Mid back rounded vowel
| Mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| o̞ | |
| ɔ̝ | |
| IPA Number | 307 430 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | o̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006F U+031E |
| Braille |    |
The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.
Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. Sulawesi, Indonesia, has a language, Tukang Besi with a close-mid [o], and another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, Taba, has an open-mid [ɔ]; in both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.
Kensiu in Malaysia and Thailand is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.
Features
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Hejazi[1] | فوق | [fo̞ːg] | 'up' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨oː⟩. |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [hoga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ho̞ːɡa] | 'steam' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | [example needed] | |||
| Catalan | Modern Algherese[3] | [soc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈso̞k] | 'clog' | /ɔ/ and /o/ merge into [o̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Northern[3] | |||||
| Valencian[4] | [cançó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kanˈso̞] | 'song' | Allophone of final stressed /o/. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨o⟩. | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | [[[Chinese characters|我]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|wǒ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [wo̞˨˩˦] | 'I' | See Mandarin phonology |
| Shanghainese[5] | [[[Chinese characters|高]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help) | [kö̞¹] | 'tall' | Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[5] | |
| Czech[6][7] | [[[Czech orthography|oko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈo̞ko̞] | 'eye' | In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[6] See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[8][9] | [ost] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɔ̝sd̥] | 'cheese' | Described variously as near-back[8] and back[9] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ(ː)⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Amsterdam[10] | [och] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [o̞χ] | 'alas' | Corresponds to open-mid [ɔˁ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology |
| Hasselt | [o̞x] | ||||
| Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[11] | [mot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mo̞t] | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology | |
| English | Cultivated South African[12] |
[thought] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [θo̞ːt] | 'thought' | Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. |
| Geordie[13] | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. | ||||
| Scouse[14] | |||||
| Some Cardiff speakers[15] | Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[15] | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[16] | May be as open as [ɔː] for older speakers, and is most often transcribed as such. See English phonology | ||||
| Estuary[17] | [coat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰo̟ːʔ] | 'coat' | Rare; commonly a diphthong.[17] It corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |
| Yorkshire[18] | [kʰo̟t] | Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology | |||
| Estonian[19] | [tool] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [to̞ːlʲ] | 'chair' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[20][21] | [[[Finnish alphabet|kello]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈke̞llo̞] | 'clock' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Standard[22] | [Pavillon] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpʰävɪljõ̞] | 'pavilion' | Nasalized.[22] Present only in loanwords. See German phonology |
| Bernese dialect[23] | [Òve] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈo̞v̥ə] | 'oven' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Bernese German phonology | |
| Zurich dialect[24] | [do] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [d̥o̞] | 'so' | Allophone of /o/; reported to occur only in this word.[24] | |
| Greek | ωκεανός okeanós | [o̞ˌce̞ɐˈno̞s] | 'ocean' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew[25] | שלום | [ʃäˈlo̞m] | 'peace' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Ibibio[26] | [dó̞] | 'there' | |||
| Inuit | West Greenlandic[27] | [example needed] | Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[27] See Inuit phonology | ||
| Italian | Piedmont | [parola] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [päˈro̞ːlä] | 'word' | Corresponds to /ɔ/ and /o/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Japanese[28] | 子/[[[Romanization of Japanese|ko]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ko̞] | 'child' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean[29] | [[[hangul|보리]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[bori] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [po̞ˈɾi] | 'barley' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[30] | [mok] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mo̞k] | 'mug' | Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[30] |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[31][32][33] | [lov] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lo̞ːʋ] | 'law' | May be diphthongized to [o̞ə̯]. See Norwegian phonology |
| Portuguese | Brazilian | [[[Portuguese orthography|pororoca]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [po̞ɾo̞ˈɾɔ̞kɐ] | 'pororoca' | Unstressed vowel.[34] See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | [copil] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ko̞ˈpil] | 'child' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[35] | сухой | ⓘ | 'dry' | Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[35] See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[36] | [čvȏr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) / [чво̑р] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃʋô̞ːr] | 'knot' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Shipibo[37] | ? | [ˈkö̞ni̞] | 'eel' | Near-back.[37] | |
| Slovak | Standard[38][39][40] | [ohúriť] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈo̞ɦʊːrɪc̟] | 'to stun' | Backness varies between back and near-back.[40] See Slovak phonology |
| Slovene[41] | [oglas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪] | 'advertisement' | Unstressed vowel,[41] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[42] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[43] | [[[Spanish orthography|todo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞] | 'all' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Tera[44] | [zo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [zo̞ː] | 'rope' | ||
| Turkish[45][46] | [kol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰo̞ɫ] | 'arm' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | поїзд | [ˈpo̞jiz̪d̪] | 'train' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Võro | [Võro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɤ̞ro̞] | 'Võro' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[47] | do | [d̪o̞] | 'corn tassel' | |
Notes
- ^ Jarrah, Mohamed Ali Saleh (1993)
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Recasens (1996:59–60)
- ^ Saborit (2009:11)
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328)
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–230)
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ^ Peters (2010:241)
- ^ Lass (2002:116)
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003:268)
- ^ Watson (2007:357)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990:95)
- ^ Roach (2004:242)
- ^ a b Przedlacka (2001:44)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:180)
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Marti (1985:?)
- ^ a b Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251)
- ^ Laufer (1999:98)
- ^ Urua (2004:106)
- ^ a b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Lee (1999:121)
- ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Strandskogen (1979:15, 19)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13, 17)
- ^ Popperwell (2010:16, 25)
- ^ Corresponds to /ɔ/, or /u/ (where Brazilian dialects have [u ~ ʊ ~ o̞]), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɔ̝ ~ ɔ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([õ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /õ/), or be raised and merged to /o/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969:56)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ^ Kráľ (1988:92)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:94–95)
- ^ a b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:138)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Tench (2007:230)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:11)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
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