Kolkata: Difference between revisions

Kolkata

কলকাতা
Calcutta
Kolkata কলকাতা Calcutta
Metropolitan city
	Clockwise from top: Victoria Memorial, St. Paul's Cathedral, central business district, Howrah Bridge, city tram line, Vidyasagar Bridge
	Nickname: City of Joy
	Map of Kolkata
Country	India
State	West Bengal
Division	Presidency
District	Kolkata
Founded	1690
Founded by	Job Charnock
Government
• Type	Mayor–Council
• Mayor	Sovan Chatterjee (TMC)
Area
• Metropolitan city	1,480 km2 (570 sq mi)
Elevation	9 m (30 ft)
Population (2011)
• Metropolitan city	4,486,679
• Rank	5th
• Density	24,252/km2 (62,810/sq mi)
• Metro	14,112,536
• Demonym	Calcuttan
• Ethnicity	Groups
Time zone	UTC+05:30 (IST)
Postal index number	700 xxx
Vehicle registration	WB 01–79
UN/LOCODE	IN CCU
Telephone	91-33-XXXX XXXX
Website	www.kmcgov.in
	Footnotes ^ The Kolkata metropolitan area also includes portions of North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Nadia, and Hooghly districts. See: Urban structure. ; ;

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Kolkata (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈkoʊlkətə/; Bengali: কলকাতা, Kolkātā; Hindustani pronunciation: [kolkətɑ] ^ⓘ), or Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2005, the city had 4.5 million residents; the metropolitan area, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.2 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India and the thirteenth-most populous urban area in the world; its urban agglomeration is the world's eighth-largest.^[5] Its economic output as measured by gross GDP ranks third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi.^[6] As a rapidly growing metropolitan city in a newly industrialised, albeit developing, country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, overpopulation, and other logistical and socioeconomic problems.

In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. One, Kalikata, was a fishing village; another, Sutanuti, was a riverside weavers' village. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690,^[7] the area was developed by the British into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. After Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, the Company retook it and assumed full sovereignty. Under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics, witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.

As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century Bengal Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically diverse centre of culture in Bengal and India, Kolkata has established local traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature that have gained wide audiences. Many people from Kolkata, among them several Nobel laureates, have contributed to the arts, the sciences, and other areas, while Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods and freestyle intellectual exchanges. West Bengal's share of the Bengali film industry is based in the city, which also hosts venerable cultural institutions of national import, such as the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum, and the National Library of India. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata contrasts with other Indian cities by giving disproportionate play to field hockey, association football, rugby union, and other sports.

Etymology

The word Kolkatā derives from Kalikātā, which was the name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British and were in the area where the city was to be established; the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur.^[8] The term Kalikatā is thought to be a variation of Kalikshetra (Bengali: কালীক্ষেত্র, Kalikkhetro), meaning "Land of [the goddess] Kāli". Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkilā, or "flat area".^[9] The name may have its origin in the words khal, the vernacular term for "canal", followed by katta, which may mean "dug".^[10] According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime (kali chun) and coir rope (kátá); hence, it was called Kalikátá.^[11] While the city's name has always been pronounced "Kolkatā" or "Kolikatā" in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to "Kolkata" in order to match Bengali pronunciation.^[12]

History

The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh, 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region where the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia.^[13]^[14] Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, a Company administrator, is traditionally credited as the founder of the city;^[9] in response to a public petition, the Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder.^[15] The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur, and Sutanuti. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor; the jagirdari taxation rights to the villages were held by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or zamindars. These rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698.^[16]

In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River.^[17] Declared a Presidency City, Calcutta became the headquarters of the Bengal Presidency. Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, protested the militarisation. His warning having gone unheeded, the Nawab attacked; he captured Fort William and instigated the gruesome death of British prisoners of war in the Black Hole of Calcutta.^[18] A force of Company sepoys and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year.^[18] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772; beginning in 1864, the hill station of Shimla served as administrative capital during summers.^[19] In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.^[20] Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade.^[21]

By the 1850s, Kolkata had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred around Chowringhee; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred around North Calcutta.^[22] The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and Howrah railway station. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new babu class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.^[23] Throughout the 19th century, the Bengal Renaissance brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee organised a national conference of the Indian National Association, the first of its kind in 19th-century India.^[9] Gradually, Calcutta became a centre for revolutionary organisations associated with the Indian independence movement. The 1905 partition of Bengal along communal lines resulted in widespread public agitation and a boycott of British goods by the Gandhi-led Swadeshi movement.^[24] These activities, along with the administratively disadvantageous location of Calcutta on the eastern fringes of India, prompted the British to move the capital to New Delhi in 1911.^[25] The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between 1942 and 1944, during World War II.^[26]^[27] Coinciding with the war, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943 due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors.^[28]

