State Opening of Parliament]] in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament – Prince of Wales to read speech instead |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195207/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=10 May 2022 |title=Queen's Speech: Why Prince William is attending State Opening of Parliament |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/10/prince-william-counsellors-state-queens-speech-state-opening/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612154417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/10/prince-william-counsellors-state-queens-speech-state-opening/ |archive-date=12 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the [[Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving|National Service of Thanksgiving]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=2 June 2022 |title=The Queen to miss service of thanksgiving after suffering discomfort |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627180802/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort/ |archive-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> For the [[Platinum Party at the Palace|Jubilee concert]], she took part in a sketch with [[Paddington Bear]], that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{ |
During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the [[Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving|National Service of Thanksgiving]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=2 June 2022 |title=The Queen to miss service of thanksgiving after suffering discomfort |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627180802/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort/ |archive-date=27 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> For the [[Platinum Party at the Palace|Jubilee concert]], she took part in a sketch with [[Paddington Bear]], that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{multiref|{{cite news|mode=cs2|title=Queen's Jubilee surprise: A starring role with Paddington Bear (and what she really keeps in her handbag)|date=5 June 2022|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/04/queens-jubilee-surprise-starring-role-paddington-bear-really/|work=The Telegraph|first=Hannah|last=Furness|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809105719/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/04/queens-jubilee-surprise-starring-role-paddington-bear-really/|url-status=live}}; | {{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Ma'amalade sandwich Your Majesty? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UfiCa244XE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031002900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UfiCa244XE |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=13 June 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II becomes second-longest serving monarch |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615204423/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, [[Liz Truss]], at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=31 August 2022 |title=Queen won't return to London to appoint new British PM, for first time in her reign |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902004500/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Little known facts about British Prime Ministers |work=history.co.uk |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010155323/https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |archive-date=10 October 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the [[Saskatchewan stabbings]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=In last public statement, Queen Elizabeth extended condolences following Saskatchewan stabbing rampage |language=en-CA |work=[[The StarPhoenix]] |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908193354/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth never planned to [[abdicate]],{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=370–371|Marr|2011|2p=395}} though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.<ref>{{ |
Elizabeth never planned to [[abdicate]],{{sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=370–371|Marr|2011|2p=395}} though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |last1=Mansey |first1=Kate |last2=Leake |first2=Jonathan |last3=Hellen |first3=Nicholas |date=19 January 2014 |title=Queen and Charles start to 'job-share' |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=20 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203044636/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=395}}}}</ref> The Queen told Canadian {{Not a typo|governor-general}} [[Adrienne Clarkson]] in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=19 September 2022 |title=Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010752/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |mode=cs2}}</ref> In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, [[Justin Welby]], who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen had no fear of death, says archbishop of Canterbury |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909105236/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |archive-date=9 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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== Death == |
== Death == |
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{{Main|Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II}} |
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II}} |
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[[File:Memorial Offerings to Queen Elizabeth II at the George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial (11).jpg|thumb|left|Tributes left in The Mall, London]] |
[[File:Memorial Offerings to Queen Elizabeth II at the George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial (11).jpg|thumb|left|Tributes left in The Mall, London]] |
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On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen's doctors concerned for her health – palace |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision at Balmoral after doctors' concerns |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> Her [[immediate family]] rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113720/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=8 September 2022 |title=Duke of York, Princess Anne and Prince Edward all called to Queen's side |work=Plymouth Live |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> She died peacefully at 15:10 [[British Summer Time|BST]] at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side.<ref name="COD">{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prynn |first=Jonathan |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen died 'with Charles and Anne by side as other royals dashed to Balmoral' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161357/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}</ref> Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |last3=Foster |first3=Max |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II dies at 96 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908200025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> setting in motion [[Operation London Bridge]] and, because she died in Scotland, [[Operation Unicorn (Scotland)|Operation Unicorn]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Operation Unicorn: what happens after the Queen's death in Scotland? |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172120/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title="Operation Unicorn", Not "London Bridge": The Codename For Queen's Death |work=NDTV.com |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144025/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |archive-date=21 September 2022}}</ref> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since [[James V]] in 1542.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2022 |title=Elizabeth, the last Queen of Scots? |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161115/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |archive-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> Her [[death certificate]] recorded her cause of death as "[[old age]]".<ref name="COD" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth died of 'old age', death certificate says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115424/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> |
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen's doctors concerned for her health – palace |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision at Balmoral after doctors' concerns |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[immediate family]] rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113720/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=8 September 2022 |title=Duke of York, Princess Anne and Prince Edward all called to Queen's side |work=Plymouth Live |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> She died peacefully at 15:10 [[British Summer Time|BST]] at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side.<ref name="COD">{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prynn |first=Jonathan |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen died 'with Charles and Anne by side as other royals dashed to Balmoral' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161357/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Evening Standard |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |last3=Foster |first3=Max |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II dies at 96 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908200025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> setting in motion [[Operation London Bridge]] and, because she died in Scotland, [[Operation Unicorn (Scotland)|Operation Unicorn]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Operation Unicorn: what happens after the Queen's death in Scotland? |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172120/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |archive-date=8 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title="Operation Unicorn", Not "London Bridge": The Codename For Queen's Death |work=NDTV.com |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144025/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since [[James V]] in 1542.