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{{Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine
{{Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine
|name=Zarnuqa
|name=Zarnuqa
|image=
|image=
|imgsize=
|imgsize=
|caption=
|caption=
|arname=زرنوقة
|arname=زرنوقة
|meaning=
|meaning=
|altSp=
|altSp=
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|latd=31|latm=52|lats=49.05
|latd=31|latm=52|lats=49.05
|longd=34|longm=47|longs=23.04
|longd=34|longm=47|longs=23.04
|population=2,620
|population=2620
|popyear=1945
|popyear=1945
|area=7,545
|area=7,545
Line 17: Line 17:
|cause2=
|cause2=
|curlocl=[[Rehovot]], [[Kvutzat Shiller]], [[Gibton]] and [[Givat Brenner]]
|curlocl=[[Rehovot]], [[Kvutzat Shiller]], [[Gibton]] and [[Givat Brenner]]
|date=27–28 May 1948<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=benny+morris&q |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} Morris, 2004, p xix village #250. Also gives cause of depopulation</ref>
|date=May 27–28, 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p xix village #250. Also gives cause of depopulation {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=benny+morris&q |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
|pushpin_map=Mandatory Palestine
|pushpin_map=Mandatory Palestine
}}
}}


'''Zarnuqa''' ({{lang|ar|زرنوقة}}) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian Arab]] village in the [[Ramle Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Ramle Subdistrict]]. It was depopulated on 27–28 May 1948 during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].
'''Zarnuqa''' ([[Arabic language]]: {{lang|ar|زرنوقة}}) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Arab]] village in the [[District of Ramla]].

==History==
==History==
Some of the inhabitants of Zarnuqa were Egyptians who arrived in Palestine with the army of Ibraham Pasha.<ref name="Est">[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=establishment+of+rehovot&source=bl&ots=-Numr-8d91&sig=U6HBumhDObDQnctM4ZddjmYKunk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CnH2UrSaK6eW0QXw-4CwBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=establishment%20of%20rehovot&f=false The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri]</ref> In 1890, the region between Zarnuqa and Ramle, a stretch of 10,000 [[dunam]]s, was described as an uncultivated wasteland.<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=zarnuqa+1948&source=bl&ots=-Numr-ea9W&sig=qq0iELLeM48gR6BsQ8bDA13fLng&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIf2UsHCDqGn0QXGzYCgCA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=zarnuqa%201948&f=true The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri]</ref>
Some of the inhabitants of Zarnuqa were Egyptians who arrived in Palestine with the army of Ibraham Pasha.<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=establishment+of+rehovot&source=bl&ots=-Numr-8d91&sig=U6HBumhDObDQnctM4ZddjmYKunk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CnH2UrSaK6eW0QXw-4CwBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=establishment%20of%20rehovot&f=false The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri]</ref>In 1890, the region between Zarnuqa and Ramle, a stretch of 10,000 dunams, was described as an uncultivated wasteland.<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=zarnuqa+1948&source=bl&ots=-Numr-ea9W&sig=qq0iELLeM48gR6BsQ8bDA13fLng&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIf2UsHCDqGn0QXGzYCgCA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=zarnuqa%201948&f=true The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri]</ref>