Demands for the creation of a Muslim state led in 1946 to an episode of communal violence that killed over 4,000.^[29]^[30]^[31] The partition of India led to further clashes and a demographic shift: many Muslims left for East Pakistan; hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.^[32] During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes, and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.^[33] The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 led to a mass influx of thousands of refugees that massively strained Kolkata's infrastructure.^[34] During the mid-1980s, Bombay overtook Kolkata as India's most-populous city. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes.^[35] In the period 1977–2011, West Bengal was ruled from Kolkata by the Left Front, which was dominated by the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPM. It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government; Kolkata was a key base for Indian communism.^[36]^[37] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum following economic reforms in India introduced by the central government during the mid-1990s. Since 2000, the information technology services sector has revitalised Kolkata’s stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing sector.^[38]

Geography

Spread north–south along the east bank of the Hooghly River, Kolkata sits within the lower Ganges Delta of eastern India; the city's elevation is 1.5–9 m (5–30 ft).^[39] Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population.^[40] The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the East Kolkata Wetlands, has been designated a "wetland of international importance" by the Ramsar Convention (1975).^[41] As with most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the soil and water are predominantly alluvial in origin. Underlying the city are quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, and several grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250–650 m (820–2,130 ft); the upper one 10–40 m (30–130 ft) in thickness.^[42] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside seismic zone III;^[43] according to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is "very high damage risk".^[43]

Urban structure

Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, or KMC, has an area of 185 km² (71 sq mi).^[44] The Kolkata metropolitan area is spread over 1,750 km² (676 sq mi)^[44] and comprises 157 postal areas as of 2006.^[45] The metropolitan area is administered by local governments, including 38 local municipalities. The urban agglomeration encompasses 72 cities and 527 towns and villages.^[44] Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, and Nadia.^[46]^: 15 The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east—a span of 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi).^[47] The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, and South Kolkata.

North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as Shyambazar, Shobhabazar, Chitpur, Cossipore, Baranagar, Sinthee, and Dum Dum.^[48]^[49]^: 65–66 Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains B. B. D. Bagh, formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the Esplanade on the east and Strand Road on the west.^[50] The state Secretariat (Writers' Building), General Post Office, Reserve Bank of India, High Court, Lalbazar Police Headquarters, and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of Park Street, comprising thoroughfares such as Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Camac Street, Wood Street, Loudon Street, Shakespeare Sarani, and A. J. C. Bose Road.^[51] The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"^[52] and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.^[53] The Victoria Memorial and Kolkata Race Course are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are Central Park in Bidhannagar and Millennium Park on Strand Road, along the Hooghly River.

South Kolkata developed after India gained independence in 1947; it includes upscale neighbourhoods such as Ballygunge, Alipore, New Alipore, Lansdowne, Bhowanipore, Tollygunge, Jodhpur Park, Lake Gardens, Golf Green, Jadavpur, and Kasba.^[54] From south-west to south-east, outlying areas include Garden Reach, Behala, Thakurpukur, Kudghat, Ranikuthi, Bansdroni, Baghajatin, and Garia. Two planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are Bidhannagar, also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and Rajarhat, also called New Town and sited east of Bidhannagar.^[54]^[55] In the 2000s, Sector V in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information technology and telecommunication companies.^[56]^[57] Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated outside the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipalities.^[55]

Climate

Dark storm clouds over a bridge

Monsoon clouds over Howrah Bridge

Kolkata is subject to a tropical wet-and-dry climate that is designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 19–30 °C (66–86 °F).^[58] Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.^[58] Winter lasts for only about two-and-a-half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27–37 °C (81–99 °F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12–23 °C (54–73 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).^[58] Often, in early summer, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and are known locally as kal baisakhi (কালবৈশাখী), or "Nor'westers" in English.^[59]

Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west summer monsoon^[60] lash Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm (62 in). The highest monthly rainfall total, 306 mm (12 in), occurs in August. The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum sunlight exposure occurring in March.^[61] Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata; typical suspended particulate matter levels are high compared with other large Indian cities, causing smog and haze.^[62]^[63] Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.^[64] Kolkata has been hit by several cyclones; these include systems occurring in 1737 and 1864 that killed thousands.^[65]^[66]