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2022 |title=Elizabeth, the last Queen of Scots? |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161115/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |archive-date=13 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[death certificate]] recorded her cause of death as "[[old age]]".<ref name="COD" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth died of 'old age', death certificate says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115424/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the [[Royal Mile]] in a procession to [[St Giles' Cathedral]], where the [[Crown of Scotland]] was placed on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2022 |title=The quiet symbolism of the Queen's farewell to Scotland |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923025129/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |archive-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the [[Royal Company of Archers]], during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Queen's coffin vigil in Edinburgh witnessed by 33,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to [[Westminster Hall]], where Elizabeth [[lay in state]] for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]] and the [[Household Division]]. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=In Photos: World Leaders Join Public to Pay Respects to Queen |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=At least 250,000 people lined up to see queen's coffin |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920150200/https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=AP News}}</ref> On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held [[Vigil of the Princes#Queen Elizabeth II|a vigil]] around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<ref name="secondvigil">{{Cite web |last=Therrien |first=Alex |date=16 September 2022 |title=Royals hold sombre watch over Queen's coffin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923001332/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=George |last2=Faulkner |first2=Doug |date=16 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II's grandchildren to observe lying-in-state vigil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122319/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> |
On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the [[Royal Mile]] in a procession to [[St Giles' Cathedral]], where the [[Crown of Scotland]] was placed on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2022 |title=The quiet symbolism of the Queen's farewell to Scotland |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923025129/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the [[Royal Company of Archers]], during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Queen's coffin vigil in Edinburgh witnessed by 33,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to [[Westminster Hall]], where Elizabeth [[lay in state]] for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]] and the [[Household Division]]. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=In Photos: World Leaders Join Public to Pay Respects to Queen |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=At least 250,000 people lined up to see queen's coffin |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920150200/https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=AP News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held [[Vigil of the Princes#Queen Elizabeth II|a vigil]] around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<ref name="secondvigil">{{Cite web |last=Therrien |first=Alex |date=16 September 2022 |title=Royals hold sombre watch over Queen's coffin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923001332/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=George |last2=Faulkner |first2=Doug |date=16 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II's grandchildren to observe lying-in-state vigil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122319/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral and Procession (19.Sep.2022) - 23.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth's coffin on the [[State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy]], during the procession to [[Wellington Arch]]]] |
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral and Procession (19.Sep.2022) - 23.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth's coffin on the [[State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy]], during the procession to [[Wellington Arch]]]] |
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Elizabeth's [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Royal Burials and Funerals |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912200155/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=Westminster Abbey}}</ref> More than a million people lined the streets of [[central London]],<ref name="SkyN-Crowds">{{Cite news |last=Minelle |first=Bethany |date=19 September 2022 |title=Tens of thousands in London and Windsor as world says goodbye to the Queen at her funeral |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919090242/https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |archive-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="SkyN-Crowds" /> Elizabeth's [[fell pony]], and two [[royal corgis]], stood at the side of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heald |first=Claire |date=19 September 2022 |title=Queen's corgis and pony wait at Windsor Castle as coffin approaches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924014502/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> After a committal service at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]] later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Family say final goodbye as Queen buried next to Philip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919001031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |archive-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Sophie |date=19 September 2022 |title=The State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925015510/https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN2vT_jpW1o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918203110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TN2vT_jpW1o |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube}}</ref> |
Elizabeth's [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Royal Burials and Funerals |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912200155/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=Westminster Abbey |mode=cs2}}</ref> More than a million people lined the streets of [[central London]],<ref name="SkyN-Crowds">{{Cite news |last=Minelle |first=Bethany |date=19 September 2022 |title=Tens of thousands in London and Windsor as world says goodbye to the Queen at her funeral |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919090242/https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="SkyN-Crowds" /> Elizabeth's [[fell pony]], and two [[royal corgis]], stood at the side of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heald |first=Claire |date=19 September 2022 |title=Queen's corgis and pony wait at Windsor Castle as coffin approaches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924014502/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> After a committal service at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]] later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Family say final goodbye as Queen buried next to Philip |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919001031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Sophie |date=19 September 2022 |title=The State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |work=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |url-status=live |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925015510/https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN2vT_jpW1o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918203110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TN2vT_jpW1o |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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== Legacy == |
== Legacy == |
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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II - 1974 Royal Tour of NZ - Oamaru with Mayor Bill Laney (4).jpg|thumb|Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974]] |
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II - 1974 Royal Tour of NZ - Oamaru with Mayor Bill Laney (4).jpg|thumb|Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974]] |
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Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When ''Times'' journalist [[Paul Routledge]] asked her about the [[miners' strike of 1984–85]] during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to [[Arthur Scargill]]),<ref name="BBCRoutledge1999">{{Cite news |last=Walton |first=John |date=16 January 1999 |title=The author of political scandal |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218235624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |archive-date=18 December 2022}}</ref> with which Routledge disagreed.{{sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.{{sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} After the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]], Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dominiczak |first=Peter |date=24 September 2014 |title=David Cameron: I'm extremely sorry for saying Queen 'purred' over Scottish Independence vote |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050127/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |archive-date=9 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=19 September 2019 |title=David Cameron sought intervention from Queen on Scottish independence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107212310/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> |
