Open central unrounded vowel
Open central unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
ä | |
a̠ | |
ɑ̈ | |
ɐ̞ | |
IPA Number | 304 415 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ä |
Unicode (hex) | U+0061 U+0308 |
X-SAMPA | a_" or a_- or A_" or 6_o |
The open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. While the International Phonetic Alphabet officially has no dedicated letter for this sound between front [a] and back [ɑ], it is normally written ⟨a⟩. If precision is required, it can be specified by using diacritics, such as centralized ⟨ä⟩ or retracted ⟨a̠⟩, but this is not common.
Acoustically, however, [a] is an extra-low central vowel.[1] It is more common to use plain [a] for an open central vowel and, if needed, [æ] (officially near-open front vowel) for an open front vowel. Alternatively, Sinologists may use the letter ⟨ᴀ⟩ (small capital A). The IPA voted against officially adopting this symbol in 2011–2012.[2]
The Hamont dialect of Limburgish has been reported to contrast long open front, central and back unrounded vowels,[3] which is extremely unusual.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, some linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses ⟨a⟩ for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [kalu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰälu] | 'bride' | May be realized as [a] and [æ] in the Urmia, Nochiya and Jilu dialects. In the Tyari dialect, [ɑ] is usually used. | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[4] | [example needed] | |||
Bengali | পা/pa | [pä] | 'leg' | See Bengali phonology | |
Catalan[5] | [sac] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [s̠äk] | 'sack' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Cantonese | [[[Chinese character|沙]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help)/[saa1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [sä̝ː˥] | 'sand' | Somewhat raised. See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | [[[Chinese characters|他]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help)/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|tā]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'he' | Varies between front and back. See Mandarin phonology | ||
Czech[6][7][8] | [prach] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [präx] | 'dust' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[9][10] | [[[Danish alphabet|barn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈb̥äːˀn] | 'child' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩ - the way it is realized in the conservative variety.[11] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard[12][13] | [zaal] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [zäːɫ] | 'hall' | Ranges from front to central;[14] in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology |
Amsterdam[15] | [bad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bät] | 'bath' | Also present in many other non-Randstad accents.[15] It corresponds to [ɑ] in Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology | |
Antwerp[15] | |||||
Brabant[15][16] | |||||
English | Australian[17] | [car] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰäː] | 'car' | See Australian English phonology |
Cultivated South African[18] | Some speakers. For other speakers, it is less front [ɑ̟ː][18][19] or, in Estuary English, even more back [ɑː].[19] | ||||
Estuary[19] | |||||
Norfolk[20] | |||||
General South African[21] |
[time] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʰäːm] | 'time' | Corresponds to the diphthong /aɪ/ in most dialects. General South African speakers may also monophthongize /aʊ/. See English phonology | |
Southern American[22] | |||||
General American[23] | [cot] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰäʔt̚] | 'cot' | It may be more back [ɑ̟ ~ ɑ], especially for speakers with the cot–caught merger. See English phonology | |
Southern Michigan[24] | See English phonology | ||||
Multicultural London[25] | [trap] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp] | 'trap' | More front [ɛ ~ æ ~ a] for other Southeastern English speakers. See English phonology | |
Some speakers from Reading[19] | |||||
Northern England[26] | [t̠ɹ̝̊äp] | Notably prevalent in Yorkshire, mainly around the Pennines and the Yorkshire Dales. More front [æ ~ a] for some other speakers. See English phonology | |||
Vancouver[27] | [t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚] | See Canadian Shift and English phonology | |||
Younger speakers from Ontario[28] | |||||
Finnish[29] | [[[Finnish alphabet|kana]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkänä] | 'hen' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑ⟩; also described as near-open back [ɑ̝].[30] See Finnish phonology | |
French[31] | [patte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pät̪] | 'paw' | See French phonology | |
Galician[32] | [macio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmäθjo] | 'soft' | See Galician phonology | |
German | Standard[33] | [Katze] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkʰät͡sə] | 'cat' | See German phonology |
Hebrew[34] | פח | 'garbage can' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
Hindustani | [[[Dēvanāgarī|माता]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / ماتا | [mata] | 'mother' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Hungarian[35] | [láb] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [läːb] | 'leg' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Icelandic[36][37][38][39] | [[[Icelandic orthography|fara]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈfäːrä] | 'go' | See Icelandic phonology | |
Italian[40] | [[[Italian alphabet|casa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkäːzä] | 'home' | See Italian phonology | |
Japanese[41] | 蚊 [[[Romanization of Japanese|ka]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'mosquito' | See Japanese phonology | ||
Limburgish | Hamont dialect[3] | [zaak] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [zäːk²] | 'business' | Contrasts with front [aː] and back [ɑː].[3] See Hamont dialect phonology |
