Jump to content

Mac (computer)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Pneen (talk | contribs) at 23:08, 6 May 2023 (Match source). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the family of personal computers. For other uses, see Mac.
"Macintosh" redirects here. For the original Macintosh, see Macintosh 128K. For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation).
The MacBook Air, Apple's best-selling Mac model

The Mac (known as Macintosh until 1999) is a family of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, as well as the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are sold with the macOS operating system.

The first Mac was released in 1984, and was advertised with the highly acclaimed "1984" ad. After a period of initial success, the Mac languished in the 1990s until the 1996 acquisition of NeXT brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. Jobs oversaw the release of many successful products, unveiled the modern Mac OS X, completed the 2005-06 Intel transition, and brought features from the iPhone back to the Mac. After Tim Cook replaced Jobs as CEO, the Mac underwent a period of neglect, but was later reinvigorated with the introduction of popular high-end Macs and the ongoing Apple silicon transition, which brought the Mac to the same ARM architecture as iOS devices.

History

See also: History of Apple Inc.

1979–1996: "Macintosh" era

Steve Jobs resting his forearms on a Macintosh computer, in front of a red background.
Steve Jobs with the original Macintosh, January 1984[a]

In the late 1970s, the Apple II was one of the most popular computers on the American market, especially in education. After IBM introduced the IBM PC in 1981, its sales quickly surpassed the Apple II; in response, Apple introduced the Apple Lisa in 1983.[1] Though the Lisa's graphical user interface was partially inspired by the work of Xerox PARC, it also went far beyond PARC's prototypes, and introduced original innovations: the ability to drag-and-drop files, menu bars, and double-clicking.[2][3] This was to no avail: hampered by its high $9,995 price and lack of available software, the Lisa was commercially unsuccessful.[1]

Parallel to the Lisa's development, a skunkworks team at Apple was working on another project. Conceived in 1979 by Jef Raskin, the Macintosh was envisioned as an affordable, easy-to-use computer for the masses, with the Lisa's graphical interface. Raskin named the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh. The initial team consisted of Raskin, hardware engineer Burrell Smith, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak; Steve Jobs joined in 1981 after being removed from the Lisa team, and was able to gradually take control of the project due to Wozniak's temporary absence from the company following an airplane crash earlier that year.[4]

Upon its 1984 release, the first Macintosh was described as a "revolution" by the New York Times.[5] Sales initially met projections, but then sputtered due to the machine's low performance, single floppy disk drive (requiring users to frequently swap disks), and initial lack of applications.[6][b] Most members of the original Macintosh team left Apple, including Jobs, who left and founded NeXT after becoming publicly embroiled with CEO John Sculley.[7] The first Macintosh nevertheless generated cult enthusiasm among buyers and some developers, who rushed to develop entirely new programs for the platform, including PageMaker, MORE, and Excel.[8] Apple soon improved the Mac's performance by releasing a 512K revision and an external floppy disk drive.[9] The Macintosh is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface,[10] and owing to Jobs' interest in typography, it came with an unprecedented variety of fonts and type styles (e.g. italics, bold, shadow, outline) unlike other personal computers of the time.[11] It was the first WYSIWYG computer, and due in large part to PageMaker and Apple's LaserWriter printer, it ignited the desktop publishing revolution, turning the Macintosh from an early let-down into a notable success.[12][c]

In late 1985, Bill Atkinson, one of the few remaining employees to have been on the original Macintosh team, proposed that Apple create a Dynabook, Alan Kay's concept for a tablet computer that stores and organizes knowledge. Sculley rebuffed him, so he adapted the idea into a Mac program, HyperCard, whose "cards" could store any information — text, image, audio, video — with the memex-like ability to semantically link cards to each other. HyperCard was released in 1987 and bundled with every Macintosh.[14]

In the late 1980s, Jean-Louis Gassée, a Sculley protégé who had succeeded Jobs as head of the Macintosh division, made the Mac more expandable and powerful to appeal to tech enthusiasts, tinkerers, and enterprise customers.[15] This strategy led to the successful 1989 release of the Macintosh II, which appealed to power users and gave the lineup momentum. However, Gassée's "no-compromise" approach foiled Apple's first laptop, the Macintosh Portable, which had many uncommon power user features, but was almost as heavy as the original Macintosh and cost twice as much. The Mac Portable doomed Gassée, who was fired soon after its release.[16]

Since the Mac's debut, Sculley had opposed lowering the company's profit margins, and Macintoshes were priced far above entry-level DOS computers,[d] He also resisted licensing the Mac OS to competing hardware vendors, who could have undercut Apple on pricing and jeopardized its hardware sales, as IBM PC compatibles had done to IBM. These early strategic missteps caused the Macintosh to forever lose its chance at becoming the dominant personal computer platform.[17][18] Though senior management demanded high-margin products, a few employees disobeyed and set out to create a computer that would live up to the original Macintosh's slogan: [a] computer for the rest of us", which the market clamored for. In a pattern typical of Apple's early era,[e] this once-renegade project was endorsed by senior management following market pressures, and in 1990, the effort birthed the Macintosh LC and the affordable Macintosh Classic, the first model under $1,000. Between 1984 and 1989, Apple had sold one million Macs. It sold 10 million over the following five years.[19]

The innovative PowerBook 100

In 1991, the Macintosh Portable was replaced with the smaller and lighter PowerBook 100, the first laptop to place a palm rest and trackball in front of the keyboard. The PowerBook brought a billion dollars of revenue within a year, and became a status symbol.[20] By this point, the Macintosh represented 10% to 15% of the personal computer market.[21] Fearing a decline in market share, Sculley decided to enter in an alliance with IBM and Motorola to create a new standardized computing platform, which led to the creation of the PowerPC processor architecture, and the failed Taligent operating system.[22] In 1992, Apple introduced the Macintosh Performa line, which "grew like ivy" into a disorienting amount of barely differentiated models in an attempt to gain market share. This backfired by confusing customers, but the same strategy soon came to afflict the PowerBook line.[23] Michael Spindler continued this approach when he succeeded Sculley as CEO in 1993.[24] He oversaw the Mac's transition from Motorola 68K to PowerPC and the release of Apple's first PowerPC machine, the well-received Power Macintosh.[25]