In March 1892, a dispute over pasture rights erupted between the shepherds of Zarnuqa and the Jewish farmers of the newly established [[moshava]] of [[Rehovot]], which was finally resolved in the courts.<ref name="Est"> The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri]</ref> In 1913, a violent clash sparked by the theft of grapes from a Rishon LeZion vineyard resulted in the deaths of two Jews from Rehovot and an Arab of Zarnuqa. The incident occurred when members of [[Hashomer]], a newly-formed Jewish defense organization, confronted two Arab villagers caught stealing. The confrontation, described as one of the first violent encounters between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, led to a mass brawl.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/new-documents-reveal-early-palestinian-attitudes-toward-zionist-settlements-1.475085 New documents reveal early Palestinian attitudes toward Zionist settlements]</ref>
In March 1892, a dispute over pasture rights erupted between the shepherds of Zarnuqa and the Jewish farmers of the newly established [[moshava]] of [[Rehovot]], which was finally resolved in the courts.<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=establishment+of+rehovot&source=bl&ots=-Numr-8d91&sig=U6HBumhDObDQnctM4ZddjmYKunk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CnH2UrSaK6eW0QXw-4CwBQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=establishment%20of%20rehovot&f=false The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri]</ref>In 1913, a violent clash sparked by the theft of grapes from a Rishon Lezion vineyard resulted in the deaths of two Jews from Rehovot and an Arab of Zarnuqa. The incident occurred when members of [[Hashomer]], a newly-formed Jewish defense organization, confronted two Arab villagers caught stealing. The confrontation, described as one of the first violent encounters between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, led to a mass brawl.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/new-documents-reveal-early-palestinian-attitudes-toward-zionist-settlements-1.475085 New documents reveal early Palestinian attitudes toward Zionist settlements]</ref>


In 1929, Zarnuqa had 1,122 dunams of citrus orchards and most of its economic growth derived from citriculture.<ref name="Cal">[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=cdvgiXjvgLcC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=zarnuqa&source=bl&ots=kXGK9zG6Kc&sig=JlifKNSe_dXGHMvpP50CMKUHj38&hl=en&sa=X&ei=33_2UvvHAu6y0AWklICQCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=zarnuqa&f=false California Dreaming: Ideology, Society, and Technology in the Citrus, Nahum Karlinsky]</ref> In 1934, Zionist writer Ze'ev Smilansky attributed the modernization of the village to its proximity to Rehovot and land sales to Jews by both effendis and fellahin. Advanced farming technologies were introduced under the tuition of their Jewish neighbors.<ref name="Cal"/>
In 1929, Zarnuqa had 1,122 dunams of citrus orchards and most of its economic growth derived from citriculture.<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=cdvgiXjvgLcC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=zarnuqa&source=bl&ots=kXGK9zG6Kc&sig=JlifKNSe_dXGHMvpP50CMKUHj38&hl=en&sa=X&ei=33_2UvvHAu6y0AWklICQCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=zarnuqa&f=false California Dreaming: Ideology, Society, and Technology in the Citrus, Nahum Karlinsky]</ref>


In 1934, the modernization of the village was attributed to its proximity to Rehovot and land sales to Jews by both effendis and fellahin. Advanced farming technologies were introduced under the tuition of their Jewish neighbors.<ref>[http://books.google.co.il/books?id=cdvgiXjvgLcC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=zarnuqa&source=bl&ots=kXGK9zG6Kc&sig=JlifKNSe_dXGHMvpP50CMKUHj38&hl=en&sa=X&ei=33_2UvvHAu6y0AWklICQCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=zarnuqa&f=false California Dreaming: Ideology, Society, and Technology in the Citrus, Nahum Karlinsky]</ref>
In 1945, the village had a population of 2,620. The village had two elementary schools, with one of them for boys (founded in 1924) and the other one for girls (founded in 1943). In 1945, the schools had an enrollment of 252 respectively 45. Zarnuqa was located 10 km southwest of [[Ramla]].<ref name="Zarnuqa">[http://www.palestineremembered.com/al-Ramla/Zarnuqa/index.html Welcome To Zarnuqa, Palestine Remembered]</ref>


Zarnuqa was depopulated on 27–28 May 1948 by the [[Givati Brigade]] during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Most old, women and children had already left to [[Yibna]]. One account in ''[[Al HaMishmar]]'' described how a soldier fired with a [[Sten]] gun at three people (one old man, old woman and a child) and how the villagers were expelled towards Yibna. Six died and 22 were taken prisoners. The day after, the inhabitants returned and recounted that the Yibna villagers saw them as traitors. The Zarnuqa villagers saw their village being rannsacked by Jewish soldiers and nearby settlers. They were expelled again and the houses were demolished the month after.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=benny+morris&q |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=258-259}}</ref>
At the beginning of December 1947, the residents of Zarnuqa considered entering into a non-belligerency pact with Rehovot but apparently it was not formalized. In April 1948, Arab irregulars moved into the village. The Dar Shurbaji clan was in favor of the village surrendering its weapons but others objected. Women, children and the elderly were evacuated to the nearby village of [[Yibna]], leaving the Shurbajis and several dozen armed men from other clans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=benny+morris&q |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=258-259}}</ref>


