Alpha-actinin-2

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ACTN2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesACTN2, CMD1AA, CMH23, actinin alpha 2, MYOCOZ, MPD6
External IDsOMIM: 102573 MGI: 109192 HomoloGene: 31016 GeneCards: ACTN2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

88

11472

Ensembl

ENSG00000077522

ENSMUSG00000052374

UniProt

P35609

Q9JI91

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001103
NM_001278343
NM_001278344

NM_033268

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001094
NP_001265272
NP_001265273

NP_150371

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 236.66 – 236.76 MbChr 13: 12.28 – 12.36 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Alpha-actinin 2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACTN2 gene.[5] This gene encodes an alpha-actinin isoform that is expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscles and functions to anchor myofibrillar actin thin filaments and titin to Z-discs.

Structure

Alpha-actinin 2 is a 103.8 kDa protein composed of 894 amino acids.[6][7] Each molecule is rod-shaped (35 nm in length) and it homodimerizes in an anti-parallel fashion. Each monomer has an N-terminal actin-binding region composed of two calponin homology domains, two C-terminal EF hand domains, and four tandem spectrin-like repeats form the rod domain in the central region of the molecule.[8] The high-resolution crystal structure of human alpha-actinin 2 at 3.5 Å was recently resolved.[9] Alpha actinins belong to the spectrin gene superfamily which represents a diverse group of actin-binding cytoskeletal proteins, including spectrin, dystrophin, utrophin and fimbrin.[8] Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle isoforms are localized to the Z-disc and analogous dense bodies, where they help anchor the myofibrillar actin filaments. Alpha-actinin 2 has been shown to interact with KCNA5,[10][11] DLG1,[10] DISC1,[12] MYOZ1,[13] GRIN2B,[14] ADAM12,[15] ACTN3,[16] MYPN,[17] PDLIM3,[18] PKN,[19] MYOT,[20] TTN,[21] NMDAR,[22] SYNPO2,[23] LDB3,[24] and FATZ.[25]

Function

The primary function of alpha-actinin 2 is to crosslink filamentous actin molecules and titin molecules from adjoining sarcomeres at Z-discs, a function that is modulated by phospholipids.[26][27] It is clear from studies by Hampton et al. that this crosslinking can assume a variety of conformations, with preferences for 60° and 120° angles.[28] Alpha-actinin 2 also functions in docking signalling molecules at Z-discs, and additional studies have also implicated alpha-actinin 2 in the binding of cardiac ion channels, Kv1.5 in particular.[10]

