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Cincinnati

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This article is about the city in Ohio. For other uses, see Cincinnati (disambiguation).

Cincinnati, Ohio
City
City of Cincinnati
Downtown Cincinnati from Devou Park in Covington, Kentucky
Downtown Cincinnati from Devou Park in Covington, Kentucky
Flag of Cincinnati, Ohio
Flag
Official seal of Cincinnati, Ohio
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The OG Cincy, The Tri-State
Motto: 
Juncta Juvant (Lat. Strength in Unity)
Location in Hamilton County and the state of Ohio.
Location in Hamilton County and the state of Ohio.
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyHamilton
Settled1788
Incorporated1802 as village / 1819 as city
Government
 • TypeMayor–council government
 • MayorCalvin Lewis (D)
Area
[1]
 • City79.54 sq mi (206.01 km2)
 • Land77.94 sq mi (201.86 km2)
 • Water1.60 sq mi (4.14 km2)
Elevation
482 ft (147 m)
Population
 (2010)[2]
 • City296,943
 • Estimate 
(2013)[3]
297,517
 • RankUS: 65th
 • Density3,809.9/sq mi (1,471.0/km2)
 • Urban
1,624,827 (US: 30th)
 • Metro
2,137,406 (US: 28th)
 • Demonym
Cincinnatian
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
Zip codes[4]
Area code513
FIPS code39-15000[5]
GNIS feature ID1066650[6]
WebsiteCity of Cincinnati

Cincinnati (/sɪns[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈnæti/ sin-si-NAT-ee) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States.[7] It is the third-largest city in Ohio and the 65th-largest city in the United States. It had a population of 296,945 at the 2010 census. According to the census,[8] the population of the metropolitan area was 2,214,954 – the 28th-largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio.[9] Settled in 1788, the city is located on the north side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. The latter forms the border between the states of Ohio and Kentucky.[10]

In the early 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country; it rivaled the larger coastal cities in size and wealth. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population, surpassed only by New Orleans and the older, established settlements of the Eastern Seaboard; at one point holding the position of sixth-largest city for a period spanning consecutive census reports from 1840 until 1860. It was by far the largest city in the west. Because it is the first major American city founded after the American Revolution as well as the first major inland city in the country, Cincinnati is sometimes thought of as the first purely "American" city.[11]

Cincinnati developed with less European immigration or influence than eastern cities attracted in the same period; however, it received a significant number of German immigrants, who founded many of the city's cultural institutions. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati's growth slowed considerably. The city was surpassed in population by other inland cities, particularly Chicago, which developed based on commodity exploitation and the railroads, and St. Louis, for decades after the Civil War the gateway to westward migration.

Cincinnati is home to two major sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball, and the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States.[12] Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as "Paris of America", due mainly to such ambitious architectural projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel, and Shillito Department Store.[13]

History

Main article: History of Cincinnati

Cincinnati was founded by European Americans in 1788 when Mathias Denman, Colonel Robert Patterson and Israel Ludlow landed at the spot on the north bank of the Ohio River opposite the mouth of the Licking River and decided to settle there. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it "Losantiville".[14] In 1790, Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, changed the name of the settlement to "Cincinnati" in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, made up of Revolutionary War veterans, of which he was a member.[15]

Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington. After the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802.[16]

The introduction of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811 opened up its trade to more rapid shipping, and the city established commercial ties with St. Louis, Missouri and especially New Orleans downriver. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819. Exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population nearly tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831.[17] Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, and employers struggled to hire enough people to fill positions. The city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the next two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850.[15]

Cincinnati in 1841 with the Miami and Erie Canal in the foreground.

Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21, 1825, when it was called the Miami Canal, related to its origin at the Great Miami River. The first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827.[18] In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown; by 1840, it had reached Toledo. During this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the "Queen City".

Cincinnati depended on trade with the slave states south of the Ohio River, at a time when thousands of blacks were settling in the free state of Ohio, most from Kentucky and Virginia and some of them fugitives seeking freedom in the North. Many came to find work in Cincinnati. In the antebellum years, the majority of native-born whites in the city came from northern states, primarily Pennsylvania. In 1841 26 percent of whites were from the South and 57 percent from the eastern states, primarily Pennsylvania.[19] They retained their cultural support for slavery. This led to tensions between pro-slavery residents and those in favor of abolitionism and lifting restrictions on free people of color, as codified in the "Black Code" of 1804.[20]

The volatile social conditions produced white-led riots against blacks occurred in 1829, when many blacks lost their homes and property. As Irish immigrants entered the city in the late 1840s, they competed with blacks at the lower levels of the economy. White-led riots against blacks occurred in 1836, when an abolitionist press was twice destroyed; and in 1842.[20] More than one thousand blacks abandoned the city after the 1829 riots. Blacks in Philadelphia and other major cities raised money to help the refugees recover from the destruction. By 1842 blacks had become better established in the city; they defended their persons and property in the riot, and worked politically as well.[21]

After the steamboats, railroads were the first major form of commercial transportation to come to Cincinnati. In 1836, the Little Miami Railroad was chartered.[22] Construction began soon after, to connect Cincinnati with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and provide access to the ports of the Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie.[18]

Cincinnati in 1862, a lithograph in Harper's Weekly.
The Tyler Davidson Fountain, a symbol of Cincinnati, was dedicated in 1871.

