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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

This is a '''list of active [[Separatism|separatist]] movements in [[Asia]]'''. Separatism can include [[autonomism]] and [[secession]]ism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gehring|first1=Kai|last2=Schneider|first2=Stephan A.|date=2017|title=Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26794426|journal=Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association|volume=110|pages=6|jstor=26794426|issn=1549-7542}}</ref> despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.
This is a '''list of active [[Separatism|separatist]] movements in [[Asia]]'''. Separatism can include [[autonomism]] and [[secession]]ism,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gehring|first1=Kai|last2=Schneider|first2=Stephan A.|date=2017|title=Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26794426|journal=Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association|volume=110|pages=6|jstor=26794426|issn=1549-7542}}</ref> despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.


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==Afghanistan==
==Afghanistan==
[[File:Afghan Turkestan Province, 1929.png|thumb|240px|Afghan Turkestan Province in 1929]]
[[File:Afghan Turkestan Province, 1929.png|thumb|240px|Afghan Turkestan Province in 1929]]
{{See also|Balkhab uprising|Hazara nationalism}}
{{See also|Balkhab uprising|Hazara nationalism|Pashtun nationalism}}


[[Afghan Turkestan|South Turkestan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Video) "Dzhabhat Turkestan Janubi" (South Turkestan [Turkistan] Front) Forms In Opposition of Taliban (IEA) in Balkh Mazar-i-Sharif Province, Afghanistan - 30 June 2022 |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/south-turkestan-front-forms-in-opposition-of-taliban-iea-trac/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=TRAC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Research |first=Security Risks |date=2022-05-20 |title=Mapping Afghan Resistance Movement |url=https://www.security-risks.com/post/mapping-afghan-resistance-movement |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Security Risks Asia |language=en}}</ref>
[[Afghan Turkestan|South Turkestan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Video) "Dzhabhat Turkestan Janubi" (South Turkestan [Turkistan] Front) Forms In Opposition of Taliban (IEA) in Balkh Mazar-i-Sharif Province, Afghanistan - 30 June 2022 |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/chatter/south-turkestan-front-forms-in-opposition-of-taliban-iea-trac/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=TRAC |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Research |first=Security Risks |date=2022-05-20 |title=Mapping Afghan Resistance Movement |url=https://www.security-risks.com/post/mapping-afghan-resistance-movement |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Security Risks Asia |language=en}}</ref>
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== Azerbaijan ==
== Azerbaijan ==
{{See also|List of active separatist movements in Europe#Azerbaijan}}


;Autonomist movements
;Autonomist movements
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** Political organisation: [[Talysh National Movement]]
** Political organisation: [[Talysh National Movement]]
** Government in exile: [[File:Flag of Talysh.svg|22px|border]] [[Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic]]<ref>Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.</ref>
** Government in exile: [[File:Flag of Talysh.svg|22px|border]] [[Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic]]<ref>Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.</ref>

⚫
* Ethnic group: [[Lezgins]]
** Proposed: Independence or greater autonomy for {{Flagicon image|Lezgian flag.svg}} [[Lezgistan]]
** Political organisation: [[File:Lezgin flag sadval.png|frameless|24x24px]] [[Sadval movement]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Demirdjian |first1=Z. S. Andrew |title=Lezgistan: Lurking threat to Azerbaijan |url=https://keghart.org/demirdjian-lezgistan-threat/ |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=Keghart|date=25 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lezgin Leader Assassinated in Dagestan |language=en-US |work=Jamestown |url=https://jamestown.org/program/lezgin-leader-assassinated-in-dagestan-2/#.Vv4nYPl96Uk |access-date=2023-06-14}}</ref> [[Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy]], Samur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lezgins in Azerbaijan |url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/lezgins/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Bangladesh ==
== Bangladesh ==
[[File:Chittagong Hill Tracts locator map.svg|thumb|240px|Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh]]
[[File:Chittagong Hill Tracts locator map.svg|thumb|240px|Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh]]
[[File:Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini.svg|22x22px]] [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
[[File:Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini.svg|22x22px]] [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh countering separatism and militancy for ensuring peace and stability in the region|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/11/23/bangladesh-countering-separatism-and-militancy-for-ensuring-peace-and-stability-in-the-region/}}</ref>
{{Main|Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict}}
{{Main|Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict}}


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* Ethnic group: [[Kuki people|Kuki]]
* Ethnic group: [[Kuki people|Kuki]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of the Kuki people.svg|22px|border]] [[Zale'n-gam]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of the Kuki people.svg|22px|border]] [[Zale'n-gam]]
** Militant organisation: [[Kuki National Army]], [[Kuki-Chin National Front]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Bangladesh’s Kuki National Front is Cause for Concern|url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/04/why-bangladeshs-kuki-national-front-is-cause-for-concern/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Kuki-Chin National Front: A new concern for Bangladesh’s security|url=https://policywatcher.com/2024/05/the-kuki-chin-national-front-a-new-concern-for-bangladeshs-security/#google_vignette}}</ref>
** Militant organisation: [[Kuki National Army]]
** Advocacy group: [[Kuki National Organisation]]
** Advocacy group: [[Kuki National Organisation]]


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== China ==
== China ==
{{Main|Secession in China}}
{{Main|Secession in China}}
{{See also|One country, two systems|Ethnic minorities in China}}[[File:Xinjiang in China (de-facto) (+all claims hatched).svg|thumb|250px]]
{{See also|One country, two systems|Ethnic minorities in China}}[[File:Xinjiang in China (de-facto) (+all claims hatched).svg|thumb|250px|[[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]] of the People's Republic of China]]
{{Flagdeco|East Turkestan}} [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]]
{{Flagdeco|East Turkestan}} [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]]
{{Main|East Turkestan independence movement|Uyghur nationalism|Xinjiang conflict}}
{{Main|East Turkestan independence movement|Uyghur nationalism|Xinjiang conflict}}
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** Advocacy group: [[East Turkistan National Awakening Movement]]
** Advocacy group: [[East Turkistan National Awakening Movement]]


[[File:Hong Kong in China (zoomed) (+all claims hatched).svg|thumb|250px]]
[[File:Hong Kong in China (zoomed) (+all claims hatched).svg|thumb|250px|[[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]] of the People's Republic of China]]
{{flagdeco|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]]
{{flagdeco|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]]
{{Main|Hong Kong independence|Sino-British Joint Declaration}}
{{Main|Hong Kong independence|Sino-British Joint Declaration}}
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** Political parties: [[Youngspiration]], [[Hong Kong Indigenous]], [[Hong Kong National Party]], [[Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence]], [[Hong Kong Independence Party]]
** Political parties: [[Youngspiration]], [[Hong Kong Indigenous]], [[Hong Kong National Party]], [[Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence]], [[Hong Kong Independence Party]]


[[File:Greater Tibet locator map.svg|thumb|250px]]
[[File:Greater Tibet locator map.svg|thumb|250px|[[Xizang Autonomous Region]] of the People's Republic of China]]
{{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Tibet]]
{{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Tibet]]
{{Main|Tibetan independence movement}}
{{Main|Tibetan independence movement}}
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** Advocacy groups: [[Tibetan Youth Congress]], [[International Tibet Independence Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-china-says-separatists-sparked-violence-in-sichuan-2012jan31-story.html|title = China says separatists sparked violence in Sichuan|date = February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30172870|jstor = 30172870|title = China's Strategic Vulnerability to Minority Separatism in Tibet|last1 = Sautman|first1 = Barry|journal = Asian Affairs|year = 2005|volume = 32|issue = 2|pages = 87–118|doi = 10.3200/AAFS.32.2.87-118|s2cid = 154271958}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Tibetan independence movement]] can either encompass the smaller [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan Autonomous Region]] (Xizang) or the larger "[[Tibet|Greater Tibet]]".}}
** Advocacy groups: [[Tibetan Youth Congress]], [[International Tibet Independence Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-china-says-separatists-sparked-violence-in-sichuan-2012jan31-story.html|title = China says separatists sparked violence in Sichuan|date = February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30172870|jstor = 30172870|title = China's Strategic Vulnerability to Minority Separatism in Tibet|last1 = Sautman|first1 = Barry|journal = Asian Affairs|year = 2005|volume = 32|issue = 2|pages = 87–118|doi = 10.3200/AAFS.32.2.87-118|s2cid = 154271958}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Tibetan independence movement]] can either encompass the smaller [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibetan Autonomous Region]] (Xizang) or the larger "[[Tibet|Greater Tibet]]".}}