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When ''Times'' journalist [[Paul Routledge]] asked her about the [[miners' strike of 1984–85]] during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to [[Arthur Scargill]]),<ref name="BBCRoutledge1999">{{Cite news |last=Walton |first=John |date=16 January 1999 |title=The author of political scandal |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |url-status=live |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218235624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |archive-date=18 December 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> with which Routledge disagreed.{{sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.{{sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} After the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]], Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dominiczak |first=Peter |date=24 September 2014 |title=David Cameron: I'm extremely sorry for saying Queen 'purred' over Scottish Independence vote |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050127/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=19 September 2019 |title=David Cameron sought intervention from Queen on Scottish independence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107212310/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and [[civic duty]], and took her [[Coronation Oath]] seriously.<ref>{{ |
Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and [[civic duty]], and took her [[Coronation Oath]] seriously.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=19 April 2006 |title=Queen 'will do her job for life' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208145900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=194–195}}}}</ref> Aside from her [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom#Religious role|official religious role]] as [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]] of the [[State religion|established]] Church of England, she worshipped with that church and also the national [[Church of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Our structure |url=https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192732/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=23 April 2022 |publisher=Church of Scotland |mode=cs2}}</ref> She demonstrated support for [[Interfaith dialogue|inter-faith]] relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: [[Pius XII]], [[John XXIII]], [[John Paul II]], [[Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis|Francis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2014 |title=Queen meets Pope Francis at the Vatican |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26867032 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528055839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26867032 |archive-date=28 May 2017 |mode=cs2}}</ref> A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual [[Christmas Message]] broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=25 December 2000 |title=Christmas Broadcast 2000 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/christmas-broadcast-2000 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507175203/https://www.royal.uk/christmas-broadcast-2000 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=236–237}}}}</ref> |
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{{Blockquote|To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.}} |
{{Blockquote|To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.}} |
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Elizabeth was [[patron]] of more than 600 organisations and charities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=About The Patron's Lunch |url=http://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317233039/http://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=The Patron's Lunch}}</ref> The [[Charities Aid Foundation]] estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodge |first=Kate |date=11 June 2012 |title=The Queen has done more for charity than any other monarch in history |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222170933/https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |archive-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> Her main leisure interests included [[equestrianism]] and dogs, especially her [[Pembroke Welsh Corgi]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=80 facts about The Queen |publisher=Royal Household |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321215851/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2009}}</ref> Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with [[Dookie (dog)|Dookie]], the first corgi owned by her family.<ref>{{ |
Elizabeth was [[patron]] of more than 600 organisations and charities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=About The Patron's Lunch |url=http://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317233039/http://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=The Patron's Lunch |mode=cs2}}</ref> The [[Charities Aid Foundation]] estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodge |first=Kate |date=11 June 2012 |title=The Queen has done more for charity than any other monarch in history |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222170933/https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |archive-date=22 February 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her main leisure interests included [[equestrianism]] and dogs, especially her [[Pembroke Welsh Corgi]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=80 facts about The Queen |publisher=Royal Household |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321215851/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2009 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with [[Dookie (dog)|Dookie]], the first corgi owned by her family.<ref>{{multiref|{{Harvnb|Bush|2007|page=115}}; | {{Cite news |last=Pierce |first=Andrew |date=1 October 2007 |title=Hug for Queen Elizabeth's first corgi |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564705/Hug-for-Queen-Elizabeths-first-corgi.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dzjXo |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}}}</ref> Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=25 May 2012 |title=When the Queen is your boss |work=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/05/25/when_the_queen_is_your_boss.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307084753/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/05/25/when_the_queen_is_your_boss.html |archive-date=7 March 2013 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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=== Media depiction and public opinion === |
=== Media depiction and public opinion === |
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In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".{{sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=22}} After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=180|Roberts|2000|3p=82|Shawcross|2002|4p=50}} Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "[[prig]]gish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=280|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary ''[[Royal Family (film)|Royal Family]]'' and by televising Prince Charles's [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|investiture as Prince of Wales]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1pp=66–67, 84, 87–89|Bradford|2012|2pp=160–163|Hardman|2011|3pp=22, 210–213|Lacey|2002|4pp=222–226|Marr|2011|5p=237|Pimlott|2001|6pp=378–392|Roberts|2000|7pp=84–86}} Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=213–214}} Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|p=41}} In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour [[overcoat]]s and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=10 May 2007 |title=Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107225041/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |archive-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> |
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".{{sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=22}} After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=180|Roberts|2000|3p=82|Shawcross|2002|4p=50}} Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "[[prig]]gish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=280|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary ''[[Royal Family (film)|Royal Family]]'' and by televising Prince Charles's [[Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales|investiture as Prince of Wales]].{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1pp=66–67, 84, 87–89|Bradford|2012|2pp=160–163|Hardman|2011|3pp=22, 210–213|Lacey|2002|4pp=222–226|Marr|2011|5p=237|Pimlott|2001|6pp=378–392|Roberts|2000|7pp=84–86}} Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=213–214}} Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.{{sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|p=41}} In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour [[overcoat]]s and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=10 May 2007 |title=Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107225041/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |archive-date=7 November 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=97|Bradford|2012|2p=189|Pimlott|2001|3pp=449–450|Roberts|2000|4p=87|Shawcross|2002|5pp=1114–117}} but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=117|Roberts|2000|2p=91}} Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=556–561, 570}} Although support for [[republicanism in Britain]] seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.<ref>{{ |