Many new Macintoshes suffered from inventory and quality control problems. The 1995 PowerBook 5300 was plagued with quality problems; some units even caught fire, and the laptop was the subject of several recalls. Pessimistic about Apple's future, Spindler repeatedly attempted to sell Apple to other companies, including IBM, Kodak, AT&T, Sun, and Philips. In a last-ditch attempt to fend off Windows, Apple yielded and started a Macintosh clone program, which allowed other manufacturers to make computers that ran System 7;[25] however, it only cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin machines.[26] Meanwhile, the far-superior Windows 95 was an instant hit with customers. Apple was struggling financially; its attempts to produce a successor to the obsolete and unstable Mac OS — Taligent, Star Trek and Copland — had all failed, and its hardware was stagnant. The Mac was no longer competitive in the market place, and its sales entered a tailspin.[27] Corporations abandoned the Macintosh platform in droves, replacing it with cheaper and more sophisticated Windows NT machines for which far more applications and peripherals existed; even Apple loyalists saw no future for the Macintosh.[28] Once the world's second largest computer vendor after IBM, Apple's market share declined precipitously from 9.4% in 1993 to 3.1% in 1997.[29][30] Bill Gates was ready to abandon Microsoft Office for Mac, which would have slashed any remaining business appeal the Mac had; Amelio tried to negotiate a deal with Gates, to no avail.[31]

In 1996, Spindler was succeeded by Gil Amelio, who searched for an established operating system to acquire or license, which would form the foundation of a new Apple operating system. He considered BeOS, Solaris, Windows NT, and NeXT's NeXTSTEP, eventually choosing the latter. Apple acquired NeXT on December 20, 1996, and with it came its founder, Steve Jobs.[27][32]

1997–2011: Steve Jobs era

NeXT had developed the mature NeXTSTEP operating system, whose strengths lied in its multimedia and internet capabilities.[33] NeXTSTEP was also popular among programmers, financial firms and academia for its object-oriented programming tools which allowed applications to be written far more rapidly.[34][35] In an eagerly anticipated speech at the January 1997 Macworld trade show, Steve Jobs previewed Rhapsody, a merger of NeXTSTEP and Mac OS which would be the foundation of Apple's new operating system strategy.[36] At the time, Jobs only served in an advisory role, but became Apple's de facto CEO after Amelio was fired in July 1997. He was formally appointed interim CEO in September, and permanent CEO in January 2000 [37] To turn the company around, Jobs streamlined Apple's operations and began layoffs.[38] He negotiated a deal with Bill Gates: Microsoft committed to releasing new versions of Office for Mac for five years, investing $150 million in Apple, and settling an ongoing lawsuit in which Apple alleged that Windows had copied the Mac's interface. In exchange, Apple made Internet Explorer the default Mac browser. The deal was closed hours before Jobs announced it at the August 1997 Macworld.[39]

Jobs brought focus back to Apple. The Mac lineup had been incomprehensible, with dozens of hard-to-distinguish models; he streamlined it into four quadrants, a laptop and a desktop each for consumers and professionals. Apple also discontinued several Mac accessories, including the StyleWriter printer and the Newton PDA.[40] These changes were meant to refocus Apple's engineering, marketing and manufacturing efforts so that more care could be dedicated to each product.[41] Jobs also stopped licensing Mac OS to clone manufacturers, which had cost Apple ten times more in lost sales than it received in licensing fees.[42] Jobs made a deal with the largest computer reseller, CompUSA, to carry a "store within a store" that would better showcase Macs and their software and peripherals; according to Apple, the Mac's share of computer sales in those stores went from 3% to 14%. In November, the online Apple Store launched, which offered built-to-order Mac configurations without a middleman.[37] When Tim Cook was hired as chief operations officer in March 1998, he shuttered Apple's inefficient factories and outsourced Mac production to Taiwan. Within months, he rolled out a new ERP system and implemented just-in-time manufacturing principles; this practically eliminated Apple's costly unsold inventory, and within a year, Apple had the most efficient inventory turnover in the industry.[43]

The consumer iMac G3, whose marketing heavily emphasized its design and Internet capabilities

Jobs' top priority was "to ship a great new product".[44] The first was the iMac G3, an all-in-one computer which was meant to make the Internet intuitive and easy to access. While PCs came in functional beige boxes, Jony Ive gave the iMac a radical and futuristic design, meant to make the product less intimidating: it was shaped like an egg, and its case was made of translucent plastic in "Bondi blue" color. Ive also added a handle on the back to make the computer more approachable. Meanwhile, Jobs decided the iMac would be "legacy-free", replacing the ADB and SCSI ports with an infrared port and the cutting-edge USB.[f] He also controversially removed the floppy disk drive and replaced it with a CD drive. The iMac was unveiled in May 1998, and released in August. It was an immediate commercial success and became the fastest-selling computer in Apple's history, with 800,000 units sold before the year ended. Vindicating Jobs on the Internet's appeal to consumers, 32% of iMac buyers had never used a computer before, and 12% were switching from PCs.[45] The iMac reestablished the Mac's reputation as a trend-setter: for the next few years, translucent plastic became the dominant design trend in numerous consumer products.[46]

Apple knew it had lost its chance to compete in the Windows-dominated enterprise market, so it prioritized design and ease of use to make the Mac more appealing to average consumers, and even teens. Apple also instituted a more collaborative product development process for the Mac, the "Apple New Product Process", which implemented concurrent engineering principles. From that point, engineers would no longer be the driving force behind product development, with design as an afterthought. Instead, Ive and Jobs would first define a new product's "soul", before it was jointly developed by the marketing, engineering and operations teams.[47] The engineering team was led by the product design group, and Ive's design studio was the dominant voice throughout the development process.[48]

The next two Mac products in 1999, the Power Mac G3 (nicknamed "Blue and White") and the iBook, introduced industrial designs influenced by the iMac, incorporating colorful translucent plastic and carrying handles. The iBook introduced several innovations: it lacked a mechanical latch, instead relying on a strengthened hinge to keep it closed, its ports were located on the sides rather than on the back, and it was the first laptop with built-in Wi-Fi.[49] It was best selling laptop in the U.S. during the fourth quarter of 1999.[50] The professional-oriented Titanium PowerBook G4 was released in 2001, becoming the lightest and thinnest laptop in its class, and the first laptop with a wide-screen display; it also debuted a magnetic latch that secured the lid elegantly.[51]

The Dual USB "Ice" iBook, heralding a design shift away from color, towards white polycarbonate

The design language of consumer Macs shifted again from colored plastics to white polycarbonate with the introduction of the 2001 Dual USB "Ice" iBook. In order to increase the iBook's durability, it did away with doors and handles, and gained a more minimalistic exterior. Ive attempted to go beyond the quadrant with Power Mac G4 Cube, an attempt to innovate beyond the computer tower and make a professional desktop that was far smaller than the Power Mac. The Cube failed in the market and was withdrawn from sale after a year; however, Ive considered it beneficial, since it helped Apple gain experience in complex machining and miniaturization.[52]