Lithuanian | [namas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnäːmäs] | 'house' | ||
Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|api]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [äpi] | 'fire' | ||
Norwegian | Sognamål[42] | [dag] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [däːɡ] | 'day' | See Norwegian phonology |
Polish[43] | [kat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'executioner' | See Polish phonology | ||
Portuguese[44] | [[[Portuguese orthography|vá]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vä] | 'go' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Punjabi | ਜਾ | [d͡ʒäː] | 'go!' | ||
Romanian | [cal] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [käl] | 'horse' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian | там | 'there' | See Russian phonology | ||
Scottish Gaelic | [slat] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [slät] | 'yard' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Sema[45] | [ala] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [à̠là̠] | 'path' | Also described as near-open [ɐ].[46] | |
Serbo-Croatian[47] | патка / [[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|patka]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pâ̠t̪ka̠] | 'female duck' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Shiwiar[48] | [example needed] | ||||
Slovak[49][50][51] | [a] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ä] | 'and' | See Slovak phonology | |
Spanish[52] | [[[Spanish orthography|rata]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈrät̪ä] | 'rat' | See Spanish phonology | |
Sorbian | Lower[53] | [glažk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡläʂk] | 'glass' | |
Upper[53][54] | [ale] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈälɛ] | 'but' | See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
Swedish | Central Standard[55] | [bank] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | Also described as front [a].[56] See Swedish phonology |
Turkish[57] | [[[Turkish alphabet|at]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ät̪] | 'horse' | Also described as back [ɑ].[58] See Turkish phonology | |
Vietnamese | Hanoi | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|xa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [s̪äː] | 'far' | See Vietnamese phonology |
West Frisian | [laad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɫäːt] | 'drawer' | ||
Yoruba[59] | [example needed] |
References
- ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
- ^ Keating (2012), p. 245.
- ^ a b c Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
- ^ Pavlík (2004), p. 94.
- ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 46.
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 104.
- ^ a b c d Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
- ^ Peters (2010), p. 241.
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007), p. 344.
- ^ a b Lass (2002), pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b c d Altendorf & Watt (2004), p. 188.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
- ^ Lass (2002), p. 117.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. ?.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 476.
- ^ Hillenbrand (2003), p. 122.
- ^ Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006), p. 30.
- ^ Boberg (2004), p. 361.
- ^ Esling & Warkentyne (1993), p. ?.
- ^ Boberg (2004), pp. 361–362.
- ^ Maddieson (1984), cited in Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
- ^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Freixeiro Mato (2006), pp. 72–73.
- ^ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Árnason (2011), p. 60.
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958), p. 65.
- ^ "Icelandic Phonetic Transcription.PDF - ptg_ice.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Teo (2014:28)
- ^ Teo (2012:368)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
- ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
- ^ Pavlík (2004), pp. 94–95.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 375.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
- ^ a b Stone (2002:600)
- ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Thorén & Petterson (1992), p. 15.
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.
Bibliography
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Boberg, Charles (2004), "English in Canada: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 351–366, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Esling, John H.; Warkentyne, Henry J. (1993), "Retracting of /æ/ in Vancouver English", in Clarke, Sandra (ed.), Focus on Canada, Varieties of English Around the World, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1556194429
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Freixeiro Mato, Xosé Ramón (2006), Gramática da lingua galega (I). Fonética e fonoloxía (in Galician), Vigo: A Nosa Terra, ISBN 978-84-8341-060-8
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen
- Hillenbrand, James M. (2003), "American English: Southern Michigan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Keating, Patricia A. (2012), "IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114,
with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart.
- Kerswill, Paul; Torgerson, Eivind; Fox, Sue (2006), "Innovation in inner‐London teenage speech", NWAV35, Columbus
- Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sounds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-26536-3
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka (2008), Finnish sound structure, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, ISBN 91-520-0284-5
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24225-8
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Further reading
- Barry, William; Trouvain, Jürgen (2008), "Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel?", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (3): 349–357, doi:10.1017/s0025100308003587