[[File:Inner Mongolia in China (+all claims hatched).svg|thumb|250px]]
[[File:Inner Mongolia in China (+all claims hatched).svg|thumb|250px|[[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]] of the People's Republic of China]]
{{Flagicon image| Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg}} [[Inner Mongolia]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Steger |first=Isabella |date=4 September 2020 |title=China's insatiable appetite for control is forcing even its "model minority" to rebel |publisher=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1899397/inner-mongolians-in-china-rise-up-against-language-suppression/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907071042/https://qz.com/1899397/inner-mongolians-in-china-rise-up-against-language-suppression/ |archive-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/inner-mongolia-another-tibet-or-xinjiang|title=Inner Mongolia--Another Tibet or Xinjiang? &#124; Wilson Center|website=www.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref>
{{Flagicon image| Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party.svg}} [[Inner Mongolia]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Steger |first=Isabella |date=4 September 2020 |title=China's insatiable appetite for control is forcing even its "model minority" to rebel |publisher=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1899397/inner-mongolians-in-china-rise-up-against-language-suppression/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907071042/https://qz.com/1899397/inner-mongolians-in-china-rise-up-against-language-suppression/ |archive-date=7 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/inner-mongolia-another-tibet-or-xinjiang|title=Inner Mongolia--Another Tibet or Xinjiang? &#124; Wilson Center|website=www.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref>
{{main|Inner Mongolian independence movement}}
{{main|Inner Mongolian independence movement}}
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** Political parties: [[Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance]], [[Mongolian Liberal Union Party]], [[Inner Mongolian People's Party]]
** Political parties: [[Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance]], [[Mongolian Liberal Union Party]], [[Inner Mongolian People's Party]]
=== Minor movements ===
=== Minor movements ===
* [[File:Proposed_National_Flag_of_Shanghai.jpg|frameless|27x27px]] [[Shanghai National Party|Shanghainese nationalism]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Areddy |first1=James T. |date=23 April 2022 |title=Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-lockdown-bolsters-a-fringe-independence-movement-11650706204 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Regional Separatist Movements |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn_sep.html |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=独派人士下月聚首华府 向中国霸权说不 |url=https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-meeting-07312019073835.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922151501/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-meeting-07312019073835.html |archive-date=22 September 2019 }}</ref>
* [[File:Proposed National Flag of Shanghai.svg|frameless|27x27px]] [[Shanghai National Party|Shanghainese nationalism]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Areddy |first1=James T. |date=23 April 2022 |title=Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-lockdown-bolsters-a-fringe-independence-movement-11650706204 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=独派人士下月聚首华府 向中国霸权说不 |url=https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-meeting-07312019073835.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922151501/https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/news/us-meeting-07312019073835.html |archive-date=22 September 2019 }}</ref>
* [[File:Tricolor_Kapok.png|frameless|27x27px]] [[Cantonese nationalism]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Protest in Amsterdam Marks 75th Anniversary of World Human Rights Day - Support Uyghurs |url=https://supportuyghurs.org/protest-in-amsterdam-marks-75th-anniversary-of-world-human-rights-day/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214202141/https://supportuyghurs.org/protest-in-amsterdam-marks-75th-anniversary-of-world-human-rights-day/ |archive-date=14 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Hong Kong Extradition Bill Protests Photo Gallery |url=https://www.globalphotos.org/hk-extradition9.htm |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207232939/https://www.globalphotos.org/hk-extradition9.htm |archive-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=世界人权日 伦敦多族裔游行促向北京问责 — 普通话主页 |url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/Xinwen/6-12102023122647.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217063754/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/Xinwen/6-12102023122647.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 }}</ref>
* [[File:Tricolor Kapok.svg|frameless|27x27px]] [[Cantonese nationalism]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Protest in Amsterdam Marks 75th Anniversary of World Human Rights Day - Support Uyghurs |url=https://supportuyghurs.org/protest-in-amsterdam-marks-75th-anniversary-of-world-human-rights-day/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214202141/https://supportuyghurs.org/protest-in-amsterdam-marks-75th-anniversary-of-world-human-rights-day/ |archive-date=14 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-07 |title=Hong Kong Extradition Bill Protests Photo Gallery |url=https://www.globalphotos.org/hk-extradition9.htm |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207232939/https://www.globalphotos.org/hk-extradition9.htm |archive-date=7 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title=世界人权日 伦敦多族裔游行促向北京问责 — 普通话主页 |url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/Xinwen/6-12102023122647.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217063754/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/Xinwen/6-12102023122647.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 }}</ref>
* [[File:Flag_of_the_Basuria_independence_movement.svg|frameless|27x27px]] Bashu nationalism <ref>{{Cite web |last=tibetanreview |date=2022-08-06 |title=Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again |url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/sinicization-will-not-succeed-basuria-will-be-free-again/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Tibetan Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Basuria |url=https://freebasuria.org/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Republic of Basuria |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag_of_the_Basuria_independence_movement.svg|frameless|27x27px]] Bashu nationalism<ref>{{Cite web |last=tibetanreview |date=2022-08-06 |title=Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again |url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/sinicization-will-not-succeed-basuria-will-be-free-again/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Tibetan Review |language=en-US}}</ref>
⚫
* [[File:Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg|frameless|27x27px]] [[Manchukuo Government]]
* [[Hui pan-nationalism]] or [[Ningxia]], proposed greater autonomy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Chinese : ethnic nationalism in the people's republic {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/243843508 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/world/asia/china-islam-hui-ningxia.html | title=Light Government Touch Lets China’s Hui Practice Islam in the Open | website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

⚫
* [[File:Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg|frameless|29x29px]] [[Manchukuo Government]]
== Egypt ==
* [[File:Hokkienam.webp|frameless|30x30px]] Fujian nationalism or American Hokkienese autonomy Association<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR7SrfpmsPI |title=8th Free Nations #PostRussia of Forum #London & #Paris Promo autumn2023 Hokkienam #PostPRC #MBTPAxis |language=en |access-date=2024-04-09 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Regional Separatist Movements |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn_sep.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Log » Hokkien renaissance |url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=50035 |access-date=2024-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Capital Heroes and a Hokkien Nation |date=2024 |work=China and the Philippines: A Connected History, c. 1900–50 |pages=125–147 |editor-last=Guingona |editor-first=Phillip B. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/china-and-the-philippines/capital-heroes-and-a-hokkien-nation/1E22A116D49B4560B4EF92726CEA149E |access-date=2024-04-18 |series=Asian Connections |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009359207.006 |isbn=978-1-009-35924-5}}</ref>
{{Main|Sinai insurgency}}
* "Komland"/"Komeseland" (Jiangxi province)<ref name="crwflags.com">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Regional Separatist Movements |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn_sep.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref>

* Militant organizations: [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad|Tawhid al-Jihad]], [[Al-Qaeda in the Sinai Peninsula|Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula]] (from late 2011), [[Abdullah Azzam Brigades]], [[Ansar al-Sharia]], [[Hazzm Movement|Hasm Movement]], [[Bedouin]], [[Jund al-Islam]], [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Popular Resistance Movement]], [[Takfir wal-Hijra]], [[Jaysh al-Islam|Army of Islam]], [[Al Furqan Brigades]], [[Soldiers of Egypt]]


== Georgia ==
== Georgia ==
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[[Manipur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Explained: How big is insurgency threat in Manipur?|date=23 February 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-big-is-insurgency-threat-in-manipur-7786366/lite/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Draconian laws fuel separatist movements in India's conflict-hit Manipur state|date=5 June 2023 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2420359/draconian-laws-fuel-separatist-movements-in-indias-conflict-hit-manipur-state}}</ref>
[[Manipur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Explained: How big is insurgency threat in Manipur?|date=23 February 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-big-is-insurgency-threat-in-manipur-7786366/lite/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Draconian laws fuel separatist movements in India's conflict-hit Manipur state|date=5 June 2023 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2420359/draconian-laws-fuel-separatist-movements-in-indias-conflict-hit-manipur-state}}</ref>