Climate data for Kolkata (Alipore) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	32.8 (91.0)	38.4 (101.1)	41.1 (106.0)	43.3 (109.9)	43.7 (110.7)	43.9 (111.0)	39.9 (103.8)	38.4 (101.1)	38.9 (102.0)	39.0 (102.2)	34.9 (94.8)	32.5 (90.5)	43.9 (111.0)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	29.8 (85.6)	33.9 (93.0)	37.5 (99.5)	38.8 (101.8)	39.0 (102.2)	37.8 (100.0)	36.0 (96.8)	35.3 (95.5)	35.5 (95.9)	35.3 (95.5)	33.1 (91.6)	30.0 (86.0)	39.8 (103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	25.5 (77.9)	29.4 (84.9)	33.7 (92.7)	35.4 (95.7)	35.5 (95.9)	34.1 (93.4)	32.5 (90.5)	32.3 (90.1)	32.6 (90.7)	32.3 (90.1)	30.2 (86.4)	26.7 (80.1)	31.7 (89.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	19.9 (67.8)	23.8 (74.8)	28.2 (82.8)	30.6 (87.1)	31.2 (88.2)	30.6 (87.1)	29.5 (85.1)	29.4 (84.9)	29.4 (84.9)	28.3 (82.9)	25.1 (77.2)	21.1 (70.0)	27.3 (81.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	14.3 (57.7)	18.1 (64.6)	22.9 (73.2)	25.7 (78.3)	26.8 (80.2)	27.1 (80.8)	26.7 (80.1)	26.6 (79.9)	26.3 (79.3)	24.4 (75.9)	20.1 (68.2)	15.5 (59.9)	22.9 (73.2)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	10.9 (51.6)	12.4 (54.3)	18.2 (64.8)	21.1 (70.0)	21.8 (71.2)	23.9 (75.0)	24.3 (75.7)	24.6 (76.3)	23.9 (75.0)	20.9 (69.6)	16.9 (62.4)	11.9 (53.4)	10.0 (50.0)
Record low °C (°F)	6.7 (44.1)	7.2 (45.0)	10.0 (50.0)	16.1 (61.0)	17.9 (64.2)	20.4 (68.7)	20.6 (69.1)	22.6 (72.7)	20.6 (69.1)	17.2 (63.0)	10.6 (51.1)	7.2 (45.0)	6.7 (44.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	15.4 (0.61)	24.6 (0.97)	36.8 (1.45)	55.0 (2.17)	118.5 (4.67)	276.7 (10.89)	371.6 (14.63)	372.1 (14.65)	325.0 (12.80)	179.6 (7.07)	32.6 (1.28)	5.6 (0.22)	1,813.3 (71.39)
Average rainy days	1.1	1.5	2.1	3.2	6.2	12.6	17.5	16.8	13.6	7.4	1.4	0.7	84.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST)	62	55	51	61	68	77	82	83	82	76	68	65	69
Mean monthly sunshine hours	213.9	211.9	229.4	240.0	232.5	135.0	105.4	117.8	126.0	201.5	216.0	204.6	2,234
Mean daily sunshine hours	6.9	7.5	7.4	8.0	7.5	4.5	3.4	3.8	4.2	6.5	7.2	6.6	6.1
Average ultraviolet index	7	9	11	12	12	12	12	12	11	9	7	6	10
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70] Weather Atlas^[71]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)^[72] ^[73]

Climate data for Kolkata (Dumdum Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1939–2012
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	32.5 (90.5)	37.3 (99.1)	40.6 (105.1)	42.8 (109.0)	43.1 (109.6)	43.7 (110.7)	39.2 (102.6)	37.7 (99.9)	37.5 (99.5)	36.8 (98.2)	36.0 (96.8)	33.0 (91.4)	43.7 (110.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	25.3 (77.5)	29.2 (84.6)	33.6 (92.5)	35.9 (96.6)	36.1 (97.0)	34.8 (94.6)	33.2 (91.8)	33.0 (91.4)	33.3 (91.9)	32.5 (90.5)	30.1 (86.2)	26.6 (79.9)	32.0 (89.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	19.1 (66.4)	23.0 (73.4)	27.6 (81.7)	30.3 (86.5)	30.9 (87.6)	30.6 (87.1)	29.8 (85.6)	29.7 (85.5)	29.7 (85.5)	28.3 (82.9)	24.5 (76.1)	20.3 (68.5)	26.8 (80.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	12.9 (55.2)	16.9 (62.4)	21.9 (71.4)	25.2 (77.4)	26.2 (79.2)	26.8 (80.2)	26.6 (79.9)	26.5 (79.7)	26.2 (79.2)	24.1 (75.4)	19.3 (66.7)	14.3 (57.7)	22.2 (72.0)
Record low °C (°F)	5.0 (41.0)	6.1 (43.0)	12.1 (53.8)	16.6 (61.9)	17.6 (63.7)	19.2 (66.6)	20.1 (68.2)	21.1 (70.0)	21.7 (71.1)	15.7 (60.3)	11.7 (53.1)	6.1 (43.0)	5.0 (41.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	15.8 (0.62)	20.2 (0.80)	31.9 (1.26)	53.4 (2.10)	140.5 (5.53)	247.5 (9.74)	366.5 (14.43)	355.4 (13.99)	282.1 (11.11)	170.2 (6.70)	21.3 (0.84)	6.8 (0.27)	1,711.5 (67.38)
Average rainy days	1.1	1.4	2.3	3.5	6.6	12.4	17.6	17.1	13.0	7.1	1.1	0.7	83.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 08:30 IST)	61	53	49	58	66	76	81	82	81	75	67	66	68
Source 1: India Meteorological Department^[73]
Source 2: Météo Climat (mean temperature 1991-2020)^[74]

Economy

Kolkata is the main commercial and financial hub of East India and the north-eastern states.^[46]^[75] It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange.^[76]^[77] It is a major commercial and military port, and is the only city in eastern India to have an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant trade-unionism, including frequent strikes supported by left-wing parties.^[78] From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed; businesses relocated.^[78] The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the "dying city".^[79] The city's fortunes improved after the Indian economy was liberalised in the 1990s and changes in economic policy were enacted by the West Bengal state government.^[78]

Flexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an informal sector that employs more than 40% of the labour force.^[80] One unorganised group, roadside hawkers, generated business worth ₹8,772 crore (US$ 2 billion) in 2005.^[81] Around 0.81% of the city's workforce is employed in the primary sector; 15.49% works in the secondary sector, and 83.69 works in the tertiary sector.^[46]^: 20 As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a high-growth sector in Kolkata starting in the late 1990s; the city's IT sector grew at 70% per annum—a rate that was twice the national average.^[38] The 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail, and hospitality sectors; several large shopping malls and hotels were launched.^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]

Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large public- and private-sector corporations; major sectors include steel, heavy engineering, mining, minerals, cement, pharmaceuticals, food processing, agriculture, electronics, textiles, and jute. ITC Limited, Coal India Limited, and Britannia Industries rank among the companies headquartered in the city. Kolkata hosts the headquarters of three major public-sector banks: Allahabad Bank, UCO Bank, and the United Bank of India. Adoption of the "Look East" policy by the Indian government; opening of Sikkim's Nathu La mountain pass, which is located on the border between India and China, to bi-directional international trade; and the interest shown by South-East Asian countries in expanding into Indian markets are factors that could benefit Kolkata.^[88]^[89]

Civic administration

The civic administration of Kolkata is executed by several government agencies. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation, or KMC, is responsible for the administration and civic infrastructure of the city's 15 boroughs, which together encompass 141 wards.^[90] Each of these wards elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee consisting of the councillors elected from the respective wards of the borough. The Corporation, through the borough committees, maintains government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets and partakes in urban planning and road maintenance.^[91] The corporation as the apex body discharges its function through the Mayor-in-Council, consisting of a mayor, assisted by a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC.^[92] The functions of the KMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting and building regulation.^[91] Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the river port.^[93] As of 2012, the All India Trinamool Congress holds the power in KMC, its mayor is Sovan Chatterjee, while the deputy mayor is Farzana Alam.^[1] The city also has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata, who presides over various city-related functions and conferences.^[94]

Kolkata City officials
Mayor:	Sovan Chatterjee^[1]
Sheriff	Indrajit Ray^[95]
Police Commissioner:	Ranjit Kumar Pachnanda^[96]

Multiple administrative agencies of Kolkata use different definition for their coverage area, resulting in various administrative boundaries of the city. Listed in ascending order of area, those are Kolkata District, the Kolkata Police area (Divisions of Kolkata Police), the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area ("Kolkata city"),^[97] and the urban agglomeration or Kolkata Metropolitan Area (Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority is responsible for the statutory planning and development of the metropolitan area).^[98]

As the capital of the state and the seat of the Government of West Bengal, Kolkata houses not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, the state Secretariat (Writers' Building) and the Calcutta High Court. Kolkata also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court and City Civil Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.^[99]^[100]^[101] The Kolkata Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, comes under the West Bengal Home Ministry.^[102]^[103] The city elects three representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 21 representatives to the state Legislative Assembly.^[104]

Utility services

The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the Hooghly River.^[105] Most of the water is purified and treated at Palta water pumping station located in North 24 Parganas.^[106] 95 % of Kolkata's daily refuse of 4000 tonnes is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town.^[107]^[108] Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.^[109] Parts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.^[61] Electricity is supplied by the privately operated Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) to the city region, and by the West Bengal State Electricity Board in the suburbs.^[110]^[111] Fire services are handled by the West Bengal Fire Service, a state agency.^[112] The city has 20 fire stations that attend to 7,500 fire and rescue calls on average per year.^[113]

State-owned BSNL and private enterprises like Vodafone, Airtel, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata DoCoMo, Tata Indicom, Virgin Mobile and MTS India are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.^[114] Cellular coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services being available. Broadband Internet penetration has steadily increased with BSNL, VSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Airtel and Reliance being the leading service providers.^[114]

Media

Bengali-language newspapers such as Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman , Ganashakti, Sakalbela are widely circulated.^[115] The Statesman and The Telegraph are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Kolkata. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include the Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and the Asian Age.^[115] Being the largest trading market in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard.^[115]^[116] Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Oriya, Punjabi and Chinese are also read by a minority.^[115]^[117] Some major periodicals from Kolkata are Desh, Sananda, Unish Kuri, Anandalok and Anandamela.^[115] Historically, Kolkata has also been the center of the Bengali little magazine movement.^[118]^[119]

All India Radio (AIR), the state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM radio stations in the city.^[120] Kolkata has 12 local FM radio stations, including two from AIR.^[121] The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels^[122], while a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels are accessible via cable, DTH services or IPTV.^[123]^[124]^[125] Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, 24 Ghanta, Ne Bangla, News Time and Channel 10.^[126]