The development of a successor to the old Mac OS was well-underway. Rhapsody had been previewed at WWDC 1997, featuring a Mach kernel and BSD foundations, a virtualization layer for old Mac OS apps (codenamed Blue Box), and an implementation of NeXTSTEP APIs called OpenStep (codenamed Yellow Box). Apple open-sourced the core of Rhapsody as the Darwin operating system. After several developer previews, Apple also introduced the Carbon API, which provided a way for developers to more easily make their apps native to Mac OS X without rewriting them in Yellow Box. Mac OS X was publicly unveiled in January 2000, introducing the modern Aqua graphical user interface, and a far more stable Unix foundation, with memory protection and preemptive multitasking. Blue Box became the Classic environment, and Yellow Box was renamed Cocoa. Following a public beta, the first version of Mac OS X, version 10.0 Cheetah, was released in March 2001.[53]

The 12-inch PowerBook G4
The "Sunflower" iMac G4

In 1999, Apple executives adopted a new strategy: the Mac would become a "digital hub", the centerpiece of the user's "digital lifestyle". Apple developed several software applications for Mac users as part of this strategy: in October 1999, the iMac DV gained FireWire, allowing users to connect camcorders and easily create movies with the iMovie application; the iMac also gained CD burning hardware, and in conjunction with the iTunes application, allowed users to rip CDs, make their own playlists, and burn them to blank discs. Other applications included iPhoto for organizing and editing photos, and GarageBand for creating and mixing music and other types of audio. Apple's digital hub strategy culminated in the company entering other markets, with the iTunes Store, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and was reflected in a change in its name in 2007, from Apple Computer Inc to Apple Inc. By January 2007, the iPod came to represent half of Apple's revenues.[54]

Apple continued to release new Mac models, such as the white "Sunflower" iMac G4; Ive designed a display that could swivel around and be moved with one) finger, so that it "appear[ed] to defy gravity".[55] In 2003, Apple released the aluminum 12-inch and 17-inch PowerBook G4, proclaiming the "Year of the Notebook". With the Microsoft deal expiring, Apple also replaced Internet Explorer with its new browser, Safari.[56] The first Mac Mini was intended to be assembled in the U.S., but domestic manufacturers were slow and had insufficient quality processes, leading Apple to choose Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn instead.[57] The affordably priced Mac Mini desktop was introduced at Macworld 2005, alongside the introduction of the iWork office suite.[58]

Intel transition and "back to the Mac"

With PowerPC chips falling behind in performance, price, and efficiency, Steve Jobs announced in 2005 that all Macs would transition from PowerPC to Intel processors, revealing that Mac OS X had been adapted to run on both architectures since 2000.[59][60] Users could keep running PowerPC apps using Rosetta,[61] and even run Windows natively using Boot Camp.[62] This transition helped contribute to a few years of growth in Mac sales.[63]

Steve Jobs unveiling the first MacBook Air at Macworld 2008

After the iPhone's 2007 release, Apple began a multi-year effort to bring many iPhone innovations "back to the Mac", including multi-touch gesture support, instant wake from sleep, and fast flash storage.[64][65] At Macworld 2008, Jobs introduced the first MacBook Air by taking it out of a manila envelope, touting it as the "world's thinnest notebook".[66] The MacBook Air favored wireless technologies over physical ports, and lacked FireWire, an optical drive, or a replaceable battery. Users could access discs inserted into other computers on their local network through a feature called Remote Disc.[67] A decade after its launch, journalist Tom Warren wrote that the MacBook Air had "immediately changed the future of laptops", starting the ultrabook trend.[68] OS X Lion added new software features first introduced with the iPad, such as FaceTime, full-screen apps, document autosaving and versioning, and a bundled Mac App Store to replace software install discs with online downloads. It also gained support for Retina displays, which had been introduced earlier with the iPhone 4.[69] iPhone-like multi-touch technology was progressively added to all MacBook trackpads, and to desktop Macs through the Magic Mouse, and Magic Trackpad.[70][71] The 2010 MacBook Air added an iPad-inspired standby mode, "instant-on" wake from sleep, and flash memory for storage.[72][73]

After criticism by Greenpeace, Apple improved the environmental friendliness of its Macs.[74] The 2008 MacBook Air was free of toxic chemicals like mercury, bromide and PVC, and came in a smaller packaging.[66] The enclosures of the iMac and unibody MacBook Pro were redesigned with more recyclable materials: aluminum and glass.[75][76]

On February 24, 2011, the MacBook Pro became the first computer to support Intel's new Thunderbolt connector, which had two-way transfer speeds of 10Gbit/s, and was backward-compatible with Mini DisplayPort.[77]

2012–present: Tim Cook era

The 2013 Mac Pro, which was controversial among professional users

Following a period of deteriorating health, Steve Jobs resigned as CEO on August 24, 2011, and Tim Cook was named as his successor.[78] Cook's first keynote address marked the release of iCloud, moving the "digital hub" from the Mac to the cloud.[79] In 2012, the MacBook Pro was refreshed with a Retina display, while the iMac was slimmed and lost its SuperDrive.[80][81]

During Cook's first few years as CEO, Apple fought back media criticisms that it could no longer innovate without Jobs.[82] In 2013, Apple introduced a new cylindrical Mac Pro, with marketing chief Phil Schiller exclaiming "Can't innovate anymore, my ass!". The new model had a miniaturized design with a glossy dark gray cylindrical body and internal components organized around a central cooling system. Tech reviewers praised the 2013 Mac Pro for its power and futuristic design;[83][84] however, it was poorly received by professional users, who criticized its lack of upgradability and the removal of expansion slots.[85][86]

The iMac was refreshed with a 5K Retina display in 2014, making it the highest-resolution all-in-one desktop computer at the time of its release.[87] The MacBook was reintroduced in 2015, with a completely redesigned aluminum unibody chassis, a 12-inch Retina display, a fanless low-power Intel Core M processor, a much smaller logic board, a new Butterfly keyboard, a single USB-C port, and a solid-state Force Touch trackpad with pressure sensitivity. It was praised for its portability, but criticized for its lack of performance, the need to use adapters to use most USB peripherals, and a high starting price of US$1,299.[88] In 2015, Apple started a service program to address a widespread GPU defect in the 15-inch 2011 MacBook Pro, which could cause graphical artifacts or prevent the machine from functioning entirely.[89]

Neglect of professional users

The 2016 MacBook Pro with Touch Bar, whose keyboard was criticized for its unreliability