{{main|Meitei nationalism}}
* Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|border|22px]] [[Manipur]]
* Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|border|22px]] [[Manipur]]
** Ethnic groups: [[Meitei people|Meitei]], [[Pangal]], [[Naga people|Naga]]
** Ethnic groups: [[Meitei people|Meitei]], [[Pangal]], [[Naga people|Naga]]
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== Indonesia ==
== Indonesia ==
[[File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map English.svg|thumb|200px|The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.]]
[[File:Indonesia Ethnic Groups Map English.svg|thumb|200px|Map of native ethnic groups of Indonesia. Foreign ethnic groups are not shown.]]
{{See also|List of active separatist movements in Oceania#Indonesia}}
[[File:Aceh in Indonesia.svg|thumb|150px|[[Aceh]]]]
[[File:North Sulawesi in Indonesia.svg|thumb|150px|[[North Sulawesi]]]]
[[File:Riau in Indonesia.svg|thumb|150px|[[Riau]]]]
{{See also||Free Papua Movement|Republic of West Papua|Papuan unification|Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Great Timor|East Timor|West Timor}}{{See also|List of active separatist movements in Oceania#Indonesia}}


⚫
[[Aceh]]
* Ethnic group: [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]]
* Ethnic group: [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Aceh]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Free Aceh Movement.svg|border|23px]] [[Aceh]]
** Militant organisation: [[Free Aceh Movement]] (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
** Militant organisation: [[Free Aceh Movement]] (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
** Advocacy Group: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front (Member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unpo.org/article/20073 | title=UNPO: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front's (ASNLF) participation in Indonesia's UPR review in Geneva }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://unpo.org/article/22229 | title=UNPO: Acheh Representative ASNLF Set to Protest in Finnish Capital Ahead of Anniversary of Memorandum }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://asnlf.org/about/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218225834/http://asnlf.org/about/ | archive-date=18 December 2021 | title=About – Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front }}</ref>
** Advocacy group: Aceh–Sumatra National Liberation Front (Member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://unpo.org/article/20073 | title=UNPO: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front's (ASNLF) participation in Indonesia's UPR review in Geneva }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://unpo.org/article/22229 | title=UNPO: Acheh Representative ASNLF Set to Protest in Finnish Capital Ahead of Anniversary of Memorandum }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://asnlf.org/about/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218225834/http://asnlf.org/about/ | archive-date=18 December 2021 | title=About – Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front }}</ref>


[[Riau]]
[[Bali]]
* Ethnic group: [[Riau Malays]]
* Ethnic group: [[Balinese people|Balinese]]
** Proposed autonomous area or state: [[Bali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/apr2020/Establishing-A-Special-Autonomy-Model-In-Bali-As-A-Means-Of-Preserving-Hindu-Balinese-Culture-And-Space.pdf|title=Establishing-A-Special-Autonomy-Model-In-Bali-As-A-Means-Of-Preserving-Hindu-Balinese-Culture-And-Space}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Priatmojo |first1=Dedy |last2=Andalan |first2=Bobby |date=2016-09-21 |title=Polda Bali Segera Tindak Seruan Separatisme ForBALI |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/824599-polda-bali-segera-tindak-seruan-separatisme-forbali |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=VIVA |language=id}}</ref>
⚫
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Riau Independists.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Riau]] or unification with {{flag|Malaysia}}
** Advocacy group: [[Gerakan Riau Merdeka]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colombijn |first1=Freek |title=Framing Indonesian Realities |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-48682-9 |pages=333–370 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004486829/B9789004486829_s017.xml |language=en |chapter=When there is nothing to imagine: Nationalism in Riau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Usai Deklarasi, Presiden Riau Merdeka Disembunyikan Mahasiswa |url=https://kumparan.com/selasarriau/usai-deklarasi-presiden-riau-merdeka-disembunyikan-mahasiswa-1rI1Uj76N01 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Simanjuntak |first=Surya Dua Artha |date=12 December 2022 |title=Bupati Meranti Ancam Gabung Malaysia dan Angkat Senjata, Pengamat: Awas Makar! |url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20221212/15/1607613/bupati-meranti-ancam-gabung-malaysia-dan-angkat-senjata-pengamat-awas-makar |website=Bisnis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tanjung |first1=Erick |last2=Ardiansyah |first2=Novian |date=2022-12-20 |title=Buntut Ancam 'Gabung ke Malaysia', Bupati Meranti Dipanggil Kemendagri: Bahas DBH Minyak Bukan Sanksi |url=https://www.suara.com/news/2022/12/20/214417/buntut-ancam-gabung-ke-malaysia-bupati-meranti-dipanggil-kemendagri-bahas-dbh-minyak-bukan-sanksi |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=suara.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://headtopics.com/id/video-bupati-meranti-dimediasi-usai-ancam-gabung-malaysia-33128860 | title=VIDEO: Bupati Meranti Dimediasi Usai Ancam Gabung Malaysia | date=21 December 2022 }}</ref>
** Advocacy group: Bali government,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-08 |title=Bali Pushes for Special Autonomy |url=https://www.thebalitimes.com/headlines/bali-pushes-for-special-autonomy/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=The Bali Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bali Ancam Merdeka |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-552083/bali-ancam-merdeka |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> ForBALI<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sihombing |first=Martin |date=2016-09-12 |title=KAMPANYE ForBALI Mengarah Ke Separatisme |url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20160912/16/583247/kampanye-forbali-mengarah-ke-separatisme |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Bisnis.com |language=id}}</ref>

⚫
[[Minahasa Peninsula]]
⚫
[[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]
* Ethnic group: [[Minahasan people|Minahasan]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of the Minahasan People.svg|frameless|25x25px]] [[North Sulawesi|Greater Minahasa]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Renaldi |first=Adi |date=May 22, 2017 |title=Did the Ahok Verdict Spark a Separatist Movement in North Sulawesi? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmbk49/did-the-ahok-verdict-spark-a-separatist-movement-in-north-sulawesi |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref>
** Advocacy group: [[Independent Minahasa Movement]] (Gerakan Minahasa Merdeka),<ref name=":10" /> Greater Minahasa Alliance<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jurnalis ditahan terkait Referendum Minahasa, pegiat HAM anggap berlebihan |language=id |work=BBC News Indonesia |url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-40148804 |access-date=2022-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Siswoyo |first1=Harry |last2=Mukti |first2=Fajar Ginanjar |date=2017-05-17 |title=Minahasa Merdeka, Haruskah? |url=https://www.viva.co.id/ragam/fokus/916009-minahasa-merdeka-haruskah |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=VIVA |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renaldi |first=Adi |date=2017-05-22 |title=Tuntutan Minahasa Merdeka Merespons Menangnya Intoleransi Di Kasus Ahok |url=https://www.vice.com/id/article/wjekzm/tuntutan-minahasa-merdeka-merespons-menangnya-intoleransi-di-kasus-ahok |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.vice.com |language=id}}</ref>
⚫
[[Maluku (province)]]
* Ethnic group: [[Moluccans]]
* Ethnic group: [[Moluccans]]
* Proposed state: [[File:Flag_of_South_Moluccas.svg|border|22x22px]] [[Republic of South Maluku|South Moluccas]]
* Proposed state: [[File:Flag_of_South_Moluccas.svg|border|23px]] [[Republic of South Maluku|South Moluccas]]
** Government-in-exile: [[Republic of South Moluccas]] (member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])
** Government-in-exile: [[Republic of South Moluccas]] (member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])
** Advocacy group: [[Maluku Sovereignty Front]]
** Advocacy group: [[Maluku Sovereignty Front]]