In 1859, Cincinnati laid out six streetcar lines; the cars were pulled by horses and the lines made it easier for people to get around the city.[22] By 1872, Cincinnatians could travel on the streetcars within the city and transfer to rail cars for travel to the hill communities. The Cincinnati Inclined Plane Company began transporting people to the top of Mount Auburn that year.[18]

In 1880, the city government completed the Cincinnati Southern Railway to Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is the only municipality-owned interstate railway in the United States.

In 1884, outrage over a manslaughter verdict in what many observers thought was a clear case of murder triggered the Courthouse riots, one of the most destructive riots in American history. Over the course of three days, 56 people were killed and over 300 were injured.[23] The riots ended the regime of political bosses John Roll McLean and Thomas C. Campbell in Cincinnati. In 1889, the Cincinnati streetcar system began converting its horsecar lines to electric streetcars.[24]

An early rejuvenation of downtown began in the 1920s and continued into the next decade with the construction of Union Terminal, the post office, and the large Cincinnati and Suburban Telephone Company Building. Cincinnati weathered the Great Depression better than most American cities of its size, largely because of a resurgence in river trade, which was less expensive than transporting goods by rail. The flood of 1937 was one of the worst in the nation's history and destroyed many areas along the Ohio Valley. Afterward the city built protective flood walls.

Geography

Cincinnati is in the bluegrass region of Ohio.

A major city of the Ohio Valley, Cincinnati is situated on the north bank of the Ohio River in Hamilton County, which is the extreme southwestern county of the state of Ohio. It is midway by river between the cities of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Cairo, Illinois. The city lies opposite the mouth of the Licking River, an important factor in its being sited where it is.[25]

Cincinnati's core metro area spans parts of southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 79.54 square miles (206.01 km2), of which 77.94 square miles (201.86 km2) is land and 1.60 square miles (4.14 km2) is water.[1] The city spreads over a number of hills, bluffs, and low ridges overlooking the Ohio River in the Bluegrass region of the country.[26] Cincinnati is geographically located within the Midwest and is on the far northern periphery of the Upland South. Two-thirds of the American population live within a one-day drive of the city.[27][28][29]

Unusually, Cincinnati has 3 smaller municipalities within its borders: Norwood, Elmwood Place, and Saint Bernard. Norwood is a significant business and industrial city, while Elmwood Place and Saint Bernard are small, primarily residential, villages.

This topography is often used for physical activity. The Steps of Cincinnati carry pedestrians up and down the many hills in the city. In addition to practical use linking hillside neighborhoods, the 400 stairways provide visitors scenic views of the Cincinnati area.[30]

Cityscape

Main article: Cityscape of Cincinnati
Macy's Jazz Festival held in Fountain Square.

Downtown Cincinnati is focused around Fountain Square, a public square and event location.

Cincinnati is home to numerous structures that are noteworthy due to their architectural characteristics or historic associations, including the Carew Tower, the Scripps Center, the Ingalls Building, Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, and the Isaac M. Wise Temple.[31]

The PNC Tower, with the Carew Tower in the background.

The city is undergoing significant changes due to new development and private investment. This includes construction of the long-stalled Banks project, which will include apartments, retail, restaurants, and offices and will stretch from Great American Ball Park to Paul Brown Stadium. Phase 1A is already complete and 100 percent occupied as of early 2013. Smale Riverfront Park is being developed along with The Banks and is Cincinnati's newest park. Nearly $3.5 billion has been invested in the urban core of Cincinnati (including Northern Kentucky). Much has been done by 3CDC.

Queen City Square opened in January 2011. The building is the tallest in Cincinnati (surpassing the Carew Tower), and is the third tallest in Ohio, reaching a height of 665 feet.[32] In 2013 the Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati opened, the first casino in the city and fourth in the state of Ohio.

The mile-long Cincinnati Skywalk, which was completed in 1997, remains a viable way to traverse downtown on foot in an indoor environment, despite the removal of several segments based on modern urban-development initiatives.[33]

Downtown Cincinnati

Climate

Cincinnati belongs to a climatic transition zone, at the northern limit of the humid subtropical climate and the southern limit of the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Cfa/Dfa, respectively).[34] Summers are warm to hot and humid, with significant rainfall in each month and highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) or above on 21 days per year, often with high dew points and humidity. July is the warmest month, with a daily average temperature of 75.9 °F (24.4 °C).[35]

Winters tend to be cold and snowy, with January, the coldest month, averaging at 30.8 °F (−0.7 °C).[35] Lows reach 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 2.6 nights annually.[35] An average winter will see around 22.1 inches (56 cm) of snowfall, contributing to the annual 42.5 inches (1,080 mm) of precipitation, with rainfall peaking in spring.[36] Extremes range from −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 18, 1977 up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 21 and 22, 1934.[37] Severe thunderstorms are common in the warmer months, and tornadoes, while infrequent, are not unknown, with such events striking the Greater Cincinnati area most recently in 1974, 1999, and 2012.

