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Testosterone enanthate

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Testosterone enanthate
Clinical data
Trade namesDelatestryl, Xyosted, others
Other namesTE; Testosterone heptanoate; Testosterone 17β-heptanoate; NSC-17591
Routes of
administration		Intramuscular injection
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ester
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityOral: very low
Intramuscular: high
MetabolismLiver
Elimination half-lifeIntramuscular: 4–5 days[2]
ExcretionUrine
Identifiers
  • [(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-10,13-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] heptanoate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.005.686 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC26H40O3
Molar mass400.603 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CCCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@]34C)C
  • InChI=1S/C26H40O3/c1-4-5-6-7-8-24(28)29-23-12-11-21-20-10-9-18-17-19(27)13-15-25(18,2)22(20)14-16-26(21,23)3/h17,20-23H,4-16H2,1-3H3/t20-,21-,22-,23-,25-,26-/m0/s1
  • Key:VOCBWIIFXDYGNZ-IXKNJLPQSA-N

Testosterone enanthate, sold under the brand names Delatestryl and Xyosted among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men.[3][4][5] It is also used in hormone therapy for transgender men.[6] It is given by injection into muscle usually once every one to four weeks.[5][7][2]

Side effects of testosterone enanthate include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire.[5] The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[8][5] It has strong androgenic effects and moderate anabolic effects, which make it useful for producing masculinization and suitable for androgen replacement therapy.[5] Testosterone enanthate is a testosterone ester and a long-lasting prodrug of testosterone in the body.[7][3][4] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of testosterone.[9]

Testosterone enanthate was introduced for medical use in 1954.[10][4] Along with testosterone cypionate, testosterone undecanoate, and testosterone propionate, it is one of the most widely used testosterone esters.[8][4][5] In addition to its medical use, testosterone enanthate is used to improve physique and performance.[5] The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.[5]

Medical uses

See also: Androgen replacement therapy § Medical uses, and Anabolic steroid § Medical

Testosterone enanthate is used primarily in androgen replacement therapy.[4] It is the most widely used form of testosterone in androgen replacement therapy.[4] The medication is specifically approved, in the United States, for the treatment of hypogonadism in men, delayed puberty in boys, and breast cancer in women.[11] It is also used in masculinizing hormone therapy for transgender men.[6]

Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men
Route Medication Major brand names Form Dosage
Oral Testosteronea – Tablet 400–800 mg/day (in divided doses)
Testosterone undecanoate Andriol, Jatenzo Capsule 40–80 mg/2–4× day (with meals)
Methyltestosteroneb Android, Metandren, Testred Tablet 10–50 mg/day
Fluoxymesteroneb Halotestin, Ora-Testryl, Ultandren Tablet 5–20 mg/day
Metandienoneb Dianabol Tablet 5–15 mg/day
Mesteroloneb Proviron Tablet 25–150 mg/day
Sublingual Testosteroneb Testoral Tablet 5–10 mg 1–4×/day
Methyltestosteroneb Metandren, Oreton Methyl Tablet 10–30 mg/day
Buccal Testosterone Striant Tablet 30 mg 2×/day
Methyltestosteroneb Metandren, Oreton Methyl Tablet 5–25 mg/day
Transdermal Testosterone AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel Gel 25–125 mg/day
Androderm, AndroPatch, TestoPatch Non-scrotal patch 2.5–15 mg/day
Testoderm Scrotal patch 4–6 mg/day
Axiron Axillary solution 30–120 mg/day
Androstanolone (DHT) Andractim Gel 100–250 mg/day
Rectal Testosterone Rektandron, Testosteronb Suppository 40 mg 2–3×/day
Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) Testosterone Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone Aqueous suspension 10–50 mg 2–3×/week
Testosterone propionateb Testoviron Oil solution 10–50 mg 2–3×/week
Testosterone enanthate Delatestryl Oil solution 50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks
Xyosted Auto-injector 50–100 mg 1×/week
Testosterone cypionate Depo-Testosterone Oil solution 50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks
Testosterone isobutyrate Agovirin Depot Aqueous suspension 50–100 mg 1x/1–2 weeks
Testosterone phenylacetateb Perandren, Androject Oil solution 50–200 mg 1×/3–5 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters Sustanon 100, Sustanon 250 Oil solution 50–250 mg 1×/2–4 weeks
Testosterone undecanoate Aveed, Nebido Oil solution 750–1,000 mg 1×/10–14 weeks
Testosterone buciclatea – Aqueous suspension 600–1,000 mg 1×/12–20 weeks
Implant Testosterone Testopel Pellet 150–1,200 mg/3–6 months
Notes: Men produce about 3 to 11 mg of testosterone per day (mean 7 mg/day in young men). Footnotes: a = Never marketed. b = No longer used and/or no longer marketed. Sources: See template.
Medications and dosages used in transgender men[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
Medication Brand name Type Route Dosage[a]
Testosterone undecanoate Andriol, Jatenzo Androgen Oral 40–80 mg up to three times/day
Testosterone Striant Androgen Buccal 30mg twice daily
Natesto Androgen Nasal spray 11mg three times daily
AndroGel[b] Androgen TD gel 25–100mg/day
Androderm[b] Androgen TD patch 2.5–10mg/day
Axiron Androgen TD liquid 30–120mg/day
Testopel Androgen SC 150–600mg every 3–6 months
Testosterone enanthate Delatestryl[b] Androgen IM, SC 50–100mg once/week or
100–250mg every 2–4 wks
Testosterone cypionate Depo-Test[b] Androgen IM, SC 50–100mg once/week or
100–250mg every 2–4 wks
Testosterone isobutyrate Agovirin Depot Androgen IM, SC 50–100mg once/week
Mixed testosterone esters Sustanon 250[b] Androgen IM, SC 250mg every 2–3 wks or
500mg every 3–6 wks
Testosterone undecanoate Aveed[b] Androgen IM, SC 750–1,000mg every 10–14 wks
Nandrolone decanoate Deca-Durabolin Androgen IM, SC ?[21]
GnRH analogues Various GnRH modulator Various Variable
Elagolix Orilissa GnRH antagonist Oral 150mg/day or 200mg twice/day
Medroxyprogesterone acetate[c] Provera[b] Progestin Oral 5–10mg/day
Depo-Provera[b] Progestin IM 150mg every 3 months
Depo-SubQ Provera 104 Progestin SC 104mg every 3 months
Lynestrenol[c] Orgametril[b] Progestin Oral 5–10mg/day
Finasteride[d] Propecia[b] 5αR inhibitor Oral 1mg/day
Dutasteride[d] Avodart 5αR inhibitor Oral 0.5mg/day
  1. ^ The natural production of testosterone by the male testes is between 3 and 11 mg per day.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Also available under other brand names.
  3. ^ a b For suppression of menses.
  4. ^ a b For prevention/treatment of scalp hair loss.


Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women
Route Medication Major brand names Form Dosage
Oral Testosterone undecanoate Andriol, Jatenzo Capsule 40–80 mg 1x/1–2 days
Methyltestosterone Metandren, Estratest Tablet 0.5–10 mg/day
Fluoxymesterone Halotestin Tablet 1–2.5 mg 1x/1–2 days
Normethandronea Ginecoside Tablet 5 mg/day
Tibolone Livial Tablet 1.25–2.5 mg/day
Prasterone (DHEA)b – Tablet 10–100 mg/day
Sublingual Methyltestosterone Metandren Tablet 0.25 mg/day
Transdermal Testosterone Intrinsa Patch 150–300 μg/day
AndroGel Gel, cream 1–10 mg/day
Vaginal Prasterone (DHEA) Intrarosa Insert 6.5 mg/day
Injection Testosterone propionatea Testoviron Oil solution 25 mg 1x/1–2 weeks
Testosterone enanthate Delatestryl, Primodian Depot Oil solution 25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Testosterone cypionate Depo-Testosterone, Depo-Testadiol Oil solution 25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Testosterone isobutyratea Femandren M, Folivirin Aqueous suspension 25–50 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters Climacterona Oil solution 150 mg 1x/4–8 weeks
Omnadren, Sustanon Oil solution 50–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Nandrolone decanoate Deca-Durabolin Oil solution 25–50 mg 1x/6–12 weeks
Prasterone enanthatea Gynodian Depot Oil solution 200 mg 1x/4–6 weeks
Implant Testosterone Testopel Pellet 50–100 mg 1x/3–6 months
Notes: Premenopausal women produce about 230 ± 70 μg testosterone per day (6.4 ± 2.0 mg testosterone per 4 weeks), with a range of 130 to 330 μg per day (3.6–9.2 mg per 4 weeks). Footnotes: a = Mostly discontinued or unavailable. b = Over-the-counter. Sources: See template.
Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer
Route Medication Form Dosage
Oral Methyltestosterone Tablet 30–200 mg/day
Fluoxymesterone Tablet 10–40 mg 3x/day
Calusterone Tablet 40–80 mg 4x/day
Normethandrone Tablet 40 mg/day
Buccal Methyltestosterone Tablet 25–100 mg/day
Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) Testosterone propionate Oil solution 50–100 mg 3x/week
Testosterone enanthate Oil solution 200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
Testosterone cypionate Oil solution 200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
Mixed testosterone esters Oil solution 250 mg 1x/week
Methandriol Aqueous suspension 100 mg 3x/week
Androstanolone (DHT) Aqueous suspension 300 mg 3x/week
Drostanolone propionate Oil solution 100 mg 1–3x/week
Metenolone enanthate Oil solution 400 mg 3x/week
Nandrolone decanoate Oil solution 50–100 mg 1x/1–3 weeks
Nandrolone phenylpropionate Oil solution 50–100 mg/week
Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template.