The [[Givati Brigade]] attacked the village with mortars on 27–28 May 1948. According to a report in ''[[Al HaMishmar]]'' six villagers were killed, 22 were taken prisoner, and 40 rifles were surrendered despite previous claims of having none. The next day, the villagers returned because they said the residents Yibna called them traitors. They watched their homes being ransacked and were evicted again.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=benny+morris&q |first=Benny |last=Morris |authorlink=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=258-259}}</ref>
The family of the Shaqaqi brothers, [[Fathi Shaqaqi|Fathi]] (one of the founders of the [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]) and the political scientist Khalil Ibrahim, were from Zarnuqa.<ref name="Zarnuqa"/><ref>[http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/personalities/alpha_s.htm S - Personalities, PASSIA]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
* [http://www.palestineremembered.com/al-Ramla/Zarnuqa/index.html Welcome To Zarnuqa]
* [http://www.alnakba.org/villages/ramla/zarnuqa.htm Zarnuqa] from the [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]]


{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

Revision as of 06:57, 10 February 2014

Template:Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine

Zarnuqa (Arabic language: زرنوقة) was a Palestinian Arab village in the District of Ramla.

History

Some of the inhabitants of Zarnuqa were Egyptians who arrived in Palestine with the army of Ibraham Pasha.[1]In 1890, the region between Zarnuqa and Ramle, a stretch of 10,000 dunams, was described as an uncultivated wasteland.[2]

In March 1892, a dispute over pasture rights erupted between the shepherds of Zarnuqa and the Jewish farmers of the newly established moshava of Rehovot, which was finally resolved in the courts.[3]In 1913, a violent clash sparked by the theft of grapes from a Rishon Lezion vineyard resulted in the deaths of two Jews from Rehovot and an Arab of Zarnuqa. The incident occurred when members of Hashomer, a newly-formed Jewish defense organization, confronted two Arab villagers caught stealing. The confrontation, described as one of the first violent encounters between Jews and Arabs in Palestine, led to a mass brawl.[4]

In 1929, Zarnuqa had 1,122 dunams of citrus orchards and most of its economic growth derived from citriculture.[5]

In 1934, the modernization of the village was attributed to its proximity to Rehovot and land sales to Jews by both effendis and fellahin. Advanced farming technologies were introduced under the tuition of their Jewish neighbors.[6]

At the beginning of December 1947, the residents of Zarnuqa considered entering into a non-belligerency pact with Rehovot but apparently it was not formalized. In April 1948, Arab irregulars moved into the village. The Dar Shurbaji clan was in favor of the village surrendering its weapons but others objected. Women, children and the elderly were evacuated to the nearby village of Yibna, leaving the Shurbajis and several dozen armed men from other clans.[7]

The Givati Brigade attacked the village with mortars on 27–28 May 1948. According to a report in Al HaMishmar six villagers were killed, 22 were taken prisoner, and 40 rifles were surrendered despite previous claims of having none. The next day, the villagers returned because they said the residents Yibna called them traitors. They watched their homes being ransacked and were evicted again.[8]

References

  1. ^ The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri
  2. ^ The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri
  3. ^ The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948, Aryeh L. Avneri
  4. ^ New documents reveal early Palestinian attitudes toward Zionist settlements
  5. ^ California Dreaming: Ideology, Society, and Technology in the Citrus, Nahum Karlinsky
  6. ^ California Dreaming: Ideology, Society, and Technology in the Citrus, Nahum Karlinsky
  7. ^ Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  8. ^ Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.


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