⚫
[[Minahasa Peninsula]]
⚫
[[Bali]]
* Ethnic group: [[Balinese people|Balinese]]
* Ethnic group: [[Minahasan people|Minahasan]]
** Proposed autonomous area or state: [[File:Old Flag of Bali.svg|frameless|24x24px]] [[Bali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/apr2020/Establishing-A-Special-Autonomy-Model-In-Bali-As-A-Means-Of-Preserving-Hindu-Balinese-Culture-And-Space.pdf|title=Establishing-A-Special-Autonomy-Model-In-Bali-As-A-Means-Of-Preserving-Hindu-Balinese-Culture-And-Space}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Priatmojo |first1=Dedy |last2=Andalan |first2=Bobby |date=2016-09-21 |title=Polda Bali Segera Tindak Seruan Separatisme ForBALI |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/824599-polda-bali-segera-tindak-seruan-separatisme-forbali |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=VIVA |language=id}}</ref>
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of the Minahasan People.svg|border|23px]] [[North Sulawesi|Greater Minahasa]]<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Renaldi |first=Adi |date=May 22, 2017 |title=Did the Ahok Verdict Spark a Separatist Movement in North Sulawesi? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmbk49/did-the-ahok-verdict-spark-a-separatist-movement-in-north-sulawesi |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref>
** Advocacy group: Bali government,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-08 |title=Bali Pushes for Special Autonomy |url=https://www.thebalitimes.com/headlines/bali-pushes-for-special-autonomy/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=The Bali Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bali Ancam Merdeka |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-552083/bali-ancam-merdeka |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> ForBALI<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sihombing |first=Martin |date=2016-09-12 |title=KAMPANYE ForBALI Mengarah Ke Separatisme |url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20160912/16/583247/kampanye-forbali-mengarah-ke-separatisme |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Bisnis.com |language=id}}</ref>
** Advocacy group: [[Independent Minahasa Movement|Free Minahasa Movement]],<ref name=":10" /> Greater Minahasa Alliance<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jurnalis ditahan terkait Referendum Minahasa, pegiat HAM anggap berlebihan |language=id |work=BBC News Indonesia |url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-40148804 |access-date=2022-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Siswoyo |first1=Harry |last2=Mukti |first2=Fajar Ginanjar |date=2017-05-17 |title=Minahasa Merdeka, Haruskah? |url=https://www.viva.co.id/ragam/fokus/916009-minahasa-merdeka-haruskah |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=VIVA |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Renaldi |first=Adi |date=2017-05-22 |title=Tuntutan Minahasa Merdeka Merespons Menangnya Intoleransi Di Kasus Ahok |url=https://www.vice.com/id/article/wjekzm/tuntutan-minahasa-merdeka-merespons-menangnya-intoleransi-di-kasus-ahok |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.vice.com |language=id}}</ref>

[[Riau]]
⚫
* Ethnic group: [[Riau Malays]]
⚫
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Riau Independists.svg|border|23px]] [[Riau]] or unification with {{flag|Malaysia}}
** Advocacy group: [[Gerakan Riau Merdeka|Free Riau Movement]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colombijn |first1=Freek |title=Framing Indonesian Realities |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-48682-9 |pages=333–370 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004486829/B9789004486829_s017.xml |language=en |chapter=When there is nothing to imagine: Nationalism in Riau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Usai Deklarasi, Presiden Riau Merdeka Disembunyikan Mahasiswa |url=https://kumparan.com/selasarriau/usai-deklarasi-presiden-riau-merdeka-disembunyikan-mahasiswa-1rI1Uj76N01 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Simanjuntak |first=Surya Dua Artha |date=12 December 2022 |title=Bupati Meranti Ancam Gabung Malaysia dan Angkat Senjata, Pengamat: Awas Makar! |url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20221212/15/1607613/bupati-meranti-ancam-gabung-malaysia-dan-angkat-senjata-pengamat-awas-makar |website=Bisnis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tanjung |first1=Erick |last2=Ardiansyah |first2=Novian |date=2022-12-20 |title=Buntut Ancam 'Gabung ke Malaysia', Bupati Meranti Dipanggil Kemendagri: Bahas DBH Minyak Bukan Sanksi |url=https://www.suara.com/news/2022/12/20/214417/buntut-ancam-gabung-ke-malaysia-bupati-meranti-dipanggil-kemendagri-bahas-dbh-minyak-bukan-sanksi |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=suara.com |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://headtopics.com/id/video-bupati-meranti-dimediasi-usai-ancam-gabung-malaysia-33128860 | title=VIDEO: Bupati Meranti Dimediasi Usai Ancam Gabung Malaysia | date=21 December 2022 }}</ref>


== Iran ==
== Iran ==
{{main|Separatism in Iran}}
{{main|Separatism in Iran}}
{{Further|Ethnicities in Iran|Ethnic minorities in Iran|Ethnic groups in the Middle East|Demographics of Iran}}


[[Khuzestan Province|Khūzestān Province]]
[[Khuzestan Province|Khūzestān Province]]
Line 317: Line 318:
** Advocacy group: [[Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz]] (member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])
** Advocacy group: [[Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz]] (member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])