Transport

Public transport is provided by the Kolkata suburban railway, the Kolkata Metro, trams, and buses. The suburban rail network extends into the distant suburbs. The Kolkata Metro, in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground rapid transit system in India.^[127] It spans the north-south length of the city covering a distance of 25.1 km (16 mi).^[128] Five more lines of the Metro rail are under construction.^[129] Kolkata has three long distance railway stations at Howrah, Sealdah and Kolkata (Chitpur), which connect Kolkata by rail to most cities in West Bengal and major cities in India.^[130] The city is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways—Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway.^[131]

Buses are the preferred mode of transport and are run by both government agencies and private operators.^[132] Kolkata is India's only city to have a tram network, operated by Calcutta Tramways Company.^[133] The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging due to heavy rains during the monsoon sometimes interrupts the public transport.^[134]^[135]

Hired forms of transport include the yellow metered taxis, while auto rickshaws ply in specific routes. Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors; however new air conditioned radio taxis have been introduced as well.^[136]^[137]^[138] In some areas of the city, cycle rickshaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are patronised by the public for travelling short distances.^[139] Private owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to other major cities of the country due to the abundance in variety and number of public vehicles.^[140] The city witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years.^[141] The road space (matched with population density) in the city is only 6%, compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai, creating major traffic problems.^[142] Kolkata Metro and a number of new roads and flyovers have decongested the traffic to some extent. Agencies operating long distance bus transport include the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, South Bengal State Transport Corporation, North Bengal State Transport Corporation and various private operators. The main bus terminuses in the city are located at Esplanade, Karunamoyee and Babughat.^[143] The Kolkata–Delhi and Kolkata–Chennai prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral, and National Highway 34 start from Kolkata.^[144]

The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum to the north of the city operates domestic and international flights. As of 2011, the airport is being upgraded to accommodate increased air traffic.^[145] Kolkata Port, established in 1870, is the oldest and the only major river port of India.^[146] The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata and Haldia docks.^[147] There are passenger services to Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to various ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India.^[146]^[148] There are ferry services as well, connecting Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah across the Hooghly River.^[149]^[150] Kolkata has rail and road connectivity with Dhaka in Bangladesh.^[151]^[152]^[153]

Demographics

Residents of Kolkata are called Calcuttans.^[156] According to provisional results of a 2011 census, the city of Kolkata with an area of 185 square kilometers (71 square miles) has a population of 4,486,679;^[2] the population density is 24,252 per square kilometer.^[2] This represents a decennial growth rate of Template:Msym1.88% during the decade 2001–11. The sex ratio is 899 females per 1000 males—lower than the national average,^[157] because many working males come from rural areas and neighbouring states (mainly Bihar, UP, Orissa) and leave their families behind.^[158] Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14%^[157] exceeds the all-India average of 74%.^[159] The urban agglomeration had a population of 15,644,040 in 2011.^{[citation needed]}

Template:India census population

Bengali comprise the majority of Kolkata's population, with Marwaris and Bihari communities forming a large portion of the minorities.^[160] Some of Kolkata's minor communities include Chinese, Tamils, Nepalis, Oriyas, Telugus, Assamese, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Greeks, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Konkanis, Malayalees, Punjabis and Parsis.^[161] The population of some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks and Jews declined during the 20th century^[162]—in the case of the Jewish population, after the establishment of Israel.^[163] Chinatown, in eastern Kolkata, is the only Chinatown in the country;^[117] it was once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, but the population has dropped to around 2,000.^[117] The traditional occupations of the Chinese community are the nearby tanning industry and Chinese restaurants.^[117]^[164]

Bengali is the dominant language in Kolkata, and the official state language.^[165] English is also used, particularly by the white-collar workforce.^[4]

According to the 2001 census, 73% of the population in Kolkata is Hindu, 23% Muslim, 2% Christian and 1% Jains. Other religious minorities such as Sikhs, Buddhists, Jews and Zoroastrians constitute the remainder of the city's population.^[166] About one-third of the city's population (1.5 million people) live in 2,011 registered and 3,500 unregistered (occupied by squatters) slums.^[167]

Kolkata reported 67.6% of the total Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes registered in 35 Indian mega-cities during 2004.^[168] The Kolkata police district registered 15,510 Indian Penal Code cases in 2010, the 8th-highest in the country.^[169] The crime rate in the city was 117.3 per 100,000, compared with the national rate of 187.6 in 2010—the lowest among all mega-cities in India.^[170]

Culture

Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Kolkata has been called a "City of Furious, Creative Energy",^[171] and is known as the "cultural (or literary) capital of India".^[172]^[173]

The tradition of para (neighbourhoods with a strong sense of community) is characteristic of Kolkata.^[174] Typically, each para has its own community club and sometimes a playing field.^[174] Residents enjoy adda (leisurely chats) which often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.^[175]^[176] The city had a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda, but graffiti was banned by the Election Commission of India in 2009.^{[failed verification]}^[177]

Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) motifs. Several major buildings from the colonial period are well-maintained and have been declared "heritage structures";^[178] however, others are in various stages of decay.^[179]^[180] Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest museum in India and houses large collections of Indian natural history and Indian art.^[181] Marble Palace is a classic example of a European mansion in the city. The Victoria Memorial, a place of interest in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is India's leading public library. The Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions.

