Mid front unrounded vowel
| Mid front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| e̞ | |
| ɛ̝ | |
| IPA Number | 302 430 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | e̞ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0065 U+031E |
| X-SAMPA | e_o |
| Braille |    |
The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ], it is normally written ⟨e⟩. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (the former, indicating lowering, being more common). In Sinology and Koreanology ⟨ᴇ⟩, (small capital E, U+1D07, ᴇ) is used sometimes.
For many languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (i.e. neither close nor open), this vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel, phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Greek and Turkish. A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition for this. Igbo, for example, has a close-mid [e], whereas Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], even though neither language has another phonemic mid front vowel.
The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.[1]
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Hejazi[2] | ليش | [le̞ːʃ] | 'why' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩. |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [he̞] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [he̞ː] | 'yes' | Usually shifted to [e] and [ɪ] in the Urmia and Jilu dialects. | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
| Catalan | Modern Alguerese[4] | [sec] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [se̞k] | 'dry' | /ɛ/ and /e/ merge into [e̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology |
| Northern[4] | |||||
| Chinese | Mandarin | [[[Chinese characters|飛]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Pinyin|fēi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fe̞ɪ̯˥] | 'to fly' | See Standard Chinese phonology |
| Czech | Bohemian[5] | [led] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lë̞t] | 'ice' | Near-front; may be open-mid [ɛ] instead.[5] See Czech phonology |
| Danish[6] | Conservative[7] | [hæl] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈhe̞ːˀl] | 'heel' | Realized as close-mid [eː] in contemporary standard Danish;[8][9] most often, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[10] | [wel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [β̞e̞ɫ] | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| English | Broad New Zealand[11] | [cat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰe̞t] | 'cat' | Lower in other New Zealand varieties;[11] corresponds to [æ] in other accents. |
| Cardiff[12] | [[[English orthography|square]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [skwe̞ː] | 'square' | May be open-mid [ɛː] instead.[12] | |
| Cultivated New Zealand[11] | [let] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [le̞t] | 'let' | Higher in other New Zealand varieties.[11] | |
| Received Pronunciation[13] | Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɛ] instead. See English phonology | ||||
| Inland Northern American[14] | [bit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bë̞t̚] | 'bit' | Near-front,[14][15] may be [ɪ] (also [ə] in Scotland) instead for other speakers. See Northern Cities vowel shift | |
| Scottish[15] | [bë̞ʔ] | ||||
| Yorkshire[16] | [[[English orthography|play]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ple̞ː] | 'play' | ||
| Estonian[17] | [keha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈke̞ɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
| Finnish[18][19] | [menen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈme̞ne̞n] | 'I go' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Standard[20] | [Bett] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɛ̝̈t] | 'bed' | Near-front;[20] also described as open-mid front [ɛ].[21] See Standard German phonology |
| Bernese dialect[22] | [rède] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈre̞d̥ə] | 'to speak' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Bernese German phonology | |
| Greek | φαινόμενο / fainómeno |
[fe̞ˈno̞me̞no̞] | 'phenomenon' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew[23] | כן | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[24] | [hét] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [he̞ːt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as close-mid [eː].[25] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ibibio[26] | [sé̞] | 'look' | |||
| Italian | Piedmont | [bene] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbe̞ːne̞] | 'good' | Corresponds to /ɛ/ and /e/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Japanese[27] | 笑み | 'smile' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Jebero[28] | [ˈiʃë̞k] | 'bat' | Near-front; possible realization of /ɘ/.[28] | ||
| Korean[29] | 베개 | [pe̞ˈɡɛ] | 'pillow' | See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[30] | [bèd] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [be̞t] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. |
| Weert dialect[31] | [zègke] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈze̞ɡə] | 'to say' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[32] | [nett] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [n̻e̞t̻ː] | 'net' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Portuguese | Brazilian | [[[Portuguese orthography|energia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ẽ̞ne̞ɦˈʑi.ɐ] | 'energy' | Unstressed vowel.[33] See Portuguese phonology |
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect[34] | birk | [be̞ʁk] | [translation needed] | Allophone of /e/ before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[34] |
| Romanian | [[[Romanian alphabet|fete]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfe̞t̪e̞] | 'girls' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[35] | человек | [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k] | 'human' | Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[36] | питање / [pitanje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
'question' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | ||
| Slovak | Standard[25][37][38] | [behať] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbe̞ɦäc̟] | 'to run' | Backness varies between front and near-front.[38] See Slovak phonology |
| Slovene[39] | [velikan] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn] | 'giant' | Unstressed vowel,[39] as well as an allophone of /e/ before /j/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[40] See Slovene phonology | |
| Sorbian | Upper[41] | [njebjo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɲ̟e̞bʲɔ] | 'sky' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding /j/ in both cases.[41] See Upper Sorbian phonology |
| Spanish[42] | [[[Spanish orthography|bebé]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] | 'baby' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[43] | [häll] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [he̞l̪] | 'flat rock' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. Many dialects pronounce short /e/ and /ɛ/ the same. See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | daliri | [dɐˈliɾe̞] | 'finger' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tera[44] | [ze] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [zè̞ː] | 'spoke' | ||
| Turkish[45][46] | [[[Turkish alphabet|ev]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [e̞v] | 'house' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Võro | [example needed] | ||||
| West Frisian[47] | [ik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [e̞k] | 'I' | Also described as close-mid [e];[48] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ⟩. See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yoruba[49] | [example needed] | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ̃⟩. It is nasalized, and may be open-mid [ɛ̃] instead.[49] | |||
References
- ^ Bishop, N. (1996). A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology. Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25.
- ^ Jarrah, Mohamed Ali Saleh (1993)
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Recasens (1996:59–60)
- ^ a b Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ^ Uldall (1933), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:289)
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ Peters (2010:241)
- ^ a b c d Gordon & Maclagan (2004:609)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990:95)
- ^ Roach (2004:242)
- ^ a b Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (15 July 1997). "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
- ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:179)
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ a b Kohler (1999:87)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Marti (1985), p. ?.
- ^ Laufer (1999:98)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988:92)
- ^ Urua (2004:106)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ a b Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
- ^ Lee (1999:121)
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:107)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Corresponds to /ɛ/, or /ɨ/ and /i/ (where Brazilian dialects have [i ~ ɪ ~ e̞]), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([ẽ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /ẽ/), or be raised and merged to /e/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
- ^ a b Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ^ a b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:138)
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984:34)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Tench (2007:230)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Sipma (1913:10)
- ^ Tiersma (1999:10)
- ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
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