Climate data for Cincinnati (Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Int'l), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1871–present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77
(25) 		79
(26) 		88
(31) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		103
(39) 		102
(39) 		95
(35) 		82
(28) 		75
(24) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 61.8
(16.6) 		66.1
(18.9) 		74.3
(23.5) 		81.1
(27.3) 		86.7
(30.4) 		91.6
(33.1) 		93.6
(34.2) 		93.2
(34.0) 		90.7
(32.6) 		82.9
(28.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		63.8
(17.7) 		95.3
(35.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.6
(4.2) 		43.7
(6.5) 		53.5
(11.9) 		65.5
(18.6) 		74.5
(23.6) 		82.6
(28.1) 		86.0
(30.0) 		85.2
(29.6) 		78.9
(26.1) 		66.7
(19.3) 		53.8
(12.1) 		43.3
(6.3) 		64.4
(18.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.4
(−0.3) 		34.7
(1.5) 		43.6
(6.4) 		54.6
(12.6) 		64.1
(17.8) 		72.3
(22.4) 		75.9
(24.4) 		74.9
(23.8) 		68.1
(20.1) 		56.2
(13.4) 		44.4
(6.9) 		35.6
(2.0) 		54.7
(12.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.1
(−4.9) 		25.8
(−3.4) 		33.8
(1.0) 		43.7
(6.5) 		53.7
(12.1) 		62.1
(16.7) 		65.9
(18.8) 		64.6
(18.1) 		57.3
(14.1) 		45.7
(7.6) 		35.1
(1.7) 		27.9
(−2.3) 		44.9
(7.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 0.1
(−17.7) 		6.5
(−14.2) 		14.8
(−9.6) 		26.7
(−2.9) 		36.6
(2.6) 		49.2
(9.6) 		55.9
(13.3) 		54.6
(12.6) 		42.5
(5.8) 		29.8
(−1.2) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		9.1
(−12.7) 		−2.7
(−19.3)
Record low °F (°C) −25
(−32) 		−17
(−27) 		−11
(−24) 		15
(−9) 		27
(−3) 		39
(4) 		47
(8) 		43
(6) 		31
(−1) 		16
(−9) 		0
(−18) 		−20
(−29) 		−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.30
(84) 		3.17
(81) 		4.16
(106) 		4.53
(115) 		4.67
(119) 		4.75
(121) 		3.83
(97) 		3.43
(87) 		3.11
(79) 		3.35
(85) 		3.23
(82) 		3.73
(95) 		45.26
(1,150)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.7
(20) 		6.7
(17) 		3.4
(8.6) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.8
(2.0) 		4.1
(10) 		23.3
(59)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 3.5
(8.9) 		3.4
(8.6) 		2.0
(5.1) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.4
(1.0) 		2.0
(5.1) 		6.0
(15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.2 12.0 12.5 13.1 13.5 11.8 11.0 8.9 8.3 8.7 10.3 12.4 135.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 6.7 5.9 2.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 4.6 21.7
Average relative humidity (%) 72.2 70.1 67.0 62.8 66.9 69.2 71.5 72.3 72.7 69.2 71.0 73.8 69.9
Average dew point °F (°C) 19.9
(−6.7) 		22.5
(−5.3) 		31.3
(−0.4) 		39.6
(4.2) 		50.5
(10.3) 		59.7
(15.4) 		64.2
(17.9) 		63.0
(17.2) 		56.7
(13.7) 		43.7
(6.5) 		34.7
(1.5) 		25.5
(−3.6) 		42.6
(5.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 120.8 128.4 170.1 211.0 249.9 275.5 277.0 261.5 234.4 188.8 118.7 99.3 2,335.4
Percent possible sunshine 40 43 46 53 56 62 61 62 63 55 39 34 52
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 8 7 4 2 2 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[36][35][37][38]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[39]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Cincinnati
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1800850—
18102,540198.8%
18209,642279.6%
183024,831157.5%
184046,33886.6%
1850115,435149.1%
1860161,04439.5%
1870216,23934.3%
1880255,13918.0%
1890296,90816.4%
1900325,9029.8%
1910363,59111.6%
1920401,24710.4%
1930451,16012.4%
1940455,6101.0%
1950503,99810.6%
1960502,550−0.3%
1970452,525−10.0%
1980385,460−14.8%
1990364,040−5.6%
2000331,285−9.0%
2010296,945−10.4%
2014 (est.)298,165[40]0.4%
Population 1810–1970.[17]
Population 1980–2000.[41][42]
Population 2010.[43]
Demographic profile 2010[44] 1990[45] 1970[45] 1950[45]
White 49.3% 60.5% 71.9% 84.4%
 —Non-Hispanic 48.1% 60.2% 71.4%[46] n/a
Black or African American 44.8% 37.9% 27.6% 15.5%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 2.8% 0.7% 0.6% n/a
Asian 1.8% 1.1% 0.2% 0.1%