[[Iranian Kurdistan]]
[[Iranian Kurdistan]] ([[Irredentism]])
* Ethnic groups: [[Kurds]]
* Ethnic groups: [[Kurds]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] [[Kurdistan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdki.org/lang.php?lang=1 |title=Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan |publisher=Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan |access-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401225906/http://pdki.org/lang.php?lang=1 |archive-date=1 April 2009 }}</ref>
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|22px|border]] [[Kurdistan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdki.org/lang.php?lang=1 |title=Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan |publisher=Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan |access-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401225906/http://pdki.org/lang.php?lang=1 |archive-date=1 April 2009 }}</ref>
Line 402: Line 403:
{{flagdeco|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]]<ref name="ss">{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/13/group-draws-up-self-determination-petition-for-sarawak-and-sabah/ |title=Group draws up self determination petition for Sarawak and Sabah |work=[[Borneo Post]] |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112084812/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/13/group-draws-up-self-determination-petition-for-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ssn">{{cite web |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/02/16/many-in-sabah-sarawak-dont-want-to-be-part-of-malaysia-claims-analyst/ |title=Many in Sabah, Sarawak don't want to be part of Malaysia, claims analyst |work=[[The Rakyat Post]] |date=16 February 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104837/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/02/16/many-in-sabah-sarawak-dont-want-to-be-part-of-malaysia-claims-analyst/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/12/07/independence-referendum-for-sarawak-focal-point-of-star-agenda-in-state-election-says-soo/|title=Independence referendum for Sarawak focal point of STAR agenda in state election, says Soo|date=7 December 2019|website=Borneo Post Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/11/21/malaysia-an-illegal-union-claims-sarawak-opposition-leader/|title=Malaysia an illegal union, claims Sarawak opposition leader|date=21 November 2019}}</ref>
{{flagdeco|Sarawak}} [[Sarawak]]<ref name="ss">{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/13/group-draws-up-self-determination-petition-for-sarawak-and-sabah/ |title=Group draws up self determination petition for Sarawak and Sabah |work=[[Borneo Post]] |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112084812/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/13/group-draws-up-self-determination-petition-for-sarawak-and-sabah/ |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ssn">{{cite web |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/02/16/many-in-sabah-sarawak-dont-want-to-be-part-of-malaysia-claims-analyst/ |title=Many in Sabah, Sarawak don't want to be part of Malaysia, claims analyst |work=[[The Rakyat Post]] |date=16 February 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104837/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2014/02/16/many-in-sabah-sarawak-dont-want-to-be-part-of-malaysia-claims-analyst/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/12/07/independence-referendum-for-sarawak-focal-point-of-star-agenda-in-state-election-says-soo/|title=Independence referendum for Sarawak focal point of STAR agenda in state election, says Soo|date=7 December 2019|website=Borneo Post Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/11/21/malaysia-an-illegal-union-claims-sarawak-opposition-leader/|title=Malaysia an illegal union, claims Sarawak opposition leader|date=21 November 2019}}</ref>
* Ethnic groups: [[Chinese people|Chinese]], (See [[Demographics of Sarawak]])
* Ethnic groups: [[Chinese people|Chinese]], (See [[Demographics of Sarawak]])
* Proposed state: [[File:Flag of the Raj of Sarawak (1870).svg|22px|border]] Sarawak
* Proposed state: [[File:Flag of the Raj of Sarawak (1870).svg|22px|border]]{{flagdeco|Sarawak}} Sarawak
** Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, [[Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia]] (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement<ref name="ss" /><ref name="ssc">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/06/Sabahan-secession-instigator-unfazed-by-impending-probe/ |title=Sabahan secession instigator unfazed by impending probe |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111083831/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/06/Sabahan-secession-instigator-unfazed-by-impending-probe/ |archive-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/3391/merger-of-sabah-s-wak-and-brunei/|title=Merger of Sabah, S'wak and Brunei &#124; Daily Express Online - Sabah's Leading News Portal|website=www.dailyexpress.com.my|date=3 October 1962 }}</ref>
** Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, [[Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia]] (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement<ref name="ss" /><ref name="ssc">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/06/Sabahan-secession-instigator-unfazed-by-impending-probe/ |title=Sabahan secession instigator unfazed by impending probe |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111083831/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/06/Sabahan-secession-instigator-unfazed-by-impending-probe/ |archive-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/3391/merger-of-sabah-s-wak-and-brunei/|title=Merger of Sabah, S'wak and Brunei &#124; Daily Express Online - Sabah's Leading News Portal|website=www.dailyexpress.com.my|date=3 October 1962 }}</ref>
** Political parties: [[Parti Bumi Kenyalang]]
** Political parties: [[Parti Bumi Kenyalang]]
Line 453: Line 454:
[[File:Rohingya flag.svg|22px|border]] [[Northern Rakhine State]]
[[File:Rohingya flag.svg|22px|border]] [[Northern Rakhine State]]
* Ethnic group: [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]]
* Ethnic group: [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]]
** Proposed state: [[Rahmanland]] [[File:Flag of Rahmanland (Rohingya).svg|22px|border]]
** Militant organisation: [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Myint|first1=Moe|title=Rakhine Crisis in Numbers|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/rakhine-crisis-numbers.html|access-date=27 October 2017|work=The Irrawaddy|date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131101/https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/rakhine-crisis-numbers.html|archive-date=27 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Militant organisation: [[Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Myint|first1=Moe|title=Rakhine Crisis in Numbers|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/rakhine-crisis-numbers.html|access-date=27 October 2017|work=The Irrawaddy|date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131101/https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/rakhine-crisis-numbers.html|archive-date=27 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Advocacy groups: [[Arakan Rohingya National Organisation]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are?|url=http://www.rohingya.org/~rohingya/portal/index.php/who-we-are.html|website=www.rohingya.org|publisher=Arakan Rohingya National Org.|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100815/http://www.rohingya.org/~rohingya/portal/index.php/who-we-are.html|archive-date=16 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/burma/36-press-release-aia-nupa-rna-aa/43-press-release-arakan-independence-alliance.html |title=Press Release: Arakan Independence Alliance<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221004940/http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/burma/36-press-release-aia-nupa-rna-aa/43-press-release-arakan-independence-alliance.html |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rohingya National Council]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Press release : Facts about Arakan Rohingya National Organisation|url=http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/arno/arno-press-release/159-press-release--facts-about-arakan-rohingya-national-organisation.html|access-date=14 May 2016|work=www.rohingya.org|date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530171248/http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/arno/arno-press-release/159-press-release--facts-about-arakan-rohingya-national-organisation.html|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Advocacy groups: [[Arakan Rohingya National Organisation]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are?|url=http://www.rohingya.org/~rohingya/portal/index.php/who-we-are.html|website=www.rohingya.org|publisher=Arakan Rohingya National Org.|access-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116100815/http://www.rohingya.org/~rohingya/portal/index.php/who-we-are.html|archive-date=16 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/burma/36-press-release-aia-nupa-rna-aa/43-press-release-arakan-independence-alliance.html |title=Press Release: Arakan Independence Alliance<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221004940/http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/burma/36-press-release-aia-nupa-rna-aa/43-press-release-arakan-independence-alliance.html |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rohingya National Council]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Press release : Facts about Arakan Rohingya National Organisation|url=http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/arno/arno-press-release/159-press-release--facts-about-arakan-rohingya-national-organisation.html|access-date=14 May 2016|work=www.rohingya.org|date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530171248/http://www.rohingya.org/portal/index.php/arno/arno-press-release/159-press-release--facts-about-arakan-rohingya-national-organisation.html|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 517: Line 517:
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party.svg|frameless|24x24px]] [[Madhesh]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party.svg|frameless|24x24px]] [[Madhesh]]
** Militant organisations: [[Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha]], Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/mao.html |title=Nepal Terrorist Groups – Madheshi Armed Outfits |website=satp.org |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915021838/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/MAO.html |archive-date=15 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Militant organisations: [[Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha]], Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/mao.html |title=Nepal Terrorist Groups – Madheshi Armed Outfits |website=satp.org |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915021838/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/terroristoutfits/MAO.html |archive-date=15 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Advocacy group: [[Alliance for Independent Madhesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhesis in Nepal to continue protests till next election, says separatist leader |url=http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/madhesis-in-nepal-to-continue-protests-till-next-election-says-separatist-leader-1454421767.html |access-date=1 March 2016 |publisher=Catch News |date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306051659/http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/madhesis-in-nepal-to-continue-protests-till-next-election-says-separatist-leader-1454421767.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party]],[[Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007)]],[[Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=What is the Terai Independence Movement in Nepal- Its history significance and consequences here |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-terai-independence-movement-in-nepal-its-history-significance-and-consequences-here-1615796370-1 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>
** Advocacy group: [[Alliance for Independent Madhesh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhesis in Nepal to continue protests till next election, says separatist leader |url=http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/madhesis-in-nepal-to-continue-protests-till-next-election-says-separatist-leader-1454421767.html |access-date=1 March 2016 |publisher=Catch News |date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306051659/http://www.catchnews.com/world-news/madhesis-in-nepal-to-continue-protests-till-next-election-says-separatist-leader-1454421767.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2021)|Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party]],[[Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007)]],[[Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-15 |title=What is the Terai Independence Movement in Nepal- Its history significance and consequences here |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-terai-independence-movement-in-nepal-its-history-significance-and-consequences-here-1615796370-1 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>


== Pakistan ==
== Pakistan ==
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{{Flagicon image|Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg}} [[Azad Kashmir]]
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg}} [[Azad Kashmir]]
{{Further|1955 Poonch uprising|PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation}}
* Proposed: secession of {{Flagicon image|Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg}} [[Azad Kashmir]] from {{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pakistan-Held Kashmir, Growing Calls for Independence |work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/world/asia/pakistan-kashmir-independence.html |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Mughal |first2=Jalaluddin |last3=Masood |first3=Salman }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-calls-for-independence-are-getting-louder-in-pakistani-kashmir/a-50949454|title=Independence calls getting louder in Pakistani Kashmir – DW – 10/23/2019|website=dw.com}}</ref>
* Proposed: secession of {{Flagicon image|Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg}} [[Azad Kashmir]] from {{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pakistan-Held Kashmir, Growing Calls for Independence |work=The New York Times |date=19 September 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/world/asia/pakistan-kashmir-independence.html |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |last2=Mughal |first2=Jalaluddin |last3=Masood |first3=Salman }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-calls-for-independence-are-getting-louder-in-pakistani-kashmir/a-50949454|title=Independence calls getting louder in Pakistani Kashmir – DW – 10/23/2019|website=dw.com}}</ref>
** Ethnic groups: [[Kashmiri Muslims]], [[Kashmiris]]
** Ethnic groups: [[Kashmiri Muslims]], [[Kashmiris]]
** Political party: [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]
** Political party: [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]


[[Gilgit Baltistan]]
{{flagicon image|}} [[Gilgit Baltistan]]
* Proposed: autonomy for [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* Proposed: autonomy for [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
** Ethnic groups: [[Baltis]], [[Shina people|Shins]]
** Ethnic groups: [[Baltis]], [[Shina people|Shins]]
Line 539: Line 540:
** Proposed state: [[File:BRA flag.jpg|22px|border]] [[Balochistan]] along with [[Sistan and Baluchestan]] of [[Iran]] and [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|some parts]] of [[Afghanistan]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement|author=Malik Siraj Akbar|quote=The ultimate goal of BLA is "Greater Balochistan", a country that will comprise the Baloch areas of Pakistani and Iranian Balochistan provinces and some parts of Afghanistan.|page=29|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|date=30 March 2011}}</ref>
** Proposed state: [[File:BRA flag.jpg|22px|border]] [[Balochistan]] along with [[Sistan and Baluchestan]] of [[Iran]] and [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|some parts]] of [[Afghanistan]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement|author=Malik Siraj Akbar|quote=The ultimate goal of BLA is "Greater Balochistan", a country that will comprise the Baloch areas of Pakistani and Iranian Balochistan provinces and some parts of Afghanistan.|page=29|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|date=30 March 2011}}</ref>
** Political parties: [[Baloch National Movement]], [[Baloch Republican Party]], [[Free Balochistan Movement]] (member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])
** Political parties: [[Baloch National Movement]], [[Baloch Republican Party]], [[Free Balochistan Movement]] (member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]])
** Militant organisations: [[Baloch Liberation Army]], [[Baloch Liberation Front]], [[Baloch Nationalist Army]],
** Militant organisations: [[Baloch Liberation Army]], [[Baloch Liberation Front]], [[Baloch Nationalist Army]], [[Balochistan Liberation United Front]], [[Lashkar-e-Balochistan]], [[United Baloch Army]], [[Balochistan Republican Army]]