The city has a tradition of drama, in the form of jatra (folk theatre) and other types of theater.^[182]^[183] Kolkata is the home of the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood" for Tollygunj (the location of the Bengali film studios).^[184] Its long tradition of art films includes globally acclaimed film directors such as Academy Award-winning director Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta and Rituparno Ghosh.^[185]

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Coupled with social reforms led by Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda and others, this constituted a major part of the Bengal Renaissance.^[186] The middle and latter parts of the twentieth century witnessed post-modernism and literary movements such as the hungryalist and little magazine movement.^[187]

Noted artists from the city include Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy, and Ram Kinker Baij. The Government College of Art & Craft has produced notable contemporary artists. The city is noted for its appreciation of Rabindrasangeet and Indian classical music, Bengali folk music such as baul, kirtans and gajan, and modern music including Bengali adhunik songs.^[188]^[189] Since the early 1990s there has been an emergence of new genres of music, including what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a genre based on realism)^[190] and folk/alternative rock bands.^[188]

Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and machher jhol (fish curry)^[191] with roshogolla, and sandesh and mishti dohi (sweet yoghurt) for dessert. Bengal's large repertoire of fish-based dishes includes various eelish preparations (a favourite among Bengalis). Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind and lentil sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from China Town in the eastern parts of the city are popular.^[192]^[193] Sweets play a large part in the diet of Kolkatans—especially at their social ceremonies.^[194]

Bengali women traditionally wear the sari, but Shalwar kameez and Western clothing is gaining acceptance among younger women.^[195] Among men Western clothing has greater acceptance, although the traditional dhoti and the Panjabi kurta are seen during festivals.

Durga Puja, in September–October, is the most important festival and a glamorous event in Kolkata.^[196]^[197] Other notable festivals include Jagaddhatri Puja, Diwali, Saraswati puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, Poila Boishak (New Year), Rath Yatra and Poush parbon (harvest festival). Cultural festivals include the Kolkata Book Fair, the Dover Lane Music Festival, the Kolkata Film Festival and the National Theatre Festival.

Education

Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. Bengali and English are the primary languages of instruction; Urdu and Hindi are also used, particularly in central Kolkata.^[198]^[199] Schools in Kolkata follow the 10+2+3 plan. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools with a higher secondary facility that are affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, the ICSE, or the CBSE.^[198] They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available.^[198]

Kolkata urban agglomeration is home to 14 universities run by the state government, as of 2010.^[200] The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Kolkata or elsewhere in India. The University of Calcutta, founded in 1857, is the oldest modern university in India; it has 204 affiliated colleges.^[201] Jadavpur University is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties.^[202] Calcutta Medical College, founded in 1835, was the first Asian institution to teach modern medicine.^[203] The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, which was the first of the Indian Institutes of Management, was established in 1961 at Joka, a locality in the southwestern suburbs.^[204] The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (one of India's premier law schools)^[205]^[206] and the Indian Statistical Institute (a public research institute and university) are also located in the city. Notable scholars from Kolkata include physicists Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha, and Jagadish Chandra Bose; chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy; statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis; mathematician Raj Chandra Bose; physician Upendranath Brahmachari; and educator Ashutosh Mukherjee.

Sports

The most popular sports in Kolkata are association football and cricket. The city is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top national clubs such as Mohun Bagan A.C., Kingfisher East Bengal F.C., Prayag United S.C., and the Mohammedan Sporting Club.^[207]^[208]^[209] Calcutta Football League, which was started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia.^[210] Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".^[211]^[212] Kolkata has an Indian Premier League franchise known as the Kolkata Knight Riders; the Cricket Association of Bengal, which regulates cricket in West Bengal, is also based in the city.

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.^[213]^[214] Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton, and carrom, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.^[215] The Maidan, a vast field that is the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.^[216]

The city is known for its large stadiums. Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world,^[217] and hosted the final match of the 1987 Cricket World Cup. It is home to the Bengal cricket team and the Kolkata Knight Riders. The multi-use Salt Lake Stadium, also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is the world's second-largest football facility by seating capacity as of 2006.^[218]^[219] The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.^[220]^[221] Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club, and was the first golf club to be built outside the United Kingdom.^[222]^[223] The other two are located at the Tollygunge Club and at Fort William. The Royal Calcutta Turf Club hosts horse racing and polo matches.^[224] The Calcutta Polo Club is considered the oldest polo club in the world which is still in subsistence.^[225]^[226]^[227] The Calcutta South Club is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.^[228]^[229] In the period 2005–2007, Sunfeast Open, a tier-III tournament on the Women's Tennis Association circuit, was held in the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it has since been discontinued.^[230]^[231]

The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts rowing races and training events. Kolkata is considered the capital of rugby union in India. The city also gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the Calcutta Cup.^[232]^[233]^[234] The Elite Football League of India, an American football league slated for a November 2012 start, has announced the Kolkata Vipers as a member franchise.^[235] The Automobile Association of Eastern India, which was started in 1904 and is one of the oldest automobile associations in the world, regularly organises car rallies.^[236]^[237] The Bengal Motor Sports Club is actively involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.^[238]^[239] The Beighton Cup, an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest field hockey tournament; it is usually held on the Mohun Bagan Ground of the Maidan.^[240]^[241]

Sports stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cricket captains Sourav Ganguly and Pankaj Roy and Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes. Former football stars include Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P.K. Banerjee, and Subrata Bhattacharya.