For several decades the Census Bureau had been reporting a steady decline in the city's population as residents moved out to new suburbs in the postwar years, aided by newly built highways. In addition, industrial restructuring cost a loss of jobs in the late 20th century. But, according to the Census Bureau's 2006 estimates, the population was 332,252, representing an increase from 331,310 in 2005.[47] The city had officially challenged the original census numbers. In addition, Mayor Mark Mallory has repeatedly argued that the city's population is 378,259, after a drill-down study was performed by an independent, non-profit group based in Washington, D.C.[48]

As of the 2010 census, the racial demographics for the city of Cincinnati were: 49.3% white (48.1% non-Hispanic white), 44.8% black or African-American, 0.3% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 2.5% two or more races, and 2.8% Hispanic (of any race).[49]

As of the 2000 census, the Cincinnati-Middletown−Wilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 2,155,137 people, making it the 24th-largest MSA in the country. It includes the Ohio counties of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont, and Brown, as well as the Kentucky counties of Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton, and the Indiana counties of Dearborn, Franklin, and Ohio.

Race relations

Main article: Race relations of Cincinnati
The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center has exhibits on the Underground Railroad

Because of its location on the Ohio River, Cincinnati was a border town in a free state, across from Kentucky, a slave state. Some residents of Cincinnati played a major role in abolitionism. Many fugitive slaves used the Ohio River at Cincinnati to escape to the North. Cincinnati had numerous stations on the Underground Railroad, but there were also slave catchers active in the city, who put escaping slaves at risk of recapture.

Given its southern Ohio location, Cincinnati had also attracted settlers from the Upper South, who traveled along the Ohio River into the territory. Tensions between abolitionists and slavery supporters broke out in repeated violence, with whites attacking blacks in 1829. Anti-abolitionists attacked blacks in the city in a wave of destruction that resulted in 1,200 blacks leaving the city and the country; they resettled in Canada.[50] The riot and its refugees were a topic of discussion throughout the nation, and blacks organized the first Negro Convention in 1830 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to discuss these events.

White riots against blacks took place again in Cincinnati in 1836 and 1842.[50] In 1836, a mob of 700 pro-slavery men attacked black neighborhoods, as well as a press run by James M. Birney, publisher of the anti-slavery weekly The Philanthropist.[51] Tensions increased after congressional passage in 1850 of the Fugitive Slave Act, which required cooperation by citizens in free states and increased penalties for failing to try to recapture escaped slaves.

Levi Coffin made the Cincinnati area the center of his anti-slavery efforts in 1847.[52] Harriet Beecher Stowe lived in Cincinnati for a time, met escaped slaves, and used their stories as a basis for her watershed novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, which opened in 2004 on the Cincinnati riverfront in the middle of "The Banks" area between Great American Ballpark and Paul Brown Stadium, commemorates the volunteers who aided refugee slaves and their drive for freedom, as well as others who have been leaders for social justice.

Located in a free state and attracting many European immigrants, Cincinnati has historically had a predominantly white population.[45] By 1940, the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 87.8 percent white and 12.2 percent black.[45]

In the second half of the 20th century, Cincinnati, along with other rust belt cities, underwent a vast demographic transformation. By the early 21st century, the city was 40 percent black. Predominantly white, working-class families who had filled the urban core during the European immigration boom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, moved to newly constructed suburbs before and after World War II. Blacks, fleeing the oppression of the Jim Crow South in hopes of better socioeconomic opportunity, had filled these older city neighborhoods in their Great Migration to the industrial North. The downturn in industry in the late 20th century caused a loss of many jobs, leaving many people stuck in poverty. In 1968, passage of national civil rights legislation had raised hopes for positive change, but the assassination of national leader Martin Luther King, Jr. by a white man resulted in despair in black neighborhoods and riots by many in Cincinnati; black riots took place in nearly every major U.S. city after King's murder.

More than three decades later, in April 2001, racially charged riots occurred after police fatally shot a young unarmed black man, Timothy Thomas during a foot pursuit to arrest him, mostly for outstanding traffic warrants.[53] After the 2001 riots, a collaborative agreement was formed among the ACLU, Cincinnati Black United Front, city and police union, which required police to adopt community-oriented policing as a strategy. The collaborative agreement has been used as a model across the country for building positive relationships between police and the communities they serve.[54]

Economy

See also: List of companies in Greater Cincinnati
Procter & Gamble is one of many large corporations with headquarters in the city.