Clinical significance

Mutations in ACTN2 are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,[29] as well as dilated cardiomyopathy and endocardial fibroelastosis.[30] The diverse functions of alpha-actinin 2 are reflected in the diverse clinical presentation of patients carrying ACTN2 mutations.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000077522 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000052374 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: ACTN2 actinin, alpha 2".
  6. ^ "Protein Information – Basic Information: Protein COPaKB ID: P35609". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase.
  7. ^ Zong, N. C.; Li, H; Li, H; Lam, M. P.; Jimenez, R. C.; Kim, C. S.; Deng, N; Kim, A. K.; Choi, J. H.; Zelaya, I; Liem, D; Meyer, D; Odeberg, J; Fang, C; Lu, H. J.; Xu, T; Weiss, J; Duan, H; Uhlen, M; Yates Jr, 3rd; Apweiler, R; Ge, J; Hermjakob, H; Ping, P (2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ a b Luther, P. K. (2009). "The vertebrate muscle Z-disc: Sarcomere anchor for structure and signalling". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 30 (5–6): 171–85. doi:10.1007/s10974-009-9189-6. PMC 2799012. PMID 19830582.
  9. ^ Ribeiro Ede Jr, A; Pinotsis, N; Ghisleni, A; Salmazo, A; Konarev, P. V.; Kostan, J; Sjöblom, B; Schreiner, C; Polyansky, A. A.; Gkougkoulia, E. A.; Holt, M. R.; Aachmann, F. L.; Zagrović, B; Bordignon, E; Pirker, K. F.; Svergun, D. I.; Gautel, M; Djinović-Carugo, K (2014). "The structure and regulation of human muscle α-actinin". Cell. 159 (6): 1447–60. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.056. PMC 4259493. PMID 25433700.
  10. ^ a b c Eldstrom, Jodene; Choi Woo Sung; Steele David F; Fedida David (Jul 2003). "SAP97 increases Kv1.5 currents through an indirect N-terminal mechanism". FEBS Lett. 547 (1–3). Netherlands: 205–11. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00668-9. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 12860415. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysummary=, |laydate=, and |laysource= (help)
  11. ^ Maruoka, N D; Steele D F; Au B P; Dan P; Zhang X; Moore E D; Fedida D (May 2000). "alpha-actinin-2 couples to cardiac Kv1.5 channels, regulating current density and channel localization in HEK cells". FEBS Lett. 473 (2). NETHERLANDS: 188–94. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01521-0. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 10812072. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help)
  12. ^ Morris, Jill A; Kandpal Geeta; Ma Lei; Austin Christopher P (Jul 2003). "DISC1 (Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1) is a centrosome-associated protein that interacts with MAP1A, MIPT3, ATF4/5 and NUDEL: regulation and loss of interaction with mutation". Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 (13). England: 1591–608. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg162. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 12812986. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysummary=, |laydate=, and |laysource= (help)
  13. ^ Faulkner, G; Pallavicini A; Comelli A; Salamon M; Bortoletto G; Ievolella C; Trevisan S; Kojic' S; Dalla Vecchia F; Laveder P; Valle G; Lanfranchi G (Dec 2000). "FATZ, a filamin-, actinin-, and telethonin-binding protein of the Z-disc of skeletal muscle". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (52). UNITED STATES: 41234–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007493200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10984498. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Wyszynski, M; Lin J; Rao A; Nigh E; Beggs A H; Craig A M; Sheng M (Jan 1997). "Competitive binding of alpha-actinin and calmodulin to the NMDA receptor". Nature. 385 (6615). ENGLAND: 439–42. doi:10.1038/385439a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9009191. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help)
  15. ^ Galliano, M F; Huet C; Frygelius J; Polgren A; Wewer U M; Engvall E (May 2000). "Binding of ADAM12, a marker of skeletal muscle regeneration, to the muscle-specific actin-binding protein, alpha -actinin-2, is required for myoblast fusion". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (18). UNITED STATES: 13933–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.18.13933. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10788519. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Chan, Y; Tong H Q; Beggs A H; Kunkel L M (Jul 1998). "Human skeletal muscle-specific alpha-actinin-2 and -3 isoforms form homodimers and heterodimers in vitro and in vivo". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 248 (1). UNITED STATES: 134–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8920. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 9675099. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laysummary=, |laydate=, and |laysource= (help)
