Voiced bilabial nasal: Difference between revisions

Voiced bilabial nasal
Voiced bilabial nasal
m
IPA Number	114
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	m
Unicode (hex)	U+006D
X-SAMPA	m
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The voiced bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m. The bilabial nasal occurs in English, and it is the sound represented by "m" in map and rum. Only very few languages (e.g. Mohawk) are known to lack this sound.

Features

Features of the voiced bilabial nasal:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Occurrence of /m/ in several languages.
Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		мазэ/māză	[maːza]	'moon'
Arabic	Standard^[1]	مطابخ/maṭābiḫ	[maˈtˤɑːbɪχ]	'kitchens'	See Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	մայր/mayr	[mɑjɾ]^ⓘ	'mother'
Assyrian		ܡܪܐ/mara	[maːra]	'owner'
Basque		maitatu	[majt̪at̪u]	'to love'
Bengali		মা/ma	[ma]	'mother'	See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		мъгла/măgla	[mɐɡla]	'fog'
Catalan^[3]		meu	[ˈmeʊ̯]	'mine'	See Catalan phonology
Cherokee		ᎠᎹ/ama	[ama˦]	'water'
Chinese	Cantonese	猫 / māau	[maːu̯˥]^ⓘ	'cat'	See Cantonese phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	猫 / māo	[mɑʊ̯˥]^ⓘ	'cat'	See Mandarin phonology
Chukchi		Mанэгран	[maneɣɻan]	'tent'
Chuvash		манăн/manăn		'my'
Czech		muž	[mʊʃ]^ⓘ	'man'	See Czech phonology
Dutch^[4]		mond	[mɔnt]^ⓘ	'mouth'	See Dutch phonology
English		him	[hɪm]^ⓘ	'him'	See English phonology
Esperanto		tempo	[ˈtempo]^ⓘ	'time'	See Esperanto phonology
Filipino		manok	[maˈnok]	'chicken'	See Filipino phonology
Finnish		minä	[ˈminæ]^ⓘ	'I'	See Finnish phonology
French^[5]		manger	[mɑ̃ʒe]^ⓘ	'to eat'	See French phonology
Georgian^[6]		სამი/sami	[ˈsɑmi]	'three'
German		Maus	[maʊ̯s]^ⓘ	'mouse'	See Standard German phonology
Greek^[7]		μάζα / maza	[ˈmaza]^ⓘ	'clump'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati		મોર / mōr	[moːɾ]	'male peacock'	See Gujarati phonology
Hawaiian^[8]		maka	[maka]	'eye'	See Hawaiian phonology
Hindi		मधु/madhū	[məd̪ʱuː]	'honey'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hebrew		אמא/ima	[ˈʔimäʔ]	'mother'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian		ma	[mɒ]^ⓘ	'today'	See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian^[9]		masuk	[ˈmäsʊʔ]	'enter'
Italian^[10]		mamma	[ˈmamma]^ⓘ	'mommy'	See Italian phonology
Japanese^[11]		乾杯 / kampai	[kampai]	'cheers'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		мазэ/mazè	[maːza]	'moon'
Kagayanen^[12]		manang	[manaŋ]	'older sister'
Khmer		ខ្មែរ / khmêr	[kʰmae]	'Khmer'	See Khmer phonology
Korean		마을 / maeul	[ma̠ɯɭ]	'village'	See Korean phonology
Lithuanian		mama	[ˈmɐmɐ]	'mom'
Macedonian		мајка/majka	[ˈmajka]	'mother'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		malam	[mäläm]	'night'
Malayalam^[13]		കമ്മി/kammi	[kəmmi]	'shortage'
Maltese		ilma	[ilma]	'water'
Marathi		मन/man	[mən]	'mind'	See Marathi phonology
Mutsun		muruṭ	[muɾuʈ]	'night'
Nepali		आमा/āmā	[ämä]	'mother'	See Nepali phonology
Norwegian		mamma	[ˈmɑmːɑ]	'mom'	See Norwegian phonology
Ojibwe		ᐊᓈᒥᒻ/anaamim	[ənaːˈmɪm]	'accuse'	See Ojibwe phonology
Odia		ମା/mä	[mä]	'mother'
Persian		مادر/mâdar	[mɒdær]	'mother'	See Persian phonology
Pirahã		baíxi	[ˈmàí̯ʔì]	'parent'	allophone of /b/
Polish^[14]		masa	[ˈmäsä]^ⓘ	'mass'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese^[15]		mato	[ˈmatu]^ⓘ	'bush'	See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਮੈਂ/mēm̐	[mɛ̃ː]	'I'
Russian^[16]		муж/muzh	[muʂ]^ⓘ	'husband'	Contrasts with palatalized version. See Russian phonology
Sanskrit		अहम् /aham	[əhəm]	'I'	See Sanskrit phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[17]		мој / moj	[mȏːj]	'my'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		muž	[mu̞ʂ]	'man'
Slovene		miš	[míʃ]	'mouse'
Spanish^[18]		grumete	[ɡɾuˈme̞te̞]	'cabin boy'	See Spanish phonology
Swahili		miti	[ˈmiti]	'trees'
Swedish		mask	[mask]	'worm'	See Swedish phonology
Thai		มอมแมม / mommaem	[mɔːm.mɛːm]	'shabby'	See Thai phonology
Toki Pona		mani	[mani]	'money'
Tsez		мец/mec	[mɛ̝t͡s]	'tongue'
Turkish		benim	[be̞nim]	'mine'	See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian^[19]		молоко/moloko	[mɔɫɔˈkɔ]	'milk'	See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu		مکان/makān	[məkaːn]	'house'	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Uyghur		مهن/men	[mæn]	'I'
Vietnamese^[20]		muối	[mwojˀ˧˥]	'salt'	See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh		mam	[mam]^ⓘ	'mother'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian		mar	[mar]	'lake'	See West Frisian phonology
Yi		ꂷ / ma	[ma˧]	'bamboo'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[21]	man	[maŋ]	'animal'

Notes

^ Thelwall (1990:37)
^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^ Newton (1972:10)
^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
^ Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ Okada (1999:117)
^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
^ Jassem (2003:103)
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^ Padgett (2003:42)
^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
^ Merrill (2008:108)

References

Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Newton, Brian (1972), The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Illustrations of the IPA:Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003320
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232

External links

List of languages with [m] on PHOIBLE

[1] Thelwall (1990:37)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:19)

[3] Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)

[4] Gussenhoven (1992:45)

[5] Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)

[6] Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)

[7] Newton (1972:10)

[8] Ladefoged (2005:139)

[9] Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)

[10] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)

[11] Okada (1999:117)

[12] Olson et al. (2010:206–207)

[13] Ladefoged (2005:165)

[14] Jassem (2003:103)

[15] Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)

[16] Padgett (2003:42)

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199967-17] Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

[18] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

[FOOTNOTEDanyenkoVakulenko19954-19] Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.

[20] Thompson (1959:458–461)

[21] Merrill (2008:108)

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@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 |See [[Thai language#Phonology|Thai phonology]]
 |-
-| colspan="2" |[[Toki Pona]] || {{lang|art|'''m'''ani}} || [mani] || 'money' ||
+| colspan="2" |[[Toki Pona]] || {{lang|tok|'''m'''ani}} || [mani] || 'money' ||
 |-
 | colspan="2" | [[Tsez language|Tsez]] || {{lang|ddo-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''м'''ец]]}}/{{lang|ddo-Latn|mec}} || {{IPA|[mɛ̝t͡s]}}|| 'tongue'||