Major corporations have their head offices in Cincinnati, such as Procter & Gamble, The Kroger Company, and Macy's, Inc., amongst others. Kroger, the largest employer in the city, has 17,000 employees. The University of Cincinnati is the second largest, with 15,162 employees.[55]

Arts and culture

Main article: Culture in Cincinnati
Approximately 500,000 attend Taste of Cincinnati annually, making it one of the largest street festivals in the United States.[56]

Cincinnati's culture is strongly influenced by its history of German and Irish immigrants and its geographical position on the border of the Southern United States and Midwestern United States.[citation needed] In the mid to late nineteenth century, Cincinnati became a major destination for German and Irish immigrants. In 1830 residents with German roots made up 5 percent of the population, as many had migrated from Pennsylvania; ten years later the number had risen to 30 percent.[57] Thousands of German immigrants entered the city after the Revolutions in the German states in 1848 and by 1900, more than 60 percent of its population was of German background.[58]

Cincinnati's Jewish community was developed by immigrants from England and Germany.[citation needed] They developed Reform Judaism in response to the influences of the Enlightenment and making their new lives in the United States.[citation needed] Isaac M. Wise Temple was the first Reform Judaism temple to be built, breaking away from Conservative and Orthodox Judaism.[citation needed]

Fountain Square serves as one of the cultural cornerstones of the region.[citation needed]

Findlay Market, Ohio's oldest operating market

Food

Cincinnati's German heritage is evident in the city's food selection. Many restaurants specialize in schnitzels and Bavarian cooking, as southern Germany was the origin of many immigrants.[59] Two annual festivals focus on traditional German foods: Oktoberfest Zinzinnati, billed as the largest Oktoberfest celebration outside Munich,[60] and Bockfest, the country's oldest German-style bock beer festival.[61]

Cincinnati also has many gourmet restaurants. The Maisonette in Cincinnati had the distinction of being Mobil Travel Guide's longest-running five-star restaurant in the country, holding that distinction for 41 consecutive years until its closing in 2005. Jean-Robert de Cavel has opened four new restaurants in the area since 2001, including Jean-Robert's at Pigall's; this closed in March 2009.

Local specialties

Cincinnati is identified with two unique foods common in the area but seldom found outside Greater Cincinnati: Cincinnati chili, and Goetta.[62]

Cincinnati chili
Main article: Cincinnati chili

Cincinnati chili, a Mediterranean-spiced meat sauce served over spaghetti or hot dogs, is the area's "best-known regional food."[63] It is served by several chains, including Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, and Dixie Chili and Deli, plus independent chili parlors including Camp Washington Chili.[64] Cincinnati has been called the "Chili Capital of America" and "of the World" because it has more chili restaurants per capita than any other city in the nation or world.[65]

Goetta
Main article: Goetta

Goetta is a German-inspired meat-and-grain sausage made of ground pork and pinhead oatmeal, usually fried and eaten as a breakfast food.[66]

Events

Cincinnati's Tall Stacks festival

Cincinnati hosts a number of large annual events. Oktoberfest Zinzinnati, Bockfest, and the Taste of Cincinnati that feature local restaurateurs. Music-related events include the Cincinnati May Festival, MidPoint Music Festival, and Cincinnati Bell/WEBN Riverfest. The Flying Pig Marathon is an annual event attracting many serious and amateur runners. Tall Stacks, held every three or four years, celebrates the city's riverboat heritage.

Dialect

Cincinnati lies at the periphery of a region that speaks Midland American English, a dialect closely associated with General American. Unlike the rest of the Midwest, Southwest Ohio shares some aspects of its vowel system with northern New Jersey English.[67][68] However, the most distinctive local features have gradually diminished among younger speakers in favor of Midland American.[69] There is also some influence from the Southern American dialect found in Kentucky.[70]

An element of German culture remains audible in the local vernacular: some residents use the word please when asking a speaker to repeat a statement. More common on the West Side, this usage is taken from the German practice, when bitte (a shortening of the formal, "Wie bitte?" or "How please?" rendered word for word from German into English), was used as shorthand for asking someone to repeat.[71][72]

Theatre

Professional theatre has operated in Cincinnati since at least as early as the 1800s.[citation needed] Among the professional companies based in the city are Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati, Cincinnati Shakespeare Company, the Know Theatre of Cincinnati, Stage First Cincinnati, Cincinnati Public Theatre, Cincinnati Opera, The Performance Gallery and Clear Stage Cincinnati. The city is also home to Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, which hosts regional premieres, and the Aronoff Center, which hosts touring Broadway shows each year via Broadway Across America. The city has community theatres, such as the Cincinnati Young People's Theatre, the Showboat Majestic (which is the last surviving showboat in the United States and possibly[original research?] the world), and the Mariemont Players.