[[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|22px|border]] [[Sindh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bansal |first1=Alok |title=Violent Sindhi nationalism raises its head again |url=http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=n&nid=2992 |website=South Asia Monitor |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123092427/http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=n&nid=2992 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now Sindhis Demand Independent Nation In Pakistan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/world-news-now-sindhi-activists-demand-for-independent-nation-in-pakistan/323750|website=Outlook|date=18 January 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|22px|border]] [[Sindh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bansal |first1=Alok |title=Violent Sindhi nationalism raises its head again |url=http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=n&nid=2992 |website=South Asia Monitor |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123092427/http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=n&nid=2992 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now Sindhis Demand Independent Nation In Pakistan|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/world-news-now-sindhi-activists-demand-for-independent-nation-in-pakistan/323750|website=Outlook|date=18 January 2019 |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>
Line 549: Line 550:
** Student organization: [[Jeay Sindh Students' Federation|Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation]]
** Student organization: [[Jeay Sindh Students' Federation|Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation]]
** Militant organization: [[Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army]]
** Militant organization: [[Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army]]
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Pakhtunistan.svg}}[[Pashtunistan]]
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Pakhtunistan.svg}} [[Pashtunistan]]


* Ethnic group: [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]
* Ethnic group: [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]
** Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression
** Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression
** Political party : [[Awami National Party]], [[Taliban]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mashaal |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=At Least 11 Soldiers Killed In Armed Attack In Pakistan's Restive South Waziristan |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-south-waziristan-soldiers-killed-attack/32558775.html |access-date=2023-11-12}}</ref>
** Political party : [[Awami National Party]], [[Taliban]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mashaal |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=At Least 11 Soldiers Killed In Armed Attack In Pakistan's Restive South Waziristan |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-south-waziristan-soldiers-killed-attack/32558775.html |access-date=2023-11-12}}</ref>

[[Karachi]]
[[Karachi]]
{{Main|MQM militancy}}

* Ethnic group: [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]]
* Ethnic group: [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]]
** Proposition: creation of a separate province for the Muhajirs
** Proposition: Autonomy for [[Jinnahpur]] or creation of a separate province for the Muhajirs
** Political Parties: [[File:Flag of MQM-Haqiqi.png|frameless|25x25px]] [[Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayub |first=Imran |date=2021-12-27 |title=All Mohajir entities should unite for new province, says Afaq |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1666046 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haqiqi Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM-H), Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/mqm_h.htm |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2014-01-05 |title=Altaf for 'Sindh One' and 'Sindh Two' |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1078561 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement - London]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muttahida Quomi Mahaz ,Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/mqm.htm |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>
** Political Parties: [[File:Flag of MQM-Haqiqi.png|frameless|25x25px]] [[Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayub |first=Imran |date=2021-12-27 |title=All Mohajir entities should unite for new province, says Afaq |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1666046 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haqiqi Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM-H), Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/mqm_h.htm |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2014-01-05 |title=Altaf for 'Sindh One' and 'Sindh Two' |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1078561 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement - London]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muttahida Quomi Mahaz ,Terrorist Group of Pakistan |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/mqm.htm |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref>


Line 571: Line 573:
** Proposed autonomous area: [[Cordillera Autonomous Region]]<ref name=car>{{cite news |title=Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy |url=http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordillera-solons-expressed-views-on-regional-autonomy/ |access-date=28 February 2015 |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] – Cordillera Administrative Region |date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152317/http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordillera-solons-expressed-views-on-regional-autonomy/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Autonomous Region of the Cordillera]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ponciano |first1=Mark Allen |title=Cordi autonomy bill filed as HB 5343 |url=http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordi-autonomy-bill-filed-hb-5343/ |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region |date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719075255/http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordi-autonomy-bill-filed-hb-5343/ |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alimondo |first1=Lauren |title=Cordillera renews call for autonomy |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1863803/Baguio/Local-News/Cordillera-renews-call-for-autonomy |access-date=2 May 2021 |work=Sunstar |date=16 July 2020 |language=English}}</ref>
** Proposed autonomous area: [[Cordillera Autonomous Region]]<ref name=car>{{cite news |title=Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy |url=http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordillera-solons-expressed-views-on-regional-autonomy/ |access-date=28 February 2015 |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] – Cordillera Administrative Region |date=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152317/http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordillera-solons-expressed-views-on-regional-autonomy/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> or [[Autonomous Region of the Cordillera]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ponciano |first1=Mark Allen |title=Cordi autonomy bill filed as HB 5343 |url=http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordi-autonomy-bill-filed-hb-5343/ |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region |date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719075255/http://car.neda.gov.ph/cordi-autonomy-bill-filed-hb-5343/ |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alimondo |first1=Lauren |title=Cordillera renews call for autonomy |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1863803/Baguio/Local-News/Cordillera-renews-call-for-autonomy |access-date=2 May 2021 |work=Sunstar |date=16 July 2020 |language=English}}</ref>
** Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dumlao |first1=Artemio |title=Autonomy movement revived in Cordillera |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/02/11/1288987/autonomy-movement-revived-cordillera |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=The Philippine Star |date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831090321/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/02/11/1288987/autonomy-movement-revived-cordillera |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cordillera People's Liberation Army]]<!---historical armed conflict, now only pushes for autonomy through non-armed means.--->,<ref name="rebeldream">{{cite news |last1=Dumlao |first1=Artemio |title=Rebels still dream of Cordillera's autonomy |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/01/31/903299/rebels-still-dream-cordilleras-autonomy |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=The Philippine Star |date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003125804/http://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/01/31/903299/rebels-still-dream-cordilleras-autonomy |archive-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-13 |title=Cordillera People's Flag (Philippines) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags//ph-cpdf.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313145246/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags//ph-cpdf.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref> Cordillera Bodong Administration<ref name="unite">{{cite news |last1=Bitog |first1=Rubyloida |title=Elders unite Bodong factions |url=http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2013/04/21/elders-unite-bodong-factions-278706 |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=Sun Star Baguio |date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212031/http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2013/04/21/elders-unite-bodong-factions-278706 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dumlao |first1=Artemio |title=Autonomy movement revived in Cordillera |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/02/11/1288987/autonomy-movement-revived-cordillera |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=The Philippine Star |date=11 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831090321/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/02/11/1288987/autonomy-movement-revived-cordillera |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cordillera People's Liberation Army]]<!---historical armed conflict, now only pushes for autonomy through non-armed means.--->,<ref name="rebeldream">{{cite news |last1=Dumlao |first1=Artemio |title=Rebels still dream of Cordillera's autonomy |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/01/31/903299/rebels-still-dream-cordilleras-autonomy |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=The Philippine Star |date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003125804/http://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/01/31/903299/rebels-still-dream-cordilleras-autonomy |archive-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-13 |title=Cordillera People's Flag (Philippines) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags//ph-cpdf.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313145246/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags//ph-cpdf.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}</ref> Cordillera Bodong Administration<ref name="unite">{{cite news |last1=Bitog |first1=Rubyloida |title=Elders unite Bodong factions |url=http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2013/04/21/elders-unite-bodong-factions-278706 |access-date=6 October 2017 |work=Sun Star Baguio |date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212031/http://archive.sunstar.com.ph/baguio/local-news/2013/04/21/elders-unite-bodong-factions-278706 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Federal Republic of Mindanao.png|frameless|23x23px]] [[Mindanao]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Echeminada |first=Perseus |date=2024-02-17 |title=Alvarez: No rush to declare Mindanao independence |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/02/17/alvarez-no-rush-to-declare-mindanao-independence |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mindanao]]
* Ethnic groups: [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]] settlers and [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]] settlers
* Ethnic groups: [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]] settlers and [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]] settlers
** Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao<ref name=secessionbid>{{cite news |last1=Echeminada |first1=Perseus |title=Alvarez: Secession bid still rolling |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/02/18/alvarez-secession-bid-still-rolling |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=Daily Tribune |date=18 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
** Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao<ref>{{Cite web |last=Echeminada |first=Perseus |date=2024-02-18 |title=Alvarez: Secession bid still rolling |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/02/18/alvarez-secession-bid-still-rolling |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-31 |title=Duterte steps up criticism of Marcos, pushes for Mindanao secession |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-steps-up-criticism-of-marcos-pushes-for-mindanao-secession |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref>
** Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adbokasiya para maging independent ang Mindanao posibleng simulan sa Marso at matapos sa September ng kasalukuyang taon ng grupong Mindanao Independence Movement |trans-title=Advocacy for Mindanao to be an independent (state) may be started in April and may end by September this year by the Mindanao Independence Movement group|url=https://www.bomboradyo.com/adbokasiya-para-maging-independent-ang-mindanao-posibleng-simulan-sa-marso-at-matapos-sa-september-ng-kasalukuyang-taon-ng-grupong-mindanao-independence-movement |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=Bombo Radyo News |agency=Bombo Radyo Gensan |date=4 February 2024 |language=fil}}</ref> Mindanao and Sabah Alliance<ref name=secessionbid/>
** Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement,<ref>{{cite news |title=Adbokasiya para maging independent ang Mindanao posibleng simulan sa Marso at matapos sa September ng kasalukuyang taon ng grupong Mindanao Independence Movement |trans-title=Advocacy for Mindanao to be an independent (state) may be started in April and may end by September this year by the Mindanao Independence Movement group|url=https://www.bomboradyo.com/adbokasiya-para-maging-independent-ang-mindanao-posibleng-simulan-sa-marso-at-matapos-sa-september-ng-kasalukuyang-taon-ng-grupong-mindanao-independence-movement |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=Bombo Radyo News |agency=Bombo Radyo Gensan |date=4 February 2024 |language=fil}}</ref> Mindanao and Sabah Alliance<ref name="secessionbid">{{cite news |last1=Echeminada |first1=Perseus |date=18 February 2024 |title=Alvarez: Secession bid still rolling |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/02/18/alvarez-secession-bid-still-rolling |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=Daily Tribune |language=en}}</ref>


Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the [[Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters]].<ref name="pledgebiff">{{cite news |date=16 August 2014 |title=BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists |work=GMA News |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115308/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists |archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="milf">{{cite web |title=MILF says MNLF joins fray on side of BIFM |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042732/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="biffIS">{{cite news |last1=Sabillo |first1=Kristine Angeli |date=20 February 2015 |title=BIFF only wants Islamic state |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/674216/biff-only-wants-islamic-state |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220192313/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/674216/biff-only-wants-islamic-state |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>
Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the [[Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters]].<ref name="pledgebiff">{{cite news |date=16 August 2014 |title=BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists |work=GMA News |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115308/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists |archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="milf">{{cite web |title=MILF says MNLF joins fray on side of BIFM |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042732/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/41288/milf-says-mnlf-joins-fray-on-side-of-bifm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="biffIS">{{cite news |last1=Sabillo |first1=Kristine Angeli |date=20 February 2015 |title=BIFF only wants Islamic state |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/674216/biff-only-wants-islamic-state |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220192313/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/674216/biff-only-wants-islamic-state |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>
Line 688: Line 689:
*** Political parties: [[Democracy Time Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sonhaber.ch/hidir-erenle-zazalar-ve-zazaca-uzerine-soylesi-ikinci-bolum/|title=Hıdır Eren'le Zazalar ve Zaza'ca üzerine söyleşi 2.Bölüm Akın Sabur / Semih Öz/ Baran Gül|date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>
*** Political parties: [[Democracy Time Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sonhaber.ch/hidir-erenle-zazalar-ve-zazaca-uzerine-soylesi-ikinci-bolum/|title=Hıdır Eren'le Zazalar ve Zaza'ca üzerine söyleşi 2.Bölüm Akın Sabur / Semih Öz/ Baran Gül|date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>
*** Advocacy groups: [[Federation of Zaza Associations]]
*** Advocacy groups: [[Federation of Zaza Associations]]
{{clear}}


== Uzbekistan ==
== Uzbekistan ==
[[File:Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi in Uzbekistan.svg|thumb|150px|right|[[Karakalpakstan]]]]


{{Flag|Karakalpakstan}}<ref>{{cite web|title= Uzbekistan: 2 Years on, No Justice in Autonomous Republic|url= https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/01/uzbekistan-2-years-no-justice-autonomous-republic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Karakalpakstan’s Sovereignty in Mirziyoyev’s Uzbekistan|url= https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/karakalpakstans-sovereignty-in-mirziyoyevs-uzbekistan/}}</ref>
{{Main|Uzbekification}}
{{main article|2022 Karakalpak protests}}
{{See also|Languages of Uzbekistan|Demographics of Uzbekistan}}
⚫
* ethnic group: [[Karakalpaks]]

** proposed state: {{Flag|Karakalpakstan}}
[[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|22px|border]] [[Karakalpakstan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=the curious case of the Republic of Karakalpakstan|date=28 May 2020 |url=https://fpc.org.uk/the-curious-case-of-the-republic-of-karakalpakstan/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Karakalpakstan's Sovereignty in Mirziyoyev's Uzbekistan|url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/karakalpakstans-sovereignty-in-mirziyoyevs-uzbekistan/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Why the world should pay attention to unrest in Karakalpakstan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/opinions/2022/7/7/why-unrest-in-a-remote-region-of-uzbekistan-matters}}</ref>
⚫
* Ethnic group: [[Karakalpaks]]
** Proposed state: [[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|22px|border]] [[Republic of Karakalpakstan]]
** Advocacy group: [[Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079744.html |title=Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan' |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=5 April 2008 |access-date=11 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217020232/http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1079744.html |archive-date=17 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>(Activity{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}})
{{clear}}


== Vietnam ==
== Vietnam ==


[[Central Highlands (Vietnam)]]
[[Quảng Bình province]], [[Quảng Trị province]], [[Thừa Thiên Huế province]]
*Ethnic group: [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]]<ref>{{cite web|title= UNPO: Degar-Montagnards|url=https://unpo.org/members/20847}}</ref>
*Ethnic group: [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]]<ref>{{cite web|title= UNPO: Degar-Montagnards|url=https://unpo.org/members/20847}}</ref>
**Proposed: autonomy<ref>{{cite web|title= Rainsy's vow of 'autonomy' for ethnic group sets off treason probe|url= https://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/rainsys-vow-autonomy-ethnic-group-sets-treason-probe}}</ref> for the [[File:Montagnard Degar Association (MDA) created in 1987 - Marko de Haeck.png|frameless|29x29px]] [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]]
**Proposed: autonomy<ref>{{cite web|title= Rainsy's vow of 'autonomy' for ethnic group sets off treason probe|url= https://m.phnompenhpost.com/national/rainsys-vow-autonomy-ethnic-group-sets-treason-probe}}</ref> for the [[File:Montagnard Degar Association (MDA) created in 1987 - Marko de Haeck.png|frameless|29x29px]] [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]]
Line 711: Line 706:
[[Mekong Delta]] and [[Southeast (Vietnam)|South East Vietnam]]
[[Mekong Delta]] and [[Southeast (Vietnam)|South East Vietnam]]
*Ethnic group: [[Khmer Krom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=15 Years After Kampuchea Krom Protests, an Ongoing Struggle for Identity|date=10 June 2022 |url=https://vodenglish.news/15-years-after-kampuchea-krom-protests-an-ongoing-struggle-for-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNPO: Khmer-Krom|url= https://unpo.org/members/7887}}</ref>
*Ethnic group: [[Khmer Krom]]<ref>{{cite web|title=15 Years After Kampuchea Krom Protests, an Ongoing Struggle for Identity|date=10 June 2022 |url=https://vodenglish.news/15-years-after-kampuchea-krom-protests-an-ongoing-struggle-for-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNPO: Khmer-Krom|url= https://unpo.org/members/7887}}</ref>
**Proposed: Autonomy or Independence for the [[Khmer Krom]]
**Proposed: Autonomy for the [[Khmer Krom]]
**Political party: [[File:Flag of KKF.svg|frameless|24x24px]] [[Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation]], [[United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races]](Defunct)
**Political party: [[File:Flag of KKF.svg|frameless|24x24px]] [[Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation]], [[United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races]](Defunct)