Side effects

See also: Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects, and Androgen replacement therapy § Adverse effects

Side effects of testosterone enanthate include virilization among others.[5] Approximately 10 percent of testosterone enanthate will be converted to dihydrotestosterone in normal men.[22] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) can promote masculine characteristics in both males and females. These masculine characteristics include: clitoral hypertrophy, androgenic alopecia, growth of body hair and deepening of the vocal cords. Dihydrotestosterone also plays an important role in male sexual function and may also be a contributing factor of ischemic priapism in males as shown in a study conducted on the use of finasteride to treat ischemic priapism in males. Testosterone enanthate can also lead to an increase in igf-1 and igf-bp.[23][24] Testosterone enanthate can also be converted to estradiol by aromatase,[25] which may lead to gynecomastia in males. Aromatase inhibitors can help to prevent the estrogenic activity of testosterone enanthate in the body.[26]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

See also: Testosterone § Mechanism of action, and Anabolic steroid § Pharmacology
Androgenic vs. anabolic activity ratio
of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication Ratioa
Testosterone ~1:1
Androstanolone (DHT) ~1:1
Methyltestosterone ~1:1
Methandriol ~1:1
Fluoxymesterone 1:1–1:15
Metandienone 1:1–1:8
Drostanolone 1:3–1:4
Metenolone 1:2–1:30
Oxymetholone 1:2–1:9
Oxandrolone 1:3–1:13
Stanozolol 1:1–1:30
Nandrolone 1:3–1:16
Ethylestrenol 1:2–1:19
Norethandrolone 1:1–1:20
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

Testosterone enanthate is a prodrug of testosterone and is an androgen and anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS). That is, it is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR).

Pharmacokinetics

Testosterone enanthate has an elimination half-life of 4.5 days and a mean residence time of 8.5 days when used as a depot intramuscular injection.[2] It requires frequent administration of approximately once per week, and large fluctuations in testosterone levels result with it, with levels initially being elevated and supraphysiological.[2]

Pharmacokinetics of testosterone esters
Testosterone ester Form Route TmaxTooltip Time to peak levels t1/2Tooltip Elimination half-life MRTTooltip Mean residence time
Testosterone undecanoate Oil-filled capsules Oral ? 1.6 hours 3.7 hours
Testosterone propionate Oil solution Intramuscular injection ? 0.8 days 1.5 days
Testosterone enanthate Castor oil solution Intramuscular injection 10 days 4.5 days 8.5 days
Testosterone undecanoate Tea seed oil solution Intramuscular injection 13.0 days 20.9 days 34.9 days
Testosterone undecanoate Castor oil solution Intramuscular injection 11.4 days 33.9 days 36.0 days
Testosterone buciclatea Aqueous suspension Intramuscular injection 25.8 days 29.5 days 60.0 days
Notes: Testosterone cypionate has similar pharmacokinetics to Testosterone enanthate. Footnotes: a = Never marketed. Sources: See template.
Parenteral durations of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication Form Major brand names Duration
Testosterone Aqueous suspension Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone 2–3 days
Testosterone propionate Oil solution Androteston, Perandren, Testoviron 3–4 days
Testosterone phenylpropionate Oil solution Testolent 8 days
Testosterone isobutyrate Aqueous suspension Agovirin Depot, Perandren M 14 days
Mixed testosterone estersa Oil solution Triolandren 10–20 days
Mixed testosterone estersb Oil solution Testosid Depot 14–20 days
Testosterone enanthate Oil solution Delatestryl 14–28 days
Testosterone cypionate Oil solution Depovirin 14–28 days
Mixed testosterone estersc Oil solution Sustanon 250 28 days
Testosterone undecanoate Oil solution Aveed, Nebido 100 days
Testosterone buciclated Aqueous suspension 20 Aet-1, CDB-1781e 90–120 days
Nandrolone phenylpropionate Oil solution Durabolin 10 days
Nandrolone decanoate Oil solution Deca Durabolin 21–28 days
Methandriol Aqueous suspension Notandron, Protandren 8 days
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate Oil solution Notandron Depot 16 days
Metenolone acetate Oil solution Primobolan 3 days
Metenolone enanthate Oil solution Primobolan Depot 14 days
Note: All are via i.m. injection. Footnotes: a = TP, TV, and TUe. b = TP and TKL. c = TP, TPP, TiCa, and TD. d = Studied but never marketed. e = Developmental code names. Sources: See template.