At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=97|Bradford|2012|2p=189|Pimlott|2001|3pp=449–450|Roberts|2000|4p=87|Shawcross|2002|5pp=1114–117}} but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=117|Roberts|2000|2p=91}} Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=556–561, 570}} Although support for [[republicanism in Britain]] seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.<ref>{{multiref|MORI poll for ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper, March 1996, quoted in | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=578}}; | {{Cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Jack |date=5 March 1996 |title=Watch out, the Roundheads are back |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212013603/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |archive-date=12 December 2012 |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.{{sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=578}} Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.{{sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=624–625}} |
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[[File:Queen in Brisbane 1982.jpg|thumb|left|In [[Brisbane]], Australia, 1982]] |
[[File:Queen in Brisbane 1982.jpg|thumb|left|In [[Brisbane]], Australia, 1982]] |
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In November 1999, [[1999 Australian republic referendum|a referendum in Australia]] on the future of the [[Australian monarchy]] favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=310|Lacey|2002|2p=387|Roberts|2000|3p=101|Shawcross|2002|4p=218}} Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2010 |title=Australia's PM says Elizabeth II should be country's last British monarch |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |location=Canberra |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |archive-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> Gillard's successor, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Judith |date=15 July 2017 |title=We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701064241/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=9 March 2021 |title=Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202052213/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Times |location=Sydney}}</ref> Similarly, referendums in both [[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum|Tuvalu in 2008]] and [[2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009]] saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2009 |title=Vincies vote 'No' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010073408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> |
In November 1999, [[1999 Australian republic referendum|a referendum in Australia]] on the future of the [[Australian monarchy]] favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.{{sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=310|Lacey|2002|2p=387|Roberts|2000|3p=101|Shawcross|2002|4p=218}} Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2010 |title=Australia's PM says Elizabeth II should be country's last British monarch |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |location=Canberra |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |url-status=live |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |archive-date=27 October 2022 |mode=cs2}}</ref> Gillard's successor, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Judith |date=15 July 2017 |title=We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701064241/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |mode=cs2}}</ref> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=9 March 2021 |title=Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202052213/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Times |mode=cs2 |location=Sydney}}</ref> Similarly, referendums in both [[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum|Tuvalu in 2008]] and [[2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009]] saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2009 |title=Vincies vote 'No' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010073408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2021 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<ref>{{ |
Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Monarchy poll |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163103/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchy-poll-april-2006 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]] |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite web |mode=cs2 |title=Monarchy Survey |date=16 December 2007 |url=http://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201056/http://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |publisher=[[Populus Ltd]] |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |title=Poll respondents back UK monarchy |date=28 December 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |url-status=live }}}}</ref> and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Satisfaction with the Queen |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163208/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], [[Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew|his lawsuit]] with [[Virginia Giuffre]] amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan]]'s [[Megxit|exit from the working royal family]] and subsequent move to the United States.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=7 September 2019 |title=Epstein, Andrew and private jets: The royals have had a tumultuous summer |publisher=Sky News |url=https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923210841/https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |mode=cs2}}; | {{cite news |mode=cs2 |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sophie |title=How the couple who were supposed to 'modernise the monarchy' turned their backs on it |date=19 May 2021 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133622/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |last2=Hall |first2=Harriet |url-status=live }}}}</ref> Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite web |last1=Skinner |first1=Giden |last2=Garrett |first2=Cameron |date=11 January 2022 |title=Three in five favour Britain remaining a monarchy, although support falls from 2012 peak as more become uncertain |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712192545/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{cite web |mode=cs2 |title=Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[YouGov]]|ref=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914104959/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II|archive-date=14 September 2022}};|{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov|ref=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071842/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m|archive-date=2 June 2022}};|{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=2 June 2022 |title=Poll: Dramatic decline in support for monarchy in decade since Diamond Jubilee |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=ITV News|ref=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205309/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee|archive-date=22 July 2022}};|{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=13 September 2022 |title=How have Britons reacted to Queen Elizabeth II's death? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov|ref=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011172024/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death|archive-date=11 October 2022}}}}</ref> and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.<ref>{{multiref|{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=The Queen remains the nations' favourite royal as the public associate her with tradition and a positive symbol of Britain at home and abroad |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170513/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}}; |
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|{{Cite web|title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m|date=1 June 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|publisher=YouGov|language=en-gb|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013402/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m|url-status=live}}; |
|{{Cite web|mode=cs2|title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m|date=1 June 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|publisher=YouGov|language=en-gb|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013402/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m|url-status=live}}; |
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|{{Cite web|title=Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals|date=31 May 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|publisher=YouGov|language=en-gb|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063147/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals|url-status=live}}; |
|{{Cite web|mode=cs2|title=Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals|date=31 May 2022|access-date=4 October 2022|publisher=YouGov|language=en-gb|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063147/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals|url-status=live}}; |
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|{{cite web |title=IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |access-date=20 May 2022 |date=March 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516095425/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |url-status=live }}; |
|{{cite web |mode=cs2 |title=IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |access-date=20 May 2022 |date=March 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516095425/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |url-status=live }}; |
