Aleviler

For other uses, see Alevis and Alids.

For other uses, see Alawi (disambiguation).

For the mainly Syrian-Shi’ite religious group, see Alawis. For the mainly Non-Muslim Kurdish religious groups, see Yazdânism.

Aleviler is an idiom to characterize the Zaydids of Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan; the Bātinī-Ismāʿīlīs of Pamir Mountains in Turkestan and the Non-Ja'fari Twelver-Shi’ites in Turkey.

Classification of Aleviler

• Turkestan Alevis
  • Zaid’īyyah Alavids of the Tabaristan, Daylam and Gilan, emerged under the influence of the Hasan ibn Zayd and the efforts of Hasan ibn Ali al-Utrush
  • Bātinī-Ismāʿīl’īyyah Alevis of the Pamir Mountains, emerged under the influence of the Ismailyya Da'i Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani of the Fatimid caliph Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh
• Bābā’ī-Bātin’īyyah (Mostly Turkish and some Kurdish) Alevis
  • Ḥurūfī’īyyah-Bektashism/Bektashiyyah Tariqa, a religious Alevi-Bātinī community in Turkey, Balkans and Albania, emerged under the influence of Ismailiyyah Shia, Shamanism and Tengrism
  • Sāfav’īyyah-Kızılbaşism/Qizilbash Tariqa, a religious Ghulāt-Alevi community in Turkey, emerged under the influence of Kaysanites Shia, Khurramiyyah Tariqa, and Shah Ismail of the Safavid Dynasty in Iran
• Non-Islamic Yazdânī Faith (Claimed by some of their followers as Kurdish Alevism, as well)
  • Yârsânism Non-Islamic Kurdish Esoterism
  • Chinarism Anti-Islamic Ishik Alevism

Alevilers amongst Shia islam

Further reading

Alavids

• Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
• Madelung, W. (1985). "ʿALIDS OF ṬABARESTĀN, DAYLAMĀN, AND GĪLĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 881–886. ISBN 0710090994.

Further information: Alavids and History of Tabaristan

Bektashism

• Brown, John (1927), The Darvishes of Oriental Spiritualism.
• Küçük, Hülya (2002) The Roles of the Bektashis in Turkey’s National Struggle. Leiden: Brill.
• Mélikoff, Irène (1998). Hadji Bektach: Un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie. Leiden: Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts, volume 20, ISBN 90-04-10954-4.
• Vorhoff, Karin. (1998), “Academic and Journalistic Publications on the Alevi and Bektashi of Turkey.” In: Tord Olsson/Elizabeth Özdalga/Catharina Raudvere (eds.) Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute, pp. 23–50.
• Yaman, Ali & Aykan Erdemir (2006). Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction, London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi. ISBN 975-98065-3-3

Further information: Bektashism and folk religion and Bektashiyyah

Kızılbaşism

• Halm, H. (1982). Die Islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die Alawiten. Zurich.
• Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina (1992). Die Kizilbas/Aleviten. Untersuchungen uber eine esoterische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Anatolien. Die Welt des Islams, (New Series), Vol. 32, No. 1.
• Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Krisztina, & Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, eds. (1997) Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East. Leiden: Brill, pp. 11–18.
• Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects, Syracuse University Press.

Further information: Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam and Qizilbash

Ahl-e Haqq Tariqa and Kurdish Alevis

• Elahi, Bahram (1987). The path of perfection, the spiritual teachings of Master Nur Ali Elahi. ISBN 0-7126-0200-3.
• Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thompson Gale, 2004) p. 82.
• Edmonds, Cecil (1957). Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: politics, travel, and research in north-eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press.
• Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza Fariborz (1995). Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi; et al. (eds.). Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East. Leiden: Brill. pp. 101–117. ISBN 90-04-10861-0.
• Kreyenbroek, P. G. (1992). Review of The Yaresan: A Sociological, Historical and Religio-Historical Study of a Kurdish Community, by M. Reza Hamzeh'ee, 1990, ISBN 3-922968-83-X. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol.55, No.3, pp. 565–566.
• White, Paul J. (2003), “The Debate on the Identity of "Alevi Kurds".” In: Paul J. White/Joost Jongerden (eds.) Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview. Leiden: Brill, pp. 17–32.

Further information: Ahl-e Haqq, Sultan Sahak, Hajj Nematollah, Nur Ali Elahi, Ali-Illahism, Chinarism, and Esoterism