Chemistry

See also: Androgen ester and List of androgen esters

Testosterone enanthate, or testosterone 17β-heptanoate, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone.[27][28] It is an androgen ester; specifically, it is the C17β enanthate (heptanoate) ester of testosterone.[27][28]

Structural properties of major testosterone esters
Androgen Structure Ester Relative
mol. weight		 Relative
T contentb		 logPc
Position(s) Moiet(ies) Type Lengtha
Testosterone – – – – 1.00 1.00 3.0–3.4
Testosterone propionate C17β Propanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 3 1.19 0.84 3.7–4.9
Testosterone isobutyrate C17β Isobutyric acid Branched-chain fatty acid – (~3) 1.24 0.80 4.9–5.3
Testosterone isocaproate C17β Isohexanoic acid Branched-chain fatty acid – (~5) 1.34 0.75 4.4–6.3
Testosterone caproate C17β Hexanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 6 1.35 0.75 5.8–6.5
Testosterone phenylpropionate C17β Phenylpropanoic acid Aromatic fatty acid – (~6) 1.46 0.69 5.8–6.5
Testosterone cypionate C17β Cyclopentylpropanoic acid Cyclic carboxylic acid – (~6) 1.43 0.70 5.1–7.0
Testosterone enanthate C17β Heptanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 7 1.39 0.72 3.6–7.0
Testosterone decanoate C17β Decanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 10 1.53 0.65 6.3–8.6
Testosterone undecanoate C17β Undecanoic acid Straight-chain fatty acid 11 1.58 0.63 6.7–9.2
Testosterone buciclated C17β Bucyclic acide Cyclic carboxylic acid – (~9) 1.58 0.63 7.9–8.5
Footnotes: a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic or cyclic fatty acids. b = Relative testosterone content by weight (i.e., relative androgenic/anabolic potency). c = Experimental or predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (i.e., lipophilicity/hydrophobicity). Retrieved from PubChem, ChemSpider, and DrugBank. d = Never marketed. e = Bucyclic acid = trans-4-Butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid. Sources: See individual articles.

History

Testosterone enanthate was described as early as 1952[29] and was first introduced for medical use in the United States in 1954 under the brand name Delatestryl.[10][4]

Society and culture

Generic names

Testosterone enanthate is the generic name of the drug and its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name and BANTooltip British Approved Name.[27][28][30][31] It has also referred to as testosterone heptanoate.[27][28][30][31]

Brand names

Testosterone enanthate is marketed primarily under the brand name Delatestryl.[27][28][30][31]

It is or has been marketed under a variety of other brand names as well, including, among others:[27][28][30][31]

  • Andro LA
  • Andropository
  • Depandro
  • Durathate
  • Everone
  • Testostroval
  • Testrin
  • Testro LA
  • Xyosted

Availability

See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States

Testosterone enanthate is available in the United States and widely elsewhere throughout the world.[32][28][31] Testosterone enanthate (testosterone heptanoate) is often available in concentrations of 200mg per milliliter of fluid.[33]

Testosterone enanthate, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act and a schedule IV controlled substance in Canada under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.[34][35]

Research

As of October 2017, an auto-injection formulation of testosterone enanthate was in preregistration for the treatment of hypogonadism in the United States.[36]

Xyosted

On October 1, 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the approval of Xyosted. Xyosted, a product of Antares Pharma, Inc., is a single-use disposable auto-injector that dispenses testosterone enanthate. Xyosted is the first FDA-approved subcutaneous testosterone enanthate product for testosterone replacement therapy in adult males.[37]

References

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  4. ^ a b c d e f g Nieschlag, Eberhard; Behre, Hermann M.; Nieschlag, Susan (13 January 2010). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 442–. ISBN 978-3-540-78355-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
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  6. ^ a b Irwig MS (April 2017). "Testosterone therapy for transgender men". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 5 (4): 301–311. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00036-X. PMID 27084565.
  7. ^ a b Becker, Kenneth L. (2001). Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1185, 1187. ISBN 978-0-7817-1750-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
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  29. ^ Junkmann, Karl (1952). "Über protrahiert wirksame Androgene" [Over protracted effective androgens]. Festschrift zum 75. Geburtstag. pp. 85–92. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49902-9_11. ISBN 978-3-642-49610-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b c d Morton, Ian K. M.; Hall, Judith M. (6 December 2012). "Testosterone". Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 270. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b c d e "Testosterone". Drugs.com. October 1, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  32. ^ "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  33. ^ "Testosterone enanthate".
  34. ^ Karch, Steven B. (21 December 2006). Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Lilley, Linda Lane; Snyder, Julie S.; Collins, Shelly Rainforth (5 August 2016). Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-77172-066-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Testosterone enanthate auto-injection - Antares Pharma". AdisInsight. February 5, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  37. ^ Antares Receives FDA Approval of Xyosted (Testosterone Enanthate) Injection for Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Adult Males
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