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|{{Cite web|last=Merrick|first=Jane|date=2 June 2022|title=Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587|access-date=4 October 2022|work=[[I (newspaper)|i]]|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929062055/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587|url-status=live}}; |
|{{Cite web|mode=cs2|last=Merrick|first=Jane|date=2 June 2022|title=Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587|access-date=4 October 2022|work=[[I (newspaper)|i]]|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929062055/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587|url-status=live}}; |
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|{{cite web |title=Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |publisher=Ipsos MORI |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909081309/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |url-status=dead }}; |
|{{cite web |mode=cs2 |title=Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |publisher=Ipsos MORI |access-date=4 October 2022 |date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909081309/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |url-status=dead }}; |
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|{{Cite web|title=Has the Queen done a good job during her time on the throne?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne|access-date=4 October 2022|publisher=YouGov|language=en-gb|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924045039/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne|url-status=live}}}}</ref> As of 2021 she remained the third [[most admired woman]] in the world according to the annual [[Gallup poll]], her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=14 December 2021 |title=World's most admired 2021 |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418180803/https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=YouGov America}}</ref> |
|{{Cite web|mode=cs2|title=Has the Queen done a good job during her time on the throne?|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne|access-date=4 October 2022|publisher=YouGov|language=en-gb|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924045039/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne|url-status=live}}}}</ref> As of 2021 she remained the third [[most admired woman]] in the world according to the annual [[Gallup poll]], her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=14 December 2021 |title=World's most admired 2021 |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418180803/https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=YouGov America |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters [[Pietro Annigoni]], [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy]], [[Terence Cuneo]], [[Lucian Freud]], [[Rolf Harris]], [[Damien Hirst]], [[Juliet Pannett]] and [[Tai-Shan Schierenberg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Ben |date=12 February 2016 |title=Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12155026/Revealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hcSiV |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NPG1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth II |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023806/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]}}</ref> Notable photographers of Elizabeth included [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Yousuf Karsh]], [[Anwar Hussein (photographer)|Anwar Hussein]], [[Annie Leibovitz]], [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield|Lord Lichfield]], [[Terry O'Neill (photographer)|Terry O'Neill]], [[John Swannell (photographer)|John Swannell]] and [[Dorothy Wilding]]. The first official [[portrait photograph]] of Elizabeth was taken by [[Marcus Adams (photographer)|Marcus Adams]] in 1926.<ref name="NPG">{{Cite web |title=Marcus Adams |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115011943/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref> |
Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters [[Pietro Annigoni]], [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy]], [[Terence Cuneo]], [[Lucian Freud]], [[Rolf Harris]], [[Damien Hirst]], [[Juliet Pannett]] and [[Tai-Shan Schierenberg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Ben |date=12 February 2016 |title=Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12155026/Revealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hcSiV |archive-date=10 January 2022 |mode=cs2}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NPG1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth II |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023806/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Notable photographers of Elizabeth included [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Yousuf Karsh]], [[Anwar Hussein (photographer)|Anwar Hussein]], [[Annie Leibovitz]], [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield|Lord Lichfield]], [[Terry O'Neill (photographer)|Terry O'Neill]], [[John Swannell (photographer)|John Swannell]] and [[Dorothy Wilding]]. The first official [[portrait photograph]] of Elizabeth was taken by [[Marcus Adams (photographer)|Marcus Adams]] in 1926.<ref name="NPG">{{Cite web |title=Marcus Adams |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115011943/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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== Titles, styles, honours, and arms == |
== Titles, styles, honours, and arms == |
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|caption2=Personal flag of Elizabeth II |
|caption2=Personal flag of Elizabeth II |
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* 21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her [[Royal Highness]] Princess Elizabeth of York<ref>{{Cite web |title=HM Queen Elizabeth II (b.1926) when Princess Elizabeth of York |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2808553/hm-queen-elizabeth-ii-b-1926-when-princess-elizabeth-of-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909014044/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2808553/hm-queen-elizabeth-ii-b-1926-when-princess-elizabeth-of-york |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> |
* 21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her [[Royal Highness]] Princess Elizabeth of York<ref>{{Cite web |title=HM Queen Elizabeth II (b.1926) when Princess Elizabeth of York |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2808553/hm-queen-elizabeth-ii-b-1926-when-princess-elizabeth-of-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909014044/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2808553/hm-queen-elizabeth-ii-b-1926-when-princess-elizabeth-of-york |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Royal Collection Trust |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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* 11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |
* 11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |
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* 20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh with Prince Charles and Princess Anne |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2141018/princess-elizabeth-duchess-of-edinburgh-with-prince-charles-and-princess-anne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909013817/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2141018/princess-elizabeth-duchess-of-edinburgh-with-prince-charles-and-princess-anne |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Royal Collection Trust}}</ref> |
* 20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh with Prince Charles and Princess Anne |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2141018/princess-elizabeth-duchess-of-edinburgh-with-prince-charles-and-princess-anne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909013817/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2141018/princess-elizabeth-duchess-of-edinburgh-with-prince-charles-and-princess-anne |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Royal Collection Trust |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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* 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her [[Majesty]] The Queen |
* 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her [[Majesty]] The Queen |
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=== Arms === |
=== Arms === |
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{{See also|Flags of Elizabeth II}} |
{{See also|Flags of Elizabeth II}} |
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From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge]] bearing the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] differenced with a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]], the centre point bearing a [[Tudor rose]] and the first and third a [[cross of St George]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |url=http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |publisher=[[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]]}}</ref> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed [[Heraldic banner|royal standards]] and personal flags for use [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], [[Royal standards of Canada|Canada]], [[Queen's Personal Australian Flag|Australia]], [[Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag|New Zealand]], [[Queen's Personal Jamaican Flag|Jamaica]], and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=15 January 2016 |title=Personal flags |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180249/https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> |