The Touch Bar MacBook Pro was released in October 2016. It was the thinnest MacBook Pro ever made, replaced all ports with four Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) ports, gained a thinner "Butterfly" keyboard, and replaced function keys with the Touch Bar. The Touch Bar was criticized for making it harder to use the function keys by feel, as it offered no tactile feedback. Many users were also frustrated by the need to buy dongles, particularly professional users who relied on traditional USB-A devices, SD cards, and HDMI for video output.[90][91] A few months after its release, users reported a problem with stuck keys and letters being skipped or repeated. iFixit attributed this to the ingress of dust or food crumbs under the keys, jamming them. Since the Butterfly keyboard was riveted into the laptop's case, it could only be serviced at an Apple Store or authorized service center.[92][93][94] Apple settled a $50m class-action lawsuit over these keyboards in 2022.[95][96] These same models were afflicted by "flexgate": when users closed and opened the machine, they would risk progressively damaging the cable responsible for the display backlight, which was too short. The $6 cable was soldered to the screen, requiring a $700 repair.[97][98]

Senior Vice President of Industrial Design Jony Ive continued to guide product designs towards simplicity and minimalism.[99] Critics argued that he had begun to prioritize form over function, and was excessively focused on product thinness. His role in the decisions to switch to fragile Butterfly keyboards, to make the Mac Pro non-expandable, and to remove USB-A, HDMI and the SD card slot from the MacBook Pro were criticized.[100][101][102]

The long-standing keyboard issue on MacBook Pros, Apple's abandonment of the Aperture professional photography app, and the lack of Mac Pro upgrades led to declining sales and a widespread belief that Apple was no longer committed to professional users.[103][104][105][106] After several years without any significant updates to the Mac Pro, Apple executives admitted in 2017 that the 2013 Mac Pro had not met expectations, and said that the company had designed themselves into a "thermal corner", preventing them from releasing a planned dual-GPU successor.[107] Apple also unveiled their future product roadmap for professional products, including plans for an iMac Pro as a stopgap and an expandable Mac Pro to be released later.[108][109] The iMac Pro was revealed at WWDC 2017, featuring updated Intel Xeon W processors and Radeon Pro Vega graphics.[110]

In 2018, Apple released a redesigned MacBook Air with a Retina display, Butterfly keyboard, Force Touch trackpad, and Thunderbolt 3 USB-C ports.[111][112] The Butterfly keyboard went through three revisions, incorporating silicone gaskets in the key mechanism to prevent keys from being jammed by dust or other particles. However, many users continued to experience reliability issues with these keyboards,[113] leading Apple to launch a program to repair affected keyboards free of charge.[114] Higher-end models of the 15-inch 2018 MacBook Pro faced another issue where the Core i9 processor reached unusually high temperatures, resulting in reduced CPU performance from thermal throttling. Apple issued a patch to address this issue via a macOS supplemental update, blaming a "missing digital key" in the thermal management firmware.[115]

The 2019 16-inch MacBook Pro and 2020 MacBook Air replaced the unreliable Butterfly keyboard with a redesigned scissor-switch Magic Keyboard. On the MacBook Pros, the Touch Bar and Touch ID were made standard, and the Esc key was detached from the Touch Bar and returned to being a physical key.[116] At WWDC 2019, Apple unveiled a new Mac Pro with a larger case design that allows for hardware expandability, as well as introducing a new expansion module system (MPX), for modules such as an optional Afterburner card for faster video encoding.[117][118] Almost every part of the new Mac Pro is user-replaceable, with iFixit praising its high user-repairability.[119] It received positive reviews, with reviewers praising its power, modularity, quiet cooling, and Apple's increased focus on professional workflows.[120][121]

Apple silicon transition

In April 2018, Bloomberg reported that Apple was planning to replace Intel chips with ARM processors similar to those used in its phones, causing Intel's shares to drop by 9.2%.[122] The Verge, commenting on the rumors, stated that such a decision made sense, as Intel was failing to make significant improvements to its processors, and could not compete with ARM chips on battery life.[123][124]

The iMac with M1 chip, praised for its playful design and fast performance

At WWDC 2020, Tim Cook announced that the Mac would be transitioning to Apple silicon chips, built upon an ARM architecture, over a two-year timeline.[125] The Rosetta 2 translation layer was also introduced, enabling Apple silicon Macs to run Intel apps.[126] On November 10, 2020, Apple announced their first system-on-a-chip designed for the Mac, the Apple M1, and a series of Macs that would ship with the M1: the MacBook Air, Mac Mini, and the 13-inch MacBook Pro.[127] These new Macs received highly positive reviews, with reviewers highlighting significant improvements in battery life, performance, and heat management compared to previous generations.[128][129][130]

The iMac Pro was quietly discontinued on March 6, 2021.[131] On April 20, 2021, a new 24-inch iMac was revealed, featuring the M1 chip, seven new colors, thinner white bezels, and an enclosure made entirely from recycled aluminum.[132] On October 18, 2021, Apple announced new 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pros featuring a bezel-less mini-LED 120 Hz ProMotion display, and the return of a MagSafe, HDMI port, and SD card slot.[133]

On March 8, 2022, the Mac Studio was unveiled, featuring more powerful M1 Max and M1 Ultra chips in a similar form factor to the Mac Mini. It drew highly positive reviews for its flexibility and wide range of available ports.[134] Its performance was deemed "impressive", beating the highest-end Mac Pro with a 28-core Intel Xeon chip, while being significantly more power efficient and compact.[135] It was introduced alongside the Studio Display, and was meant to replace the 27-inch iMac, which was discontinued on the same day.[136] At WWDC 2022, Apple announced an updated MacBook Air based on a new M2 chip. It incorporates several changes from the 14-inch MacBook Pro, such as a flat, slab-shaped design, full-sized function keys, MagSafe charging, and a Liquid Retina display, with rounded corners and a notch incorporating a 1080p webcam.[137]

Product lineup

See also: List of Mac models
Current Mac laptop and desktop computers
MacBook Air
Entry-level lightweight laptop 		MacBook Pro
High-performance workstation laptop
In picture: M2, 13.6", 2022 In picture: M1 Pro or M1 Max, 14.2", 2021
iMac
All-in-one desktop 		Mac Mini
Entry-level desktop 		Mac Studio
High-performance workstation desktop 		Mac Pro
High-performance customizable workstation desktop
In picture: M1, 24", 2021 In picture: M2 or M2 Pro, 2023 In picture: M1 Max or M1 Ultra, 2022 In picture: Intel Xeon W, 2019
Mac models in production[138][139]
Release date Model Processor
December 10, 2019 Mac Pro (2019) Intel Xeon W
November 10, 2020 MacBook Air (M1, 2020) Apple M1
April 30, 2021 iMac (24-inch, M1, 2021)
March 18, 2022 Mac Studio (2022) Apple M1 Max or M1 Ultra
June 24, 2022 MacBook Pro (13-inch, M2, 2022) Apple M2
July 15, 2022 MacBook Air (M2, 2022)
January 24, 2023 Mac Mini (2023) Apple M2 or M2 Pro
MacBook Pro (14-inch, 2023) Apple M2 Pro or M2 Max
MacBook Pro (16-inch, 2023)