In 2015, Cincinnati held the USITT 2015 Conference and Stage Expo at the Duke Energy Convention Center, bringing 5,000+ students, university educators, theatrical designers and performers, and other personnel to the city.[citation needed] The USITT Conference is considered the main annual conference for Theatre, Opera, and Dance in the United States.[citation needed]

File:Photo Collage, USITT 2015.jpg
A photo collage of some of the views of the USITT Conference and Stage Expo in Cincinnati, OH, 2015

Sports

Main article: Sports in Cincinnati

Cincinnati has seven major sports venues, two major league teams, six minor league teams, and five college institutions with their own sports teams. It is home to baseball's Reds, who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings;[73][74][75] and the Bengals of the National Football League. On Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the "traditional opener" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Many children in Cincinnati skip school on Opening Day, which is commonly thought of as a city holiday.[76]

Aerial view of downtown Cincinnati in 2010

Fans often refer to the city and its teams as "Cincy" for short. Even the Reds' official website uses that name frequently.[77]

The Cincinnati Masters, a historic international men's and women's tennis tournament that is part of the a ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Series, was established in the city in 1899. It has been held in suburban Mason since 1979.

A minor league team is the Cincinnati Cyclones, a AA level professional hockey team. The team is a member of the ECHL. Founded in 1990, the team first played their games in the Cincinnati Gardens and now play at U.S. Bank Arena. They won the 2010 Kelly Cup Finals in five games over the Idaho Steelheads, their 2nd championship reign in three seasons. It is also home to three professional soccer teams, two outdoor teams, the Cincinnati Kings (men's) and Cincinnati LadyHawks (women's), and one indoor team, the Cincinnati Excite (men's).

Club Sport Founded League Venue
Cincinnati Bengals Football 1968 National Football League, AFC Paul Brown Stadium
Cincinnati Reds Baseball 1882 MLB, National League Great American Ball Park
Cincinnati Cyclones Ice hockey 1990 ECHL U.S. Bank Arena
Cincinnati Rollergirls Roller derby 2005 Women's Flat Track Derby Association Cincinnati Gardens
Cincinnati Revolution Ultimate Frisbee 2011 American Ultimate Disc League, Midwest Conference Sheakley Athletic Center
Cincinnati Saints Soccer 2009 National Premier Soccer League Stargel Stadium
FC Cincinnati Soccer 2015 United Soccer League Nippert Stadium

Government

File:Logo for the City of Cincinnati.jpg
The logo for the City of Cincinnati.

The city is governed by a nine-member city council, whose members are elected at-large. Prior to 1924, city council members were elected through a system of wards. The ward system was subject to corruption and as with any one-party dominance, abuses arose. From the 1880s to the 1920s, the Republican Party dominated city politics, with the political machine of "Boss" Cox exerting control.

A reform movement arose in 1923, led by another Republican, Murray Seasongood. Seasongood founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to replace the ward system with the current at-large system. They gained approval by voters for a council-manager government form of government, in which the smaller council (compared to the number of previous ward representatives) hires a professional manager to operate daily affairs of the city. From 1924 to 1957, the council was elected by proportional representation and single transfer voting (STV). Starting with Ashtabula in 1915, several major cities in Ohio adopted this electoral system, which had the practical effect of reducing ward boss and political party power. For that reason, such groups opposed it.

In an effort to overturn the charter that provided for PR, opponents in 1957 fanned fears of black political power, at a time of increasing civil rights activism.[78] The PR/STV system had enabled minorities to enter local politics and gain seats on the city council more than they had before, in proportion to their share of the population. This made government more representatives of the residents of the city.[79]

Overturning that charter, in 1957, all candidates had to run in a single race for the nine city council positions. The top nine vote-getters were elected (the "9-X system"), which favored candidates who could appeal to the entire geographic area of the city and reach its residents with campaign materials. The mayor was elected by the council. In 1977, thirty-three-year-old Jerry Springer, later a notable television talk show host, was chosen to serve one year as mayor.

Residents continued to work to improve their system.[citation needed] To have their votes count more, starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council election was automatically selected as mayor. Starting in 1999, the mayor was elected separately in a general at-large election for the first time. The city manager's role in government was reduced.[citation needed] These reforms were referred to as the "strong mayor" reforms, to make the city government accountable to voters. Cincinnati politics include the participation of the Charter Party, the party with the third-longest history of winning in local elections.[citation needed]

The current mayor of Cincinnati is John Cranley. The nine-member city council is composed of Vice-Mayor David Mann and Councilmembers Yvette Simpson (President Pro-Tem), Kevin Flynn, Amy Murray, Chris Seelbach, P.G. Sittenfeld, Christopher Smitherman, Charlie Winburn, and Wendell Young.[80]

Police and fire departments

See also: Crime in Cincinnati
Crime in Cincinnati increased after the 2001 riots, but has been decreasing since.