Sister cities

Kolkata has several sister cities:^[242]^[243]

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Bibliography

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Chaudhuri, NC (2001). The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian. New York Review of Books. ISBN 0-940322-82-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Gandhi, R (1992). Patel: A Life. Navajivan. ASIN B0006EYQ0A. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Marcuse, P; van Kempen, R (2000). Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21290-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mukherjee, SC (1991). The changing face of Calcutta: An architectural approach : Calcutta, 300. Government of West Bengal. ASIN B0000D6TXX. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Roy, A; Alsayyad, N (2004). Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0741-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Sen, A (1973). "Poverty and Famines". Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-828463-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Kolkata at Curlie
Template:Wikitravel
Geographic data related to Kolkata at OpenStreetMap

Template:Link GA Template:Link GA

[1] The Kolkata metropolitan area also includes portions of North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Nadia, and Hooghly districts. See: Urban structure.

[Mayor-2] "Sovan Chatterjee to be new Kolkata mayor". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 26 April 2011.

[2011_pp_tableA2-3] "Area, Population, Decennial Growth Rate and Density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the Districts". Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal. Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 26 January 2012.

[WG2-4] "India: Metropolitan areas" (Document). World Gazetteer. {{cite document}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[india.gov.in-5] "Official Language – The Union -Profile – Know India: National Portal of India". India.gov.in. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[UNDESA2005-6] "World urbanization prospects: The 2005 revision" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division.

[pricewater-7] "Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Retrieved 20 November 2009.

[8] Dutta, K.; Desai, A. (April 2008). Calcutta: A cultural history. Interlink. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-1566567213. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: year (link)

[FOOTNOTEMukherjee1991-9] Mukherjee 1991.

[calcuttawebhistory-10] "Kolkata: History". Calcuttaweb.com. Retrieved 18 February 2007.

[Nair-11] Nair, P. Thankappan (1986). "Calcutta in the 17th century". Firma KLM Private Limited (Pvt.Lmt).

[12] Sarkar, P. R. Path Calte Itikatha (History While On-the-way), 1985, AM Publications.

[13] Easwaran, Kenny. "The politics of name changes in India". OCF, UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.

[14] Singh, Upinder (2008). History of ancient and early medeival India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. Pearson Education. ISBN 9788131716779. Retrieved 25 January 2012.

[Das-15] Das, S. (15 January 2003). "Pre-Raj crown on Clive House- Abode of historical riches to be museum". The Telegraph, Kolkata, India. Retrieved 26 April 2006.

[notcharnock-16] Gupta, Subhrangshu (18 May 2003). "Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC says city has no foundation day". Nation. The Tribune. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

[17] Caudhurī, Bhabānī Rāẏa (2006). Baṅgīẏa Sābarṇa kathā, Kālīkshetra Kalikātā: ekaṭi itibr̥tta. Mānnā Pābalikeśana. ISBN 978-81-87648-36-9. Retrieved 23 November 2011.

[mitter-18] Mitter, Partha (June 1986). "The Early British Port Cities of India: Their Planning and Architecture Circa 1640–1757". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (2): 95–114. doi:10.2307/990090. JSTOR 990090. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

[hunterhistory-19] Hunter, William Wilson (1886). The Indian Empire: its peoples, history, and products. London: Trübner & co. p. 381–382. Retrieved 25 january 2011. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[20] Chauhan, Baldev (7 August 2007). "Shimla – more than just Raj nostalgia". The Indian Star. IANS. Retrieved 8 March 2009.