Latest revision as of 09:59, 2 September 2024

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

[edit]

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Afghanistan

[edit]
Afghan Turkestan Province in 1929
See also: Balkhab uprising, Hazara nationalism, and Pashtun nationalism

South Turkestan[2][3]

Azerbaijan

[edit]
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Azerbaijan
Autonomist movements
Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Bangladesh

[edit]
Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts[10]

Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

Zale'n-gam

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

China

[edit]
Main article: Secession in China
See also: One country, two systems and Ethnic minorities in China
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Main articles: East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalism, and Xinjiang conflict
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

Hong Kong

Main articles: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration
Xizang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

Inner Mongolia[19][20]

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

Minor movements

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]
Main article: Sinai insurgency

Georgia

[edit]
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

Javakheti

Main article: Armenian nationalism

India

[edit]
Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, Sikkim, and Proposed states and union territories of India
Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, Insurgency in Northeast India, and United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
Separatist movements

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

Nagaland[33]

Main article: Naga nationalism
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Kashmir[34]

Kamtapur[35]

Manipur[39][40]

Main article: Meitei nationalism

Sikkim[42]

Punjab, India

Meghalaya

Main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya

Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura

Mizoram

Kukiland

Santhal Pargana

Dimasaland

Tiwa

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)

Autonomist or statehood movements
Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

Rabha Hasong

Gorkhaland

Ladakh

Garo Hills

Bundelkhand

Vidarbha

Main article: Vidarbha movement

Goa

Jammu region

Bodoland

Indonesia

[edit]
Map of native ethnic groups of Indonesia. Foreign ethnic groups are not shown.
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia

Aceh

Bali

Maluku

Minahasa Peninsula

Riau

Iran

[edit]
Main article: Separatism in Iran

Khūzestān Province

Iranian Kurdistan (Irredentism)

Iranian Azerbaijan

Balochistan

Iraq

[edit]
Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Proposed state: Basra[123][124][125]

  • Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
    • Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence[126]

Turkmeneli

Sinjar District

Israel

[edit]
Palestinian territories
Main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict
See also: Arab–Israeli conflict

West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Japan

[edit]

Okinawa

Further information: Ryukyu Kingdom, History of the Ryukyu Islands, and Disposition of Ryukyu

Laos

[edit]

Northern Laos

Malaysia

[edit]
Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak
See also: East Malaysia, Languages of Malaysia, and Ethnic groups in Malaysia
A "Sarawak for Sarawakians" car sticker in Sibu incorporating elements of a Sarawak state with the pre-Malaysian flag

Sarawak[137][138][139][140]

Sabah[137][138]

Myanmar

[edit]
Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Arakan

Chin State

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

Pa'O

Palaung

Wa State[149]

Zale'n-gam

Zogam

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism

Kachin state[150]

Main article: Kachin conflict

Nepal

[edit]
Further information: Languages of Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Pakistan

[edit]
Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan

Azad Kashmir

Further information: 1955 Poonch uprising and PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation

Gilgit Baltistan

Balochistan[157][158]

Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan

Sindh[160][161]

Main article: Sindhi nationalism
Further information: Insurgency in Sindh

Pashtunistan

Karachi

Main article: MQM militancy

Philippines

[edit]
Main article: Separatism in the Philippines
Cordillera

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Cordillera Administrative Region

Mindanao[176]

  • Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
    • Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao[177][178]
    • Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement,[179] Mindanao and Sabah Alliance[180]

Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[181][182][183]

Russia

[edit]
Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[184]

 Buryatia

Ural Federal District[188][189]

Sri Lanka

[edit]
Territorial claims of Tamil Eelam

 Tamil Eelam

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

Syria

[edit]
Main article: Syrian Civil War
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Separatist movements:

Assyria

See also: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq and Assyrian independence movement

Taiwan

[edit]
Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).[198]

Taiwan

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Thailand

[edit]
Map of the Patani region
See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Main article: South Thailand insurgency

Turkey

[edit]
Map showing Kurdish-speaking areas within Turkey, as per the 1965 census.
See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Treaty of Sèvres, and Treaty of Lausanne

Northern Kurdistan[207]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Zazaistan

Main article: Zaza nationalism

Uzbekistan

[edit]

 Karakalpakstan[209][210]

Main article: 2022 Karakalpak protests

Vietnam

[edit]

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

Yemen

[edit]
Yemen prior to unification
Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, and Aden Protectorate

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gehring, Kai; Schneider, Stephan A. (2017). "Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism". Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association. 110: 6. ISSN 1549-7542. JSTOR 26794426.
  2. ^ "(Video) "Dzhabhat Turkestan Janubi" (South Turkestan [Turkistan] Front) Forms In Opposition of Taliban (IEA) in Balkh Mazar-i-Sharif Province, Afghanistan - 30 June 2022". TRAC. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  3. ^ Research, Security Risks (20 May 2022). "Mapping Afghan Resistance Movement". Security Risks Asia. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  4. ^ "Infographic: Anti-Taliban Groups in Afghanistan". Islamic World News. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Infographic: Anti-Taliban Groups in Afghanistan". makhaterltakfir.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  6. ^ "What Happened to the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan?".
  7. ^ "Australian Government Department of Home Affairs Common Claims Afghanistan Country of Origin Information Services Section (COISS) Effective from 10 June 2022" (PDF).
  8. ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  9. ^ Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
  10. ^ "Bangladesh countering separatism and militancy for ensuring peace and stability in the region".
  11. ^ "Bangladesh hiding rights violations in Chittagong". www.ucanews.com. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  12. ^ "UNPO: Chittagong Hills Tract: 'Full Autonomy the Only Solution'". unpo.org.
  13. ^ "Why Bangladesh's Kuki National Front is Cause for Concern".
  14. ^ "The Kuki-Chin National Front: A new concern for Bangladesh's security".
  15. ^ a b c Pau, Thang Lian (31 January 2014). "Zomi te koitan tungta ihiam? (Where Are We Now?)". Zomi Daily. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020.
  16. ^ "Independence Is the Only Way Forward for East Turkestan". 22 April 2024.
  17. ^ "China says separatists sparked violence in Sichuan". February 2012.
  18. ^ Sautman, Barry (2005). "China's Strategic Vulnerability to Minority Separatism in Tibet". Asian Affairs. 32 (2): 87–118. doi:10.3200/AAFS.32.2.87-118. JSTOR 30172870. S2CID 154271958.
  19. ^ Steger, Isabella (4 September 2020). "China's insatiable appetite for control is forcing even its "model minority" to rebel". Quartz. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  20. ^ "Inner Mongolia--Another Tibet or Xinjiang? | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
  21. ^ "UNPO: Southern Mongolia". unpo.org.
  22. ^ Areddy, James T. (23 April 2022). "Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement". Wall Street Journal.
  23. ^ "独派人士下月聚首华府 向中国霸权说不". 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  24. ^ "Protest in Amsterdam Marks 75th Anniversary of World Human Rights Day - Support Uyghurs". 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  25. ^ "Hong Kong Extradition Bill Protests Photo Gallery". 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  26. ^ "世界人权日 伦敦多族裔游行促向北京问责 — 普通话主页". 17 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  27. ^ tibetanreview (6 August 2022). "Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again". Tibetan Review. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  28. ^ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
  29. ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
  30. ^ Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  31. ^ "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
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  1. ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
  2. ^ These names can be used interchangeably as there is no official name yet
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