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge]] bearing the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] differenced with a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]], the centre point bearing a [[Tudor rose]] and the first and third a [[cross of St George]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |url=http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/http://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |publisher=[[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed [[Heraldic banner|royal standards]] and personal flags for use [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], [[Royal standards of Canada|Canada]], [[Queen's Personal Australian Flag|Australia]], [[Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag|New Zealand]], [[Queen's Personal Jamaican Flag|Jamaica]], and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=15 January 2016 |title=Personal flags |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180249/https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |archive-date=7 May 2016 |mode=cs2}}</ref> |
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== Issue == |
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|ref=<ref>{{multiref|{{Harvnb|Louda|Maclagan|1999|page=34}}; | {{Harvnb|Montgomery-Massingberd|1973|pages=[https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/252 252, 293, 307]}}; | {{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=A. R. |author-link=Anthony Wagner |year=1940 |title=Some of the Sixty-four Ancestors of Her Majesty the Queen |journal=Genealogist's Magazine |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> |
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=== Bibliography === |
=== Bibliography === |
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{{Refbegin|30em}} |
{{Refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Bedell Smith |first=Sally |title=Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-4059-3216-5 |author-link=Sally Bedell Smith}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Bedell Smith |first=Sally |title=Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-4059-3216-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Sally Bedell Smith}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Jennie |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabetheightyg0000bond |title=Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years |date=2006 |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |isbn=1-84442-260-7 |author-link=Jennie Bond |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Jennie |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabetheightyg0000bond |title=Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years |date=2006 |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |isbn=1-84442-260-7 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Jennie Bond |url-access=registration}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last1=Bousfield |first1=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsqueent0000bous |title=Fifty Years the Queen |last2=Toffoli |first2=Gary |date=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55002-360-2 |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last1=Bousfield |first1=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsqueent0000bous |title=Fifty Years the Queen |last2=Toffoli |first2=Gary |date=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55002-360-2 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-193333-7 |edition=2nd |author-link=Sarah Bradford}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-193333-7 |edition=2nd |mode=cs2 |author-link=Sarah Bradford}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |url=https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe0000brad |title=Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-91911-6 |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |url=https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe0000brad |title=Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-91911-6 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Brandreth |first=Gyles |url=https://archive.org/details/philipelizabeth0000bran |title=Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage |date=2004 |publisher=Century |isbn=0-7126-6103-4 |author-link=Gyles Brandreth |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Brandreth |first=Gyles |url=https://archive.org/details/philipelizabeth0000bran |title=Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage |date=2004 |publisher=Century |isbn=0-7126-6103-4 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Gyles Brandreth |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Asa |title=The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-212967-8 |volume=4 |author-link=Asa Briggs}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Asa |title=The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-212967-8 |volume=4 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Asa Briggs}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Bush |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/everythingdogsex0001bush |title=Everything Dogs Expect You to Know |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-84537-954-4 |location=London |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Bush |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/everythingdogsex0001bush |title=Everything Dogs Expect You to Know |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-84537-954-4 |location=London |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady |date=2003 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-224-06156-9 |author-link=John Campbell (biographer)}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady |date=2003 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-224-06156-9 |mode=cs2 |author-link=John Campbell (biographer)}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Marion |title=The Little Princesses |date=1950 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |author-link=Marion Crawford}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Marion |title=The Little Princesses |date=1950 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |mode=cs2 |author-link=Marion Crawford}} |
||
* {{Cite book |title=The BBC Book of Royal Memories: 1947–1990 |publisher=BBC Books |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-563-36008-7 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Caroline |ref={{harvid|BBC Books|1991}}}} |
* {{Cite book |title=The BBC Book of Royal Memories: 1947–1990 |publisher=BBC Books |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-563-36008-7 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Caroline |ref={{harvid|BBC Books|1991}} |mode=cs2}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/ourqueen0000hard_t3g5 |title=Our Queen |date=2011 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-0-09-193689-1 |author-link=Robert Hardman |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/ourqueen0000hard_t3g5 |title=Our Queen |date=2011 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-0-09-193689-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Robert Hardman |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |title=Queen of the World |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78089-818-6}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |title=Queen of the World |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-78089-818-6 |mode=cs2}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Heald |first=Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/princessmargaret0000heal_n5q7 |title=Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled |date=2007 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84820-2 |author-link=Tim Heald |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Heald |first=Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/princessmargaret0000heal_n5q7 |title=Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled |date=2007 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84820-2 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Tim Heald |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/hermajestyfiftyr0000hoey_y9q3 |title=Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years |date=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-653136-9 |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/hermajestyfiftyr0000hoey_y9q3 |title=Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years |date=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-653136-9 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: Platinum Jubilee Celebration: 70 Years: 1952–2022 |publisher=Rizzoli |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-84165-939-8}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: Platinum Jubilee Celebration: 70 Years: 1952–2022 |publisher=Rizzoli |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-84165-939-8 |mode=cs2}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Knappett |first=Gill |title=The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir |date=2016 |publisher=Pitkin |isbn=978-0-7509-7031-0}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Knappett |first=Gill |title=The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir |date=2016 |publisher=Pitkin |isbn=978-0-7509-7031-0 |mode=cs2}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |title=Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |date=2002 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-316-85940-0 |author-link=Robert Lacey}}<!-- Two instances of this book are now on the Internet Archive, but take your pick. --> |
* {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |title=Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |date=2002 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-316-85940-0 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Robert Lacey}}<!-- Two instances of this book are now on the Internet Archive, but take your pick. --> |
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* {{Cite book |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-316-84820-6 |edition=2nd |location=London |author-link=Jiří Louda |author-link2=Michael Maclagan |orig-year=1981}} |