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 }}
-The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies [[potable water]] to the city, sourced from the Hooghly River.<ref>{{cite web|title=KMC Functions|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref>  Most of the water is purified and treated at [[Palta]] water pumping station located in [[North 24 Parganas]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Raj legacy mainstay of water supply|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-03/kolkata/27191946_1_water-supply-palta-sovan-chatterjee|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=3 September 2003}}</ref>  95 % of Kolkata's daily refuse of 4000&nbsp;[[tonne]]s is transported to the dumping grounds in [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]] to the east of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Master Plan on Solid Waste Management|url=http://www.keip.in/bl3/pdfFiles/master_plan.pdf|publisher=Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project|format= PDF|accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC has no alternative to overburdened Dhapa|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-28/kolkata/27894436_1_dhapa-tonnes-of-municipal-waste-garbage|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=28 December 2008}}</ref> Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.<ref name=UN>{{cite web
+The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the Hooghly River.<ref>{{cite web|title=KMC Functions|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref>  Most of the water is purified and treated at [[Palta]] water pumping station located in [[North 24 Parganas]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Raj legacy mainstay of water supply|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-03/kolkata/27191946_1_water-supply-palta-sovan-chatterjee|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=3 September 2003}}</ref>  95 % of Kolkata's daily refuse of 4000&nbsp;[[tonne]]s is transported to the dumping grounds in [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]] to the east of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Master Plan on Solid Waste Management|url=http://www.keip.in/bl3/pdfFiles/master_plan.pdf|publisher=Kolkata Environmental Improvement Project|format= PDF|accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC has no alternative to overburdened Dhapa|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-28/kolkata/27894436_1_dhapa-tonnes-of-municipal-waste-garbage|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=28 December 2008}}</ref> Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.<ref name=UN>{{cite web
-|publisher = United Nations Environment Programme | url=http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4/SP4_2.asp | title=Sound Practices Composting | accessdate=26 April 2006}}</ref> Parts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.<ref name=ESS>{{cite web|publisher = Gaia: Environmental Information System |url=http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/IND/CAL/CALmain.html | title=Calcutta: Not 'The City of Joy' | accessdate=26 April 2006}}</ref> Electricity is supplied by the privately operated [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation]] (CESC) to the city region, and by the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]] in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Power cuts, soaring heat leave city boiling|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-02/kolkata/29842062_1_cesc-mw-unit-mw-southern-generating-station|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=2 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Power crisis raises fear of dark Diwali in Bengal|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-18/kolkata/30296185_1_mw-power-coal-national-power-grid|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 October 2011}}</ref> The city has 20 fire stations (under [[West Bengal Fire Service]]) that attend to 7,500 fire and rescue calls on average per year.<ref name=dheri>{{cite web|author=Dheri, S.K. & Misra, G.C.| publisher=indiadisasters.org |url=http://www.indiadisasters.org/idrpdf/Other%20Disasters/Otherdisasters%20Fire.PDF | title=Fire: Blazing Questions | format= PDF| accessdate=26 April 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041224200247/http://www.indiadisasters.org/idrpdf/Other+Disasters/Otherdisasters+Fire.PDF|archivedate=24 December 2004}}</ref>
+|publisher = United Nations Environment Programme | url=http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4/SP4_2.asp | title=Sound Practices Composting | accessdate=26 April 2006}}</ref> Parts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.<ref name=ESS>{{cite web|publisher = Gaia: Environmental Information System |url=http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/IND/CAL/CALmain.html | title=Calcutta: Not 'The City of Joy' | accessdate=26 April 2006}}</ref> Electricity is supplied by the privately operated [[Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation]] (CESC) to the city region, and by the [[West Bengal State Electricity Board]] in the suburbs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Power cuts, soaring heat leave city boiling|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-02/kolkata/29842062_1_cesc-mw-unit-mw-southern-generating-station|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=2 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Power crisis raises fear of dark Diwali in Bengal|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-18/kolkata/30296185_1_mw-power-coal-national-power-grid|accessdate=9 December 2011|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 October 2011}}</ref> Fire services are handled by the [[West Bengal Fire Service]], a state agency.<ref name=fireservice>{{cite web |url=http://www.westbengal.gov.in/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |title= Fire and Emergency Services |publisher=Government of West Bengal |accessdate=6 December. 2011}}</ref> The city has 20 fire stations that attend to 7,500 fire and rescue calls on average per year.<ref name=dheri>{{cite web|author=Dheri, S.K. & Misra, G.C.| publisher=indiadisasters.org |url=http://www.indiadisasters.org/idrpdf/Other%20Disasters/Otherdisasters%20Fire.PDF | title=Fire: Blazing Questions | format= PDF| accessdate=26 April 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041224200247/http://www.indiadisasters.org/idrpdf/Other+Disasters/Otherdisasters+Fire.PDF|archivedate=24 December 2004}}</ref>
 State-owned [[BSNL]] and private enterprises like [[Vodafone Essar|Vodafone]], [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]], [[Reliance Communications]], [[Idea Cellular]], [[Aircel]], [[Tata DoCoMo]], [[Tata Indicom]], [[Virgin Mobile]] and [[MTS India]] are the leading telephone and [[cell phone]] service providers in the city.<ref name="trai">{{cite web|title=Objective Assessment of Quality of Services for (QoS) for Basic Wireline, Wireless and Broadband Service Providers – Kolkata Circle Report: January–February–March – 2010|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/IMRB_Audit_kolkata.pdf|publisher=TRAI| format= PDF| accessdate=9 December 2011}}</ref>  Cellular coverage is extensive with both [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] services being available. [[Broadband Internet]] penetration has steadily increased with [[BSNL]], [[VSNL]], [[Tata group|Tata Indicom]], [[Sify]], [[Airtel (India)|Airtel]] and [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]] being the leading service providers.<ref name="trai"/>