Marketing

A key frame from the "1984" ad

The original Macintosh was marketed at Super Bowl XVIII with the highly acclaimed "1984" ad, directed by Ridley Scott. The ad alluded to George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, and symbolized Apple's desire to "rescue" humanity from the conformity of computer industry giant IBM.[140][141][142] The ad is now considered a "watershed event" and a "masterpiece."[143][144] Before the Macintosh, high-tech marketing catered to industry insiders rather than consumers, and as a result, journalists covered technology like the "steel or automobiles" industries, with articles written for a highly technical audience.[145][146] The Macintosh launch event pioneered event marketing techniques that have since become "widely emulated" in Silicon Valley, by creating a mystique about the product and giving an inside look into its creation.[147] Apple also took a new "multiple exclusives" approach regarding the press, giving "over one hundred interviews to journalists that lasted over six hours apiece", and introduced a new "Test Drive a Macintosh" campaign.[148][149]

Apple's brand, which established a "heartfelt connection with consumers", is cited as one of the keys to the Mac's success.[150] After Steve Jobs's return to the company, he unveiled the Think different ad campaign, positioning the Mac as the best computer for "creative people who believe that one person can change the world".[151] The campaign featured black-and-white photographs of luminaries like Albert Einstein, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr., with Jobs saying: "if they ever used a computer, it would have been a Mac."[152][153] The ad campaign was critically acclaimed and won several awards, including a Primetime Emmy.[154] In the 2000s, Apple continued to use successful marketing campaigns to promote the Mac line, including the Switch and Get a Mac campaigns.[155][156]

Apple's focus on design and build quality has helped establish the Mac as a high-end, premium brand. The company's emphasis on creating iconic and visually appealing designs for its computers has given them a "human face" and made them stand out in a crowded market.[157] Apple has long made use of product placements in high-profile movies and television shows to showcase Mac computers, like Mission: Impossible, Legally Blonde, and Sex and the City.[158] Apple is known for not allowing producers to show villains using Apple products.[159] Its own shows produced for the Apple TV+ streaming service also feature prominent use of MacBooks.[160]

The Mac is known for having a highly loyal customer base. In 2022, the American Customer Satisfaction Index gave the Mac the highest customer satisfaction score of any personal computer, at 82 out of 100.[161] As of that same year, Apple is the fourth largest vendor of personal computers, with a market share of 8.9%.[162]

Hardware

A Mac Pro (2019) being used for color grading

Apple outsources the production of its hardware to Asian manufacturers like Foxconn and Pegatron, maintaining a high degree of control over the end-product.[163][164] As a highly vertically integrated company, Apple produces its own operating system and designs its own chips, allowing for tight control over all aspects of its products and deeper integration between hardware and software.[165]

All Macs in production use ARM-based Apple silicon processors, except the Mac Pro. Apple silicon Macs have been praised for their performance and power efficiency.[166] They can run Intel apps through the Rosetta 2 translation layer, as well as iOS and iPadOS apps distributed via the App Store.[167] These Mac models come equipped with high-speed Thunderbolt 4 or USB 4 connectivity, with speeds up to 40Gbit/s.[168][169] Apple silicon Macs have custom integrated graphics rather than graphics cards.[170] MacBooks are recharged with either USB-C or MagSafe connectors, depending on the model.[171]

Apple offers a range of accessories for the Mac, including the Studio Display and Pro Display XDR external monitors,[172] the AirPods line of wireless headphones,[173] and keyboards and mice such as the Magic Keyboard, Magic Trackpad, and Magic Mouse.[174]

Software

Main article: macOS
See also: Architecture of macOS and Mac operating systems
Screenshot of macOS Ventura, the latest release of the macOS operating system.
Part of a series on
macOS
Features
Versions
Applications
Utilities
Related

Macs run the macOS operating system, which is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of Linux and ChromeOS.[175]

macOS is the successor of the classic Mac OS, which saw nine releases between 1984 and 1999. The latest version of Classic Mac OS, Mac OS 9, was introduced in 1999, and still evokes nostalgia for some users, part of a trend known as retrocomputing.[176] Mac OS 9 was succeeded by Mac OS X in 2001.[177] Over the years, Mac OS X was rebranded to OS X, and is now known as macOS.[178]

macOS is a derivative of NextSTEP and FreeBSD. It uses the XNU kernel, and the core of macOS has been open-sourced as the Darwin operating system.[179] macOS features the Aqua user interface, the Cocoa set of frameworks, and the Objective-C and Swift programming languages.[180] Macs are deeply integrated with other Apple devices, including the iPhone and iPad, through Continuity features like Handoff, Sidecar, Universal Control, and Universal Clipboard.[181]

The first version of Mac OS X, version 10.0, was released in March 2001.[182] Subsequent major releases each introduce major changes and features to the operating system. 10.4 "Tiger" added Spotlight search;[183] 10.6 "Snow Leopard" brought refinements, stability, and full 64-bit support;[184] 10.7 "Lion" introduced many iPad-inspired features;[61] 10.10 "Yosemite" introduced a complete user interface revamp, replacing skeuomorphic designs with iOS 7-esque flat designs;[185] 10.12 "Sierra" added the Siri voice assistant and Apple File System (APFS) support;[186] 10.14 "Mojave" added a dark user interface mode;[187] 11 "Big Sur" introduced an iOS-inspired redesign of the user interface.[188]

The Mac has a wide variety of apps available, including cross-platform apps like Google Chrome, Microsoft Office, Adobe Creative Cloud, Mathematica, Visual Studio Code, Ableton Live, and Cinema 4D. Apple has also developed several apps for the Mac, including Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iWork, GarageBand, and iMovie. A large amount of open-source software applications run natively on macOS, like LibreOffice, GIMP, and VLC,[189] as well as command-line programs, which can be installed through Homebrew.[190] Many applications written for Linux or BSD also run on macOS, often using X11.[191] Apple's official integrated development environment (IDE) is Xcode, allowing developers to create apps for the Mac and other Apple platforms.[192]

The latest release of macOS is 13 "Ventura", which launched on October 24, 2022.[193]