* {{Cite book |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-316-84820-6 |edition=2nd |location=London |mode=cs2 |author-link=Jiří Louda |author-link2=Michael Maclagan |orig-year=1981}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Macmillan |first=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/pointingway1959100macm |title=Pointing the Way 1959–1961 |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-12411-1 |author-link=Harold Macmillan |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Macmillan |first=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/pointingway1959100macm |title=Pointing the Way 1959–1961 |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-12411-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Harold Macmillan |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Marr |first=Andrew |title=The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People |date=2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-74852-1 |author-link=Andrew Marr}} <!-- Three instances of this book are now in the Internet Archive, but take your pick. --> |
* {{Cite book |last=Marr |first=Andrew |title=The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People |date=2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-74852-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Andrew Marr}} <!-- Three instances of this book are now in the Internet Archive, but take your pick. --> |
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* {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=James |title=Britain Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-20967-6 |editor-last=Hollowell |editor-first=Jonathan |pages=109–125 |chapter=Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts |doi=10.1002/9780470758328.ch5}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=James |title=Britain Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-20967-6 |editor-last=Hollowell |editor-first=Jonathan |pages=109–125 |chapter=Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts |doi=10.1002/9780470758328.ch5 |mode=cs2}} |
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* {{Cite book |title=Burke's Guide to the Royal Family |publisher=Burke's Peerage |year=1973 |isbn=0-220-66222-3 |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Massingberd |location=London |chapter=The Royal Lineage}} |
* {{Cite book |title=Burke's Guide to the Royal Family |publisher=Burke's Peerage |year=1973 |isbn=0-220-66222-3 |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Massingberd |location=London |chapter=The Royal Lineage |mode=cs2}} |
||
* {{Cite book |last=Neil |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/fulldisclosure0000neil |title=Full Disclosure |date=1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-64682-7 |author-link=Andrew Neil |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Neil |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/fulldisclosure0000neil |title=Full Disclosure |date=1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-64682-7 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Andrew Neil |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Nicolson |first=Harold |title=King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign |date=1952 |publisher=Constable & Co. |author-link=Harold Nicolson}} <!-- This book is now in the Internet Archive, but I see three iterations of it, and I'm not sure which version is suitable for this, so take your pick. --> |
* {{Cite book |last=Nicolson |first=Harold |title=King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign |date=1952 |publisher=Constable & Co. |mode=cs2 |author-link=Harold Nicolson}} <!-- This book is now in the Internet Archive, but I see three iterations of it, and I'm not sure which version is suitable for this, so take your pick. --> |
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* {{Cite book |last=Petropoulos |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/royalsreichprinc0000petr |title=Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516133-5 |author-link=Jonathan Petropoulos |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Petropoulos |first=Jonathan |url=https://archive.org/details/royalsreichprinc0000petr |title=Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516133-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Jonathan Petropoulos |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Pimlott |first=Ben |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy |date=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255494-1 |author-link=Ben Pimlott}} <!-- Two instances of this book are now on the Internet Archive, but take your pick. --> |
* {{Cite book |last=Pimlott |first=Ben |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy |date=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255494-1 |mode=cs2 |author-link=Ben Pimlott}} <!-- Two instances of this book are now on the Internet Archive, but take your pick. --> |
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* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofwindsor0000unse |title=The House of Windsor |date=2000 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |isbn=0-304-35406-6 |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=Antonia |editor-link=Antonia Fraser |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofwindsor0000unse |title=The House of Windsor |date=2000 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |isbn=0-304-35406-6 |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=Antonia |editor-link=Antonia Fraser |mode=cs2 |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Routledge |first=Paul |title=Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1994 |isbn=0-00-638077-8 |location=London |author-link=Paul Routledge}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Routledge |first=Paul |title=Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1994 |isbn=0-00-638077-8 |location=London |mode=cs2 |author-link=Paul Routledge}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Shawcross |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/queencountry0000shaw |title=Queen and Country |date=2002 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=0-7710-8056-5 |author-link=William Shawcross |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Shawcross |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/queencountry0000shaw |title=Queen and Country |date=2002 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=0-7710-8056-5 |mode=cs2 |author-link=William Shawcross |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Tomaszewski |first=Fiona K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |title=A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97366-7 |access-date=5 October 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |url-status=live}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Tomaszewski |first=Fiona K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |title=A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97366-7 |mode=cs2 |access-date=5 October 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Warwick |first=Christopher |title=Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-233-05106-2 |location=London}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Warwick |first=Christopher |title=Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-233-05106-2 |location=London |mode=cs2}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=David |title=Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain |date=1987 |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=0-86350-101-X}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=David |title=Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain |date=1987 |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=0-86350-101-X |mode=cs2}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Wyatt |first=Woodrow |url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofwoodro0002wyat |title=The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt |date=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-77405-1 |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Sarah |volume=II |author-link=Woodrow Wyatt |url-access=registration}} |
* {{Cite book |last=Wyatt |first=Woodrow |url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofwoodro0002wyat |title=The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt |date=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-77405-1 |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Sarah |volume=II |mode=cs2 |author-link=Woodrow Wyatt |url-access=registration}} |
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{{Refend}} |
{{Refend}} |
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Revision as of 17:09, 30 March 2023
Elizabeth II | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head of the Commonwealth | |||||
Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms | |||||
Reign | 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 | ||||
Coronation | 2 June 1953 | ||||
Predecessor | George VI | ||||
Successor | Charles III | ||||
Born | Princess Elizabeth of York 21 April 1926 Mayfair, London, England | ||||
Died | 8 September 2022 Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland | (aged 96)||||
Burial | 19 September 2022 King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue Detail | |||||
| |||||
House | Windsor | ||||
Father | George VI | ||||
Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | ||||
Religion | Protestant[a] | ||||
Signature |
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and was head of state of 15 realms at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history.
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.
When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.
Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, in 2022 at the age of 96 and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.
Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered at 02:40 (GMT)[1] by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London home, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair.[2] The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[3][b] and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[5] She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,[6] based on what she called herself at first.[7] She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[8] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[9]
Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford.[10] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[11] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[12] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[13] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[14] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[15] Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor.[16]
Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19]
Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21]
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23]
Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30]
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34]
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35]
During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38]
Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]
Marriage
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43]
The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47]
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53]
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in August 1950.[55]
Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56]
Reign
Accession and coronation
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and Harry S. Truman in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,[59] and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62]
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65][66]
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[67] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[68] Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[69] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978. She did not remarry.[70]
Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.[71] The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the anointing and communion.[72][c] On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[76]
Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[77] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[78] In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.[79] She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[80] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[81] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state.[82]
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[83] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[84]
The governing Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government following Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the lord president of the council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the lord chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[85]
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[86] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[87] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[88] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[89] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[89] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[90]
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[91] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[91][92] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[93] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[94] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[94] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[95] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[96]
Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[97] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964.[98]
On 21 October 1966, the Aberfan disaster in Wales saw 116 children and 28 adults killed when a colliery spoil tip collapsed, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and the surrounding houses in the village. The Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before deciding to visit the village, and her delay in visiting the scene was a mistake that she later regretted.[99][100]
Acceleration of decolonisation
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia".[101] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[102] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[103]
Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[104] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[105]
In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[106] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister, and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[107]
A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[108] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[109] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[108]
Silver Jubilee
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.[110] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[111] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[112] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[113]
According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister.[114] Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[114] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[114] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[114] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[114]
Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[115] Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[116] That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand. Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a .22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed.[117] Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with attempted murder or treason was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William.[118]
From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety[119] and pride.[120] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[121] After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[122]
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid.[123] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[124] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[125] Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[126] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[127] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[128] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[129] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[130][131]
In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[132] The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors.[133] At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[134] Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[135]
By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.[136] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.[137] In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[130] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[138]
Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[139]
On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").[140] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace[d]—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[145] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April;[146] angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;[147] and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[148] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[149] Two days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list.[150] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[151] At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[152] Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law, the Duchess of York, and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice.[153]
In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell.[154] In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.[e] In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada.[159]
In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[160] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[161]
In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[162] Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[163] but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.[131][164] Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[165] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[166] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[166]
In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[167] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[168] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[168] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.[167] That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[169] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[169]
In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[170] and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[171]
Golden Jubilee
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome. Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch.[172] Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.[173] During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair.[174]
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[175] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[176] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[177] and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[178]
In 2003, Elizabeth sued the Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[179] The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[180] Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[181]
In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[182] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[183] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[184] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[185]
Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[186] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[187] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the 9/11 attacks.[187] Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.[188] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[189]
Diamond Jubilee and longevity
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[190] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[191] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[192]
Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries.[193] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[194] On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.[195]
On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[197] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[198] Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[199] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[200] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[201] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.[202]
Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[203] She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[204] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[205] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[206] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[207] and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[208] Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[209]
COVID-19 pandemic
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[210] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[211]
On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,[212] she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."[213] On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".[214] In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.[215] On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.[216] In 2021, she received her first and second COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[217]
Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[218] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[219] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[220] Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[221] In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".[222]
Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May,[223] and the 47th G7 summit in June.[224] On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS would be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".[225] In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[226] Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,[227] the COP26 summit in Glasgow,[228] and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds.[229] On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the Amritsar massacre. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act. In 2023, he pled guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign.[230]
Platinum Jubilee
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers.[231] In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[232]
Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for COVID-19, along with some staff and family members.[233] She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[234] but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border,[f][235] following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.[236] On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[237] On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her COVID diagnosis.[238] She later remarked that COVID infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".[239]
Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[240] but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month[241] or the Royal Maundy service in April.[242] She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[243] In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.[244]
During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving.[245] For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear, that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.[246] On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.[247] On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.[248] No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.[249] The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September to her Canadian people, in the aftermath of the Saskatchewan stabbings.[250]
Elizabeth never planned to abdicate,[251] though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.[252] The Queen told Canadian governor-general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".[253] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[254]
Death
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."[255][256] Her immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.[257][258] She died peacefully at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with two of her children, Charles and Anne, by her side.[259][260] Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,[261][262] setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn.[263][264] Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542.[265] Her death certificate recorded her cause of death as "old age".[259][266]
On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it.[267] Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.[268] It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[269][270] On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.[271][272]
Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[273] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[274] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.[275][274] Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession.[276] After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[277][278][279][280]
Legacy
Beliefs, activities, and interests
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked her about the miners' strike of 1984–85 during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill),[281] with which Routledge disagreed.[282] Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.[282] After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[283] She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[284]
Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously.[285] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and also the national Church of Scotland.[286] She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[287] A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[288]
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.
Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities.[289] The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.[290] Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[291] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[292] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[293]
Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[294] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[295] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[296] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[297] Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[298] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[299] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[300]
At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;[301] but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[302] Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[303] Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[304] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[305] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[306]
In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[307] Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[308] Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[309] "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[310] Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[311]
Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,[312] and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.[313] Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the working royal family and subsequent move to the United States.[314] Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy[315] and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.[316] As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[317]
Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[318][319] Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[320]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
- 21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York[321]
- 11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth
- 20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh[322]
- 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her Majesty The Queen
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown Dependencies rather than separate realms, she was known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster.
Arms
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[323] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[324]
Issue
Name | Birth | Marriage | Children | Grandchildren | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | ||||
Charles III | 14 November 1948 | 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 |
Lady Diana Spencer | William, Prince of Wales | |
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | |||||
9 April 2005 | Camilla Parker Bowles | None | |||
Anne, Princess Royal | 15 August 1950 | 14 November 1973 Divorced 23 April 1992 |
Mark Phillips | Peter Phillips |
|
Zara Tindall |
| ||||
12 December 1992 | Timothy Laurence | None | |||
Prince Andrew, Duke of York | 19 February 1960 | 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 |
Sarah Ferguson | Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi | Sienna Mapelli Mozzi |
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank | August Brooksbank | ||||
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh | 10 March 1964 | 19 June 1999 | Sophie Rhys-Jones | Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor | None |
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex | None |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Elizabeth II[325] |
---|
See also
- Finances of the British royal family
- Household of Elizabeth II
- List of things named after Elizabeth II
- List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
- List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
- Royal eponyms in Canada
- Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
- List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1940s), (1950s), (2010s)
Notes
- ^ As monarch, Elizabeth was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She was also a member of the Church of Scotland.
- ^ Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[4]
- ^ Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[73] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[74] In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[75]
- ^ The Sunday Times Rich List 1989 put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £16.3 billion in today's value),[141] but it included state assets like the Royal Collection that were not hers personally.[142] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[143] In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £14 million in 1993[141]).[144]
- ^ The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[155][156] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[157] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[158]
- ^ Russia invaded Ukraine one day later.
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- ^ Hoey 2002, p. 40
- ^ Brandreth 2004, p. 103; Hoey 2002, p. 40
- ^ Brandreth 2004, p. 103
- ^ Pimlott 2001, p. 12
- ^ Williamson 1987, p. 205
- ^ Pimlott 2001, p. 15
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- ^ Brandreth 2004, p. 124; Lacey 2002, pp. 62–63; Pimlott 2001, pp. 24, 69
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External links
- Queen Elizabeth II at the Royal Family website
- Queen Elizabeth II at the website of the Government of Canada
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