The city of Cincinnati's emergency services for fire, rescue, EMS, hazardous materials and explosive ordnance disposal is handled by the Cincinnati Fire Department. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first paid professional fire department in the United States.[81] The Cincinnati Fire Department operates out of 26 fire stations, located throughout the city in 4 districts, each commanded by a district chief.[82][83][84]

The Cincinnati Fire Department is organized into 4 bureaus: Operations,[83] Personnel and Training,[85] Administrative Services,[86] and Fire Prevention.[87] Each bureau is commanded by an assistant chief, who in turn reports to the chief of department.

The Cincinnati Police Department has more than 1,000 sworn officers. Before the riots of 2001, Cincinnati's overall crime rate had been dropping steadily and by 1995 had reached its lowest point since 1992 but with more murders and rapes.[88] After the riot, violent crime increased, but crime has been on the decline since.[89] In 2014, there were 66 homicides, down 12 percent from 2013.[90]

Education

The University of Cincinnati's McMicken Hall.
Main article: Education in Cincinnati

The Cincinnati Public School (CPS) district includes 16 high schools accepting students on a city-wide basis. CPS is the third-largest Ohio school district by student population, and the largest one to garner an overall 'effective' rating from the state.[91] The district includes public Montessori schools, including the first public Montessori high school established in the United States, Clark Montessori.[92] Cincinnati Public Schools' top-rated school is Walnut Hills High School, ranked 34th on the national list of best public schools by Newsweek. Walnut Hills offers 28 Advanced Placement courses Cincinnati is also home to the first Kindergarten – 12th grade Arts School in the country, The School for Creative and Performing Arts.

Four story brick and steel building before blue sky and clouds with trees and grass in foreground
The School for Creative and Performing Arts.

The Cincinnati area has one of the highest private school attendance rates in the United States; Hamilton County ranks second only to St. Louis County, Missouri among the country's 100 largest counties.[93][94]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati operates 10 high schools in Cincinnati; six of which are single-sex: there are four all-female schools and two all-male high schools in the city, with additional schools in the metro areas.[95] and six all-female high schools[96]

The Jewish community has several schools, including the all-girl RITSS (Regional Institute for Torah and Secular Studies) high school,[97] and the all-boy Yeshivas Lubavitch High School.[98] Hebrew Union College- Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), founded by Isaac Mayer Wise, is a seminary for training of Reform rabbis and others religious.[99]

Cincinnati is home to the University of Cincinnati and Xavier University. The University of Cincinnati, often referred to as "UC", is one of the United States' major graduate research institutions in engineering, music, architecture, classical archaeology, and psychology. The University of Cincinnati Medical Center is highly regarded,[citation needed] as well as the College Conservatory of Music, which has many notable alumni, including Kathleen Battle, Al Hirt and Faith Prince. Xavier, a Jesuit university, was at one time affiliated with The Athenaeum of Ohio, the seminary of the Cincinnati Archdiocese.

Antonelli College, a career training school, is based in Cincinnati with several satellite campuses in Ohio and Mississippi. Cincinnati State is a community college that includes the Midwest Culinary School. Also located in Cincinnati are Cincinnati Christian University and Chatfield College, a Catholic two-year college, located in Downtown.

In 2009, Cincinnati was listed fourth on CNN's Top 10 cities for new grads.[100] Keeping college graduates is an important goal of the city, on which it bases its future.

The city has an extensive library system, both the city's public one and university facilities. In 1998, The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County was the third-largest public library nationally.[101]

Media and music

Main article: Media in Cincinnati

Cincinnati is served by The Cincinnati Enquirer, a daily newspaper. The city is home to several alternative, weekly, and monthly publications, as well as twelve television stations and many radio stations. Free weekly print magazine publications include CityBeat[102] and Metromix, which have a local events and entertainment focus.

A Rage in Harlem was filmed entirely in the Cincinnati neighborhood of Over the Rhine because of its similarity to 1950s Harlem. Movies that were filmed in part in Cincinnati include The Best Years of Our Lives (aerial footage early in the film), Ides of March, Fresh Horses, The Asphalt Jungle (the opening is shot from the Public Landing and takes place in Cincinnati although only Boone County, Kentucky is mentioned), Rain Man, Airborne, Grimm Reality, Little Man Tate, City of Hope, An Innocent Man, Tango & Cash, A Mom for Christmas, Lost in Yonkers, Summer Catch, Artworks, Dreamer, Elizabethtown, Jimmy and Judy, Eight Men Out, Milk Money,Traffic, The Pride of Jesse Hallam, The Great Buck Howard, In Too Deep, Seven Below Public Eye, The Last Late Night,[103] and The Mighty.[104] In addition, Wild Hogs is set, though not filmed, in Cincinnati.[105]

The Cincinnati skyline was prominently featured in the opening and closing sequences of the CBS daytime drama The Edge of Night from its start in 1956 until 1980, when it was replaced by the Los Angeles skyline; the cityscape was the stand-in for the show's setting, Monticello. Procter & Gamble, the show's producer, is based in Cincinnati. The sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati and its sequel/spin-off The New WKRP in Cincinnati featured the city's skyline and other exterior shots in its credits, although was not filmed in Cincinnati. The city's skyline has also appeared in an April Fool's episode of The Drew Carey Show, which was set in Carey's hometown of Cleveland. 3 Doors Down's music video "It's Not My Time" was filmed in Cincinnati, and features the skyline and Fountain Square. Also, Harry's Law, the NBC legal dramedy created by David E. Kelley and starring Kathy Bates, was set in Cincinnati.[106]

Local folk band Shiny and the Spoon perform at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden.