Timeline

Source: Glen Sanford, Apple History, apple-history.com

Notes

  1. ^ The screen shows the shin-hanga 髪梳ける女 (hair combing woman) [[[c:File:Hashiguchi Goyo - Woman in Blue Combing Her Hair - Walters 95880.jpg|media]]] by Goyō Hashiguchi.
  2. ^ Levy quotes author Douglas Adams approvingly. The latter wrote: "But what I (and I think everybody else who bought the machine in the early days) fell in love with was not the machine itself, which was ridiculously slow and underpowered, but a romantic idea of the machine. And that romantic idea had to sustain me through the realities of actually working on the 128K Mac."
  3. ^ According to Levy, desktop publishing was the Mac's "Trojan horse" in the enterprise market, as colleagues and executives would try these Macs and be seduced into requesting one for themselves. Levy quotes PageMaker creator Paul Brainerd, who said: "You would see the pattern. A large corporation would buy PageMaker and a couple of Macs to do the company newsletter. The next year you'd come back and there would be thirty Macintoshes. The year after that, three hundred."[13]
  4. ^ According to Levy, while Macintoshes were superior, the cheapest Mac could cost almost twice as much as the cheapest IBM PC compatible.
  5. ^ The original Macintosh and Macintosh II both started as skunkworks projects with no buy-in from upper management, who were late to realize the projects' merit.
  6. ^ Though the USB standard had industry backing, it was still absent from most PCs. The USB 1.1 standard was only standardized a month after the iMac's release.[45]