  17. ^ Bang, M L; Mudry R E; McElhinny A S; Trombitás K; Geach A J; Yamasaki R; Sorimachi H; Granzier H; Gregorio C C; Labeit S (Apr 2001). "Myopalladin, a novel 145-kilodalton sarcomeric protein with multiple roles in Z-disc and I-band protein assemblies". J. Cell Biol. 153 (2). United States: 413–27. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.2.413. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2169455. PMID 11309420. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |laysource=, and |laysummary= (help)
  18. ^ Pomiès, P; MacAlma, T; Beckerle, M. C. (1999). "Purification and characterization of an alpha-actinin-binding PDZ-LIM protein that is up-regulated during muscle differentiation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (41): 29242–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.41.29242. PMID 10506181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ Mukai, H; Toshimori, M; Shibata, H; Takanaga, H; Kitagawa, M; Miyahara, M; Shimakawa, M; Ono, Y (1997). "Interaction of PKN with alpha-actinin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (8): 4740–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.8.4740. PMID 9030526.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ Salmikangas, P; Mykkänen, O. M.; Grönholm, M; Heiska, L; Kere, J; Carpén, O (1999). "Myotilin, a novel sarcomeric protein with two Ig-like domains, is encoded by a candidate gene for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (7): 1329–36. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.7.1329. PMID 10369880.
  21. ^ Young, P; Ferguson, C; Bañuelos, S; Gautel, M (1998). "Molecular structure of the sarcomeric Z-disk: Two types of titin interactions lead to an asymmetrical sorting of alpha-actinin". The EMBO Journal. 17 (6): 1614–24. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.6.1614. PMC 1170509. PMID 9501083.
  22. ^ Chunn, C. J.; Starr, P. R.; Gilbert, D. N. (1977). "Neutrophil toxicity of amphotericin B". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 12 (2): 226–30. doi:10.1128/aac.12.2.226. PMC 429889. PMID 900919.
  23. ^ Linnemann, A; Van Der Ven, P. F.; Vakeel, P; Albinus, B; Simonis, D; Bendas, G; Schenk, J. A.; Micheel, B; Kley, R. A.; Fürst, D. O. (2010). "The sarcomeric Z-disc component myopodin is a multiadapter protein that interacts with filamin and alpha-actinin". European Journal of Cell Biology. 89 (9): 681–92. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.04.004. PMID 20554076.
  24. ^ Jani, K; Schöck, F (2007). "Zasp is required for the assembly of functional integrin adhesion sites". The Journal of Cell Biology. 179 (7): 1583–97. doi:10.1083/jcb.200707045. PMC 2373490. PMID 18166658.
  25. ^ Faulkner, G; Pallavicini, A; Comelli, A; Salamon, M; Bortoletto, G; Ievolella, C; Trevisan, S; Kojic', S; Dalla Vecchia, F; Laveder, P; Valle, G; Lanfranchi, G (2000). "FATZ, a filamin-, actinin-, and telethonin-binding protein of the Z-disc of skeletal muscle". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (52): 41234–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007493200. PMID 10984498.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Young, P; Gautel, M (2000). "The interaction of titin and alpha-actinin is controlled by a phospholipid-regulated intramolecular pseudoligand mechanism". The EMBO Journal. 19 (23): 6331–40. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.23.6331. PMC 305858. PMID 11101506.
  27. ^ Fukami, K; Furuhashi, K; Inagaki, M; Endo, T; Hatano, S; Takenawa, T (1992). "Requirement of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate for alpha-actinin function". Nature. 359 (6391): 150–2. doi:10.1038/359150a0. PMID 1326084.
  28. ^ Hampton, C. M.; Taylor, D. W.; Taylor, K. A. (2007). "Novel structures for alpha-actinin:F-actin interactions and their implications for actin-membrane attachment and tension sensing in the cytoskeleton". Journal of Molecular Biology. 368 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.071. PMC 1919418. PMID 17331538.
  29. ^ Chiu, C; Bagnall, R. D.; Ingles, J; Yeates, L; Kennerson, M; Donald, J. A.; Jormakka, M; Lind, J. M.; Semsarian, C (2010). "Mutations in alpha-actinin-2 cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A genome-wide analysis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 55 (11): 1127–35. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.016. PMID 20022194.
  30. ^ Mohapatra, B; Jimenez, S; Lin, J. H.; Bowles, K. R.; Coveler, K. J.; Marx, J. G.; Chrisco, M. A.; Murphy, R. T.; Lurie, P. R.; Schwartz, R. J.; Elliott, P. M.; Vatta, M; McKenna, W; Towbin, J. A.; Bowles, N. E. (2003). "Mutations in the muscle LIM protein and alpha-actinin-2 genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and endocardial fibroelastosis". Molecular genetics and metabolism. 80 (1–2): 207–15. doi:10.1016/s1096-7192(03)00142-2. PMID 14567970.
  31. ^ Bagnall, R. D.; Molloy, L. K.; Kalman, J. M.; Semsarian, C (2014). "Exome sequencing identifies a mutation in the ACTN2 gene in a family with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, left ventricular noncompaction, and sudden death". BMC Medical Genetics. 15 (1): 99. doi:10.1186/s12881-014-0099-0. PMID 25224718.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

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