Cincinnati has given rise to popular musicians and singers Doris Day, Dinah Shore, Fats Waller, Rosemary Clooney, Bootsy Collins, The Isley Brothers, Merle Travis, Hank Ballard, Otis Williams, Mood, Midnight Star, The Afghan Whigs, Over the Rhine, Blessid Union of Souls, Freddie Meyer, 98 Degrees, The Greenhornes, The Deele, Enduser, Heartless Bastards, The Dopamines, Adrian Belew, The National, Foxy Shazam, Why?, and Walk the Moon, and alternative hip hop producer Hi-Tek calls the Greater Cincinnati region home. Andy Biersack, the lead vocalist for the rock band Black Veil Brides, was born in Cincinnati.

WCET channel 48, now known as CET, is the nation's oldest licensed public television station (License #1, issued in 1951).[107]

The Cincinnati May Festival Chorus is an amateur choir that has been in existence since 1880. Music Director James Conlon and Chorus Director Robert Porco lead the Chorus through an extensive repertoire of classical music. The May Festival Chorus is the mainstay of the oldest continuous choral festival in the Western Hemisphere. Cincinnati's Music Hall was built specifically to house the May Festival. The city is home to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, Cincinnati Boychoir and Cincinnati Ballet. The Greater Cincinnati area is also home to several regional orchestras and youth orchestras, including the Starling Chamber Orchestra and the Cincinnati Symphony Youth Orchestra.

The Hollows series of books by Kim Harrison is an urban fantasy that takes place in Cincinnati. American Girl's Kit Kittredge sub-series also took place in the city, although the film based on it was shot in Toronto.

Cincinnati also has its own chapter (or "Tent") of The Sons of the Desert (The Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society), which meets several times per year.[108]

A previous mayor of Cincinnati, Mark Mallory, was featured on CBS's Undercover Boss.

The Cincinnati Police Department was featured on TLC's Police Women of Cincinnati and on A&E's reality show The First 48.

Cincinnati is the subject of a Connie Smith song written by Bill Anderson, called Cincinnati, Ohio (song).

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Cincinnati
A transit map of Greater Cincinnati.

Transportation in Cincinnati is dominated by private automobiles. Public transit ridership has been in decline for at least several decades and bicycles and walking account for a relatively small portion of all trips. Like many other middle-western cities though, bicycle use is growing fairly rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s.[citation needed]

Inner-city transit

Cincinnati is served by the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA), the Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) and the Clermont Transportation Connection. SORTA and TANK primarily operate 40-foot diesel buses, though some lines are served by longer articulated or hybrid-engine buses. Cincinnati is also currently constructing a streetcar line in Downtown and Over-the-Rhine. This modern version of the streetcar is scheduled to be ready by September 2016.

Inter-city Transit

A map of Greater Cincinnati's highways.

The city is served by Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (IATA: CVG) which is actually located in Hebron, Kentucky. The airport is a hub for Delta Air Lines and express mail service company DHL Express, in addition the airport is the midwestern base for Allegiant Air.[109][110] In addition, Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport (IATA: LUK), has daily service on commercial charter flights, and is located in Ohio. The airport serves as hub for Ultimate Air Shuttle and Flamingo Air.

Cincinnati is served by Amtrak's Cardinal, an intercity passenger train which makes three weekly trips in each direction between Chicago and New York City through Cincinnati Union Terminal.

Megabus and Greyhound as well as several other, smaller motor coach companies operate out of Cincinnati, making trips within the midwest or beyond.

Major roads

The city has an outer-belt, Interstate 275 (which is the longest circle highway in the country) and a spur, Interstate 471, to Kentucky. It is also served by Interstate 71, Interstate 74, Interstate 75 and numerous U.S. highways: US 22, US 25, US 27, US 42, US 50, US 52, and US 127.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Cincinnati

Sister cities

Cincinnati has nine sister cities.[111][112]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Cincinnati kept at downtown from January 1871 to March 1915, at the Cincinnati Abbe Observatory just north of downtown from April 1915 to March 1947, and at KCVG near Hebron, Kentucky since April 1947. For more information, see Threadex and History of Weather Observations Cincinnati, Ohio 1789–1947.

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Further reading

Template:Ohio cities and mayors of 100,000 population

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