References

  1. ^ a b Linzmayer 2004, pp. 67–68.
  2. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 90–101, 135–138.
  3. ^ Malone 1999, pp. 232–244.
  4. ^ Linzmayer 2004, pp. 85–88, 92–94Wozniak plane crash: p. 15.
  5. ^ Sandberg-Diment 1984, p. C3.
  6. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 185–187, 193–196.
  7. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 201–203.
  8. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 198, 218–220.
  9. ^ Levy 2000, p. 200.
  10. ^ Linzmayer 2004, p. 103.
  11. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 158–159.
  12. ^ Levy 2000, p. 211, 220-222.
  13. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 221–222.
  14. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 239–247.
  15. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 226–234.
  16. ^ Linzmayer 2004, pp. 159–160.
  17. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 222–225.
  18. ^ Malone 1999, p. 416.
  19. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 227–234.
  20. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 258–259.
  21. ^ Levy 2000, pp. 281, 298.
  22. ^ Linzmayer 2004, pp. 233–234.
  23. ^ Malone 1999, pp. 439–440.
  24. ^ Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 90, 190.
  25. ^ a b Linzmayer 2004, pp. 233–237.
  26. ^ Phin, Christopher (October 26, 2015). "Clone wars: When the licensed copies were better than Apple's own Macs". Macworld. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  27. ^ a b Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 190–197.
  28. ^ Malone 1999, pp. 523–527.
  29. ^ "Compaq takes lead in world PC market". Washington Post. January 25, 1995. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  30. ^ "Apple's Share Of Market Falls". The New York Times. Reuters. January 24, 1998. p. D2. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  31. ^ Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 210–211.
  32. ^ Malone 1999, p. 518.
  33. ^ Malone 1999, p. 521.
  34. ^ Hsu, Hansen (March 15, 2016). "The Deep History of Your Apps: Steve Jobs, NeXTSTEP, and Early Object-Oriented Programming". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  35. ^ Linzmayer 2004, pp. 207–213.
  36. ^ Malone 1999, pp. 529, 554.
  37. ^ a b Linzmayer 2004, pp. 289–298.
  38. ^ Isaacson 2011, p. 336-339, 359.
  39. ^ Linzmayer 2004, pp. 288–291.
  40. ^ Isaacson 2011, p. 336-339.
  41. ^ Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 224–225.
  42. ^ Linzmayer 2004, p. 254-256, 291-292.
  43. ^ Mickle 2022, pp. 93–99.
  44. ^ Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 224.
  45. ^ a b Kahney 2013, pp. 113–134.
  46. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 149.
  47. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 135–143.
  48. ^ Kahney 2013, p. 149, 200.
  49. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 143–149.
  50. ^ Smith, Tony (November 23, 1999). "iBook takes top slot in US retail sales". The Register. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  51. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 150–153.
  52. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 153–158.
  53. ^ Singh 2006, pp. 10–15, 27–36.
  54. ^ Isaacson 2011, pp. 378–410.
  55. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 187–191.
  56. ^ Linzmayer 2004, pp. 301–302.
  57. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 203–210.
  58. ^ Kahney 2013, pp. 187–191, 203–210.
  59. ^ Schlender & Tetzeli 2015, pp. 373–374.
  60. ^ Snell, Jason (January 11, 2006). "Chip Story: The Intel Mac FAQ, 2006 edition". Macworld. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  61. ^ a b Siracusa, John (July 20, 2011). "Mac OS X 10.7 Lion: the Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  62. ^ Ecker, Clint (April 5, 2006). "Apple unveils official support for booting Windows". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  63. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (February 24, 2009). "Making sense of Mac market share figures". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  64. ^ Chen, Brian X. "Mobile-Inspired Upgrades Define Apple's PC Strategy". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  65. ^ Helft, Miguel (October 21, 2010). "Apple Flips the Playbook, Putting Mobile Tech in PCs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  66. ^ a b Flynn, Laurie J. (January 15, 2008). "Apple Unveils Movie Rentals and Thin Notebook". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  67. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (February 4, 2008). "Thin is in: Ars Technica reviews the MacBook Air". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  68. ^ Warren, Tom (January 15, 2018). "Steve Jobs changed the future of laptops 10 years ago today". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  69. ^ Trenholm, Richard (February 24, 2011). "Mac OS X Lion gets lion's share of new features from the iPad". CNET. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  70. ^ Chen, Brian X. "Review: Apple Magic Mouse". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  71. ^ Sorrel, Charlie. "Apple's Magic Trackpad Brings Multi-Touch to the Desktop". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  72. ^ Mingis, Ken (October 28, 2010). "Apple's new 11.6-in. MacBook Air: Don't call it a netbook". Computerworld. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  73. ^ Foresman, Chris (November 3, 2010). "The future of notebooks: Ars reviews the 11" MacBook Air". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  74. ^ Lombardi, Candace. "How Apple and Greenpeace made peace". CNET. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  75. ^ Hutsko, Joe (November 17, 2008). "The New MacBook's Green Credentials". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  76. ^ Evans, Jonny (May 25, 2022). "Why you should pay more attention to Apple's green slide". Computerworld. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  77. ^ Frakes, Dan; Moren, Dan (February 24, 2011). "What you need to know about Thunderbolt". Macworld. Archived from the original on December 15, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  78. ^ "Steve Jobs resigns from Apple, Cook becomes CEO". Reuters. August 24, 2011. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  79. ^ Honan, Mat (October 12, 2011). "iCloud Is a Bigger Deal Than You Think: It's the Future of Computing". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  80. ^ Evans, Jonny (June 11, 2012). "WWDC 2012: Retina Display reaches MacBook Pro". Computerworld. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  81. ^ Etherington, Darrell (November 30, 2012). "A First Look at the 2012 21.5-inch iMac, And How It Compares To Generations Past". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  82. ^ Mickle 2022, pp. 10–11, 144–148.
  83. ^ Wood, Molly (December 24, 2013). "Futuristic Mac Pro Has Power to Spare". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  84. ^ Girard, Dave (January 28, 2014). "A pro with serious workstation needs reviews Apple's 2013 Mac Pro". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  85. ^ Mickle 2022, p. 163, “When [the Mac Pro] launched months later, customer interest fell short of what Apple had hoped [...] orders plummeted, and the company wound up slashing production. It became known inside the company as “the failed trash can.”.
  86. ^ Huang, Michelle Yan. "Why Apple's Mac Pro 'trash can' was a colossal failure". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  87. ^ "iMac with Retina display review: best in class, but not everybody needs one". Engadget. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  88. ^ Bohn, Dieter (April 9, 2015). "12-inch MacBook review". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  89. ^ Centers, Josh (December 19, 2013). "Users Reporting Widespread GPU Issues with 2011 MacBook Pros". TidBITS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  90. ^ Nielsen, Miranda (November 14, 2016). "MacBook Pro with Touch Bar review: a touch of the future". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  91. ^ Wollman, Dana (November 14, 2016). "MacBook Pro review (2016): A step forward and a step back". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  92. ^ "Anatomy of a Butterfly (Keyboard)—Teardown Style | iFixit News". iFixit. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  93. ^ Stern, Joanna (March 27, 2019). "Appl Still Hasn't Fixd Its MacBook Kyboad Problm". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  94. ^ "Apple Engineers Its Own Downfall With the Macbook Pro Keyboard". iFixit. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  95. ^ Price, David (November 30, 2022). "Judge approves Apple's massive MacBook keyboard lawsuit payout". Macworld. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  96. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (November 30, 2022). "Apple will pay up to $395 to people with broken MacBook butterfly keyboards". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  97. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (January 22, 2019). ""Flexgate" might be Apple's next MacBook Pro problem". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  98. ^ Porter, Jon (March 5, 2019). "Apple quietly addressed 'Flexgate' issue with MacBook Pro redesign". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  99. ^ Kahney, Leander (June 25, 2003). "Design According to Ive". Wired. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  100. ^ Webb, Alex (October 19, 2021). "Apple's Product Design Has Improved Since Jony Ive Left". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  101. ^ Villas-Boas, Antonio (July 18, 2014). "One of Apple's most controversial product designs in years may have been the result of Jony Ive's obsession with making devices thinner". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
  102. ^ Huang, Michelle Yan. "Why Apple's Mac Pro 'trash can' was a colossal failure". Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 21, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  103. ^ Lovejoy, Ben (August 1, 2018). "Mac sales are down 13% year-on-year, though things may be better than they seem". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  104. ^ Savov, Vlad (November 7, 2016). "The MacBook Pro is a lie". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  105. ^ Simon, Michael (November 1, 2016). "The new MacBook Pro isn't just a laptop, it's a strategy shift". Macworld. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  106. ^ Snell, Jason (November 2, 2016). "Why 2016 is such a terrible year for the Mac". Macworld. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  107. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (April 4, 2017). "Apple admits the Mac Pro was a mess". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  108. ^ Paczkowski, John. "Apple Says It Is "Completely Rethinking" The Mac Pro". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  109. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (April 4, 2017). "Apple admits the Mac Pro was a mess". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  110. ^ Statt, Nick (June 5, 2017). "Apple announces new iMac Pro with up to 18-core processor, 5K display". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  111. ^ "Apple's Newest MacBook Pro Is Fast But Flawed". WIRED. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  112. ^ Wolfe, Sean (July 18, 2018). "The first reviews of Apple's new MacBook Pro are out – here's what critics had to say". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  113. ^ Bohn, Dieter (May 24, 2019). "Apple's keyboard 'material' changes on the new MacBook Pro are minor at best". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  114. ^ Dignan, Larry (May 29, 2019). "Apple offers free keyboard replacement program for MacBook, MacBook Pro, refreshes MacBook Pro lineup". ZDNet. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  115. ^ Bohn, Dieter (July 25, 2018). "New MacBook Pro review: the heat is on". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  116. ^ Chokkatu, Julian. "Apple's 16-Inch MacBook Pro Is a Return to Form". Wired. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  117. ^ Savov, Vlad (June 3, 2019). "Apple announces all-new redesigned Mac Pro, starting at $5,999". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  118. ^ "The Thermodynamics Behind the Mac Pro, the Hypercar of Computers". Popular Mechanics. December 10, 2019. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  119. ^ "iFixit Mac Pro teardown". iFixit. December 17, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  120. ^ Patel, Nilay (March 2, 2020). "Mac Pro review: power, if you can use it". The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  121. ^ "Apple Mac Pro (2019): Premium hardware for serious professionals". ZDNet. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  122. ^ King, Ian; Gurman, Mark (April 2, 2018). "Apple Plans to Use Its Own Chips in Macs From 2020, Replacing Intel". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  123. ^ "Chips are down: Apple to stop using Intel processors in Macs, reports say". The Guardian. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  124. ^ "Apple is moving on from Intel because Intel isn't moving anywhere". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  125. ^ Warren, Tom (June 22, 2020). "Apple is switching Macs to its own processors starting later this year". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  126. ^ "Apple Silicon at WWDC 2020: Everything you need to know". ZDNet. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  127. ^ Iyengar, Rishi (November 10, 2020). "Apple details new MacBook Air, MacBook Pro and Mac Mini, all powered by in-house silicon chips". CNN. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  128. ^ Patel, Nilay (November 17, 2020). "The Verge M1 MBP review". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  129. ^ Spoonauer, Mark (November 9, 2021). "Tom's Guide M1 MBP review". Tom's Guide. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  130. ^ updated, Matt Hanson last (November 18, 2021). "Apple MacBook Air (M1, 2020) review". TechRadar. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  131. ^ Markander, Mikael (March 8, 2021). "Apple discontinues the iMac Pro". Macworld. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  132. ^ Chin, Monica (May 18, 2021). "Apple's new iMac is fun and functional". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  133. ^ Clark, Mitchell (October 18, 2021). "Apple announces new 14-inch MacBook Pro with a notch". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 13, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
  134. ^ Porter, Jon (March 9, 2022). "Apple's new strategy is to give – not tell – users what they want". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  135. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (March 17, 2022). "Review: The Mac Studio shows us exactly why Apple left Intel behind". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  136. ^ Song, Victoria (March 8, 2022). "The 27-inch iMac has been discontinued". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  137. ^ Seifert, Dan (July 14, 2022). "Apple MacBook Air M2 (2022) review: all-new Air". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  138. ^ "Apple – Support – Technical Specifications". support.apple.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  139. ^ "Apple – Support – Technical Specifications". support.apple.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  140. ^ Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). "The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20". MacWorld 21.1, page 18. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
  141. ^ Long, Tony (January 22, 2007). "Jan. 22, 1984: Dawn of the Mac". Wired. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  142. ^ Hertzfeld 2004, pp. 181–183.
  143. ^ Maney, Kevin (January 28, 2004). "Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  144. ^ Leopold, Todd (February 3, 2006). "Why 2006 isn't like '1984'". CNN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  145. ^ Marinaccio, Wendy (June 22, 2000). ""Evelyn Richards on Apple's Influence on Technology Journalism and PR"". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  146. ^ Marinaccio, Wendy (June 22, 2000). ""Evelyn Richards on High-Tech Journalism in the 1980s"". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  147. ^ Soojung-Kim Pang, Alex (July 14, 2000). "Cunningham on the Influence of the Macintosh Launch". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  148. ^ Marinaccio, Wendy. "Cunningham on the Influence of the Macintosh Launch". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  149. ^ Marinaccio, Wendy. "Andy Cunningham on the Macintosh Introduction". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  150. ^ Kahney, Leander. "Apple: It's All About the Brand". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  151. ^ Elliott, Stuart (August 3, 1998). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Apple Endorses Some Achievers Who 'Think Different'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  152. ^ Paczkowski, John (August 28, 2010). "Einstein would have used a Mac. Lennon, too". CNET. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  153. ^ Siltanen, Rob (December 14, 2011). "The Real Story Behind Apple's 'Think Different' Campaign". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  154. ^ "TBWA Think Different Ad wins Emmy". Campaign. September 1, 1998. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  155. ^ Luke Filipowicz (February 7, 2020). "The 'Get a Mac' campaign was instrumental in shaping Apple's reputation with consumers". iMore. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  156. ^ Friedman, Jen Atalla, Noah. "Steve Jobs made 3 AM phone calls to argue about Apple ads". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  157. ^ Lashinsky, Adam (January 25, 2012). Inside Apple: How America's Most Admired--and Secretive--Company Really Works. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-1217-1. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.; Kahney, Leander (November 18, 2013). Jony Ive: The Genius Behind Apple's Greatest Products. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-670-92325-0. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  158. ^ Stampler, Laura. "12 Excellent Examples Of How Apple Product Placements Rule Hollywood". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  159. ^ Brodkin, Jon (February 26, 2020). "Apple tells moviemakers that villains can't use iPhones, Rian Johnson says". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  160. ^ "Hundreds of iPhones Are in 'Ted Lasso.' They're More Strategic Than You Think". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  161. ^ "Apple tops the PC satisfaction index again. But Samsung has narrowed the gap". ZDNet. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  162. ^ Adorno, José (April 11, 2022). "Mac market bucks trend with continued growth while PC shipments slow". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  163. ^ Lovejoy, Ben (July 5, 2016). "Foxconn, Pegatron & other Apple suppliers reportedly under pressure as Apple squeezes margins". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  164. ^ Mickle 2022, pages 97-99, 237-239.
  165. ^ "Keeping it under your hat". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  166. ^ "Apple Silicon: The Complete Guide". MacRumors. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  167. ^ Axon, Samuel (November 19, 2020). "Mac Mini and Apple Silicon M1 review: Not so crazy after all". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  168. ^ Shankland, Stephen. "Apple brings USB 4 to its Mac line as it unveils computers with its own M1 chips". CNET. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  169. ^ Smith, Ryan. "Apple Intros First Three 'Apple Silicon' Macs: Late 2020 MacBook Air, 13-Inch MacBook Pro, & Mac Mini". AnandTech. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  170. ^ Evans, Jonny (July 7, 2020). "Apple has built its own Mac graphics processors". Computerworld. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  171. ^ Lawler, Richard (October 18, 2021). "Apple brings MagSafe 3 to the new MacBook Pro". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  172. ^ Grunin, Lori. "Apple Studio Display vs. Pro Display XDR: The Same, Yet Not". CNET. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  173. ^ Vasani, Sheena (September 10, 2022). "Here's how the new AirPods Pro compare to the rest of Apple's AirPods lineup". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  174. ^ DiPane, Jared. "Apple's New Two-Toned Magic Keyboard With Touch ID, Trackpad and Mouse Are Now Available". CNET. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  175. ^ "Desktop operating system market share 2013–2022". Statista. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  176. ^ Moss, Richard (September 11, 2016). "An OS 9 odyssey: Why these Mac users won't abandon 16-year-old software". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  177. ^ Martin, James (January 24, 2014). "Looking back at the Mac OS (pictures)". CNET. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  178. ^ Axon, Samuel (March 24, 2021). "It's been 20 years since the launch of Mac OS X". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  179. ^ Singh 2006, pp. 34–36.
  180. ^ Potter, Bruce; Hurley, Chris; Long, Johnny; Owad, Tom; Rogers, Russ (December 12, 2005). OS X for Hackers at Heart. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-048948-3. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  181. ^ Bohn, Dieter (June 8, 2021). "How Universal Control on macOS Monterey works". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  182. ^ Siracusa, John (April 2, 2001). "Mac OS X 10.0". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  183. ^ Siracusa, John (April 28, 2005). "Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  184. ^ Siracusa, John (September 1, 2009). "Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard: the Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  185. ^ Chester, Brandon (October 27, 2014). "A Look At OS X Yosemite And iOS 8.1". AnandTech. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  186. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (September 20, 2016). "macOS 10.12 Sierra: The Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  187. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (September 24, 2018). "macOS 10.14 Mojave: The Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  188. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (November 12, 2020). "macOS 11.0 Big Sur: The Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  189. ^ Jancer, Matt. "The 27 Best Mac Apps That Will Make Your Life Easier". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  190. ^ Axon, Samuel (February 5, 2021). "Mac utility Homebrew finally gets native Apple Silicon and M1 support". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  191. ^ "Introduction to Porting UNIX/Linux Applications to OS X". Apple. Archived from the original on November 12, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  192. ^ Miller, Paul (March 29, 2018). "The Xcode cliff: is Apple teaching kids to code, or just about code?". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  193. ^ Heater, Brian (October 24, 2022). "A closer look at macOS Ventura". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.

Books

Print

  • Sandberg-Diment, Erik (January 24, 1984). "Hardware review: Apple Weighs In With Its Macintosh". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Macintosh.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_(computer)&oldid=1153525273"