Voiced uvular fricative
| Voiced uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʁ | |||
| ʁ̝ | |||
| IPA Number | 143 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʁ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0281 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
| Voiced uvular approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʁ | |
| ʁ̞ |
The voiced uvular fricative or approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩,[1] or in broad transcription ⟨ɣ⟩ or (if rhotic) ⟨r⟩. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.
Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter: ⟨ʁ̝⟩. The approximant can be specified by adding the downtack: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, though some writings[2] use a superscript ⟨ʶ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.
For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.
Features
Features of the voiced uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French[citation needed] to several dialects and registers of Basque,[3] Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, and Yiddish. However, not all of these remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ([x], [ɣ]), voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or glottal transition ([h], [ɦ]), except in southern Brazil and Rio de Janeiro, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills and the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use ⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that "There is (...) a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[4] See voiced uvular raised non-sonorant trill for more information.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | цыҕ cëğ | [tsəʁ] | 'marten' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | [[[Cyrillic script|тыгъэ]] tëğa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'sun' | |||
| Afrikaans | Parts of the former Cape Province[5] | [rooi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁoːi̯] | 'red' | May be a trill [ʀ] instead.[5] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | [chamĝul] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[6] | غرفة ġurfa | [ˈʁurfɐ] | 'room' | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[7] See Arabic phonology |
| Archi | [[[Cyrillic script|гъӀабос]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: Cyrl (help) ġabos | [ʁˤabos][1] | 'croak' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[8] | ղեկ ġek | 'rudder' | ||
| Avar | тIагъур thaġur | [tʼaˈʁur] | 'cap' | ||
| Basque | Northern Basque dialects | [[[Basque alphabet|urre]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [uʁe] | 'gold' | |
| Berber | Kabyle | [ⴱⴻⵖ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bbeɣ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [بغ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
[bːəʁ] | 'to dive' | |
| Chilcotin | [ʁəlkɪʃ] | 'he walks' | |||
| Danish | Standard[9] | [[[Danish alphabet|rød]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁ̞ɶð̞] | 'red' | Most often an approximant when initial.[10] In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless [χ]) or an approximant[9] Also described as pharyngeal [ʕ̞].[11] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[12][13][14][15] | Belgian Limburg[16][17] | [rad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɑt] | 'wheel' | Either a fricative or an approximant.[14][16][15][18][19] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Central Netherlands[20] | |||||
| East Flanders[17] | |||||
| Northern Netherlands[20] | |||||
| Randstad[20] | |||||
| Southern Netherlands[20] | |||||
| English | Dyfed[21] | [red] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɛd] | 'red' | Not all speakers.[21] Alveolar in other Welsh accents. |
| Gwynedd[21] | |||||
| North-east Leinster[22] | Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ ɻ] in other Irish dialects. | ||||
| Northumbrian dialect[23][24] | Described both as a fricative[23] and an approximant.[24] More rarely it's a trill [ʀ].[23] Mostly found in eastern Northumberland, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr. | ||||
| Sierra Leonean[23] | More rarely a trill [ʀ].[23] | ||||
| French | [[[French orthography|rester]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɛste] | 'to stay' | See French phonology | |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[25] | [[[German orthography|Rock]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | Either a fricative or an approximant;[25] in free variation with [ʀ̥], [χ] and [q].[25] Doesn't occur in the coda.[25] See Chemnitz dialect phonology |
| Lower Rhine[26] | [Rost] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɔst] | 'rust' | Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See German phonology | |
| Standard[26] | |||||
| Swabian[27] | [ʁ̞oʃt] | An approximant.[27] It's the realization of /ʁ/ in onsets,[27] otherwise it's an epiglottal approximant.[27] | |||
| Hebrew | רע ġa | [ʁa] | 'bad' | May also be trilled. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Inuktitut | East Inuktitut dialect | [marruuk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɑʁʁuuk] | 'two' | |
| Italian | Northern dialects[28] | [[[Italian orthography|raro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʁäːʁo] | 'rare' | Some speakers, especially in Parma. May also be a trill [ʀ] or a labiodental approximant [ʋ].[28] |
| Kabardian | бгъэ bğa | 'eagle' | |||
| Kazakh | [[[Kazakh alphabets|саған]] sağan, ساعان] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [sɑˈʁɑn] | 'you' (dat. sing.) | ||
| Kyrgyz | [[[Cyrillic script|жамгыр]] camğır/jamgyr, جامعىر] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dʒɑmˈʁɯr] | 'rain' | ||
| Lakota | aǧúyapi | [aʁʊjapɪ] | 'bread' | ||
| Luxembourgish | Some speakers[29] | [Rou] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁəu̯] | 'silence' | Pre-vocalic allophone of /ʀ/; more often realized as a trill [ʀ].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology |
| Standard[29] | [Kugel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkʰuːʁəl] | 'ball' | Also described as velar [ɣ].[30] Appears only in a few words.[29][30] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Perak dialect | Perak | [peʁɑk̚] | 'Perak' | See Malay phonology |
| Norwegian | Southern dialects | [rar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology |
| Southwestern dialects | |||||
| Portuguese | European[31] | [carro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkaʁu] | 'car' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Setubalense[32] | [[[Portuguese orthography|ruralizar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁuʁəɫiˈzaʁ] | 'to ruralize' | Often trilled. Due to a merger, corresponds to both /ɾ/ and /ʁ/ in other dialects. | |
| Fluminense[32][33] | [ardência] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɐʁˈdẽsjə] | 'burning feeling' | Due to French influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda /ɾ/ into /ʁ/.[34] Often trilled. In free variation with [ɣ], [ʕ] and [ɦ] before voiced sounds, [x], [χ], [ħ] and [h] before voiceless consonants | |
| Sulista | [arroz] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɐˈʁos] | 'rice' | ||
| Swedish | Southern dialects | [rör] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɶʁ] | 'pipe(s)' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tatar | яңгыр, [yañğır] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ياڭعئر | [jɒŋˈʁɯr] | 'rain' | ||
| Tsez | агъи ’ag‘i | [ˈʔaʁi] | 'bird' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʁa] | 'his' | Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Uzbek | [[[Uzbek alphabet|ogʻir]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɒˈʁɨr] | 'heavy' | ||
| Yakut | [[[Yakut scripts|тоҕус]] toğus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [toʁus] | 'nine' | ||
| Zhuang | [roek] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʁɔ̌k] | 'six' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Based on the approximant ⟨ɹ⟩ and the general tendency to rotate letters in the IPA rather than invert them, ⟨ᴚ⟩ might be expected. However, early in the history of the IPA, that letter had been used for the voiceless fricative, now written ⟨χ⟩, paralleling ⟨ᴙ ʀ⟩ for the voiceless and voiced trills.
- ^ Such as Krech et al. (2009).
- ^ Grammar of Basque, page 30, José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167)
- ^ a b Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:66)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
- ^ Booij (1999:8)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
- ^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108)
- ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:51–55)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:52)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 102)
- ^ a b c d Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
- ^ a b c Wells (1982:390)
- ^ Hickey (2007:?)[page needed]
- ^ a b c d e Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:236)
- ^ a b Ogden (2009:93)
- ^ a b c d Khan & Weise (2013:235)
- ^ a b Hall (1993:89)
- ^ a b c d Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.
- ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
- ^ a b c d Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ^ a b Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ a b Template:Pt icon Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty. Page 11.
- ^ Template:Pt icon The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Page 36.
- ^ Template:Pt icon The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 229 and 230.
Bibliography
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743
- Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-85299-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ogden, Richard (2009), An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7486-2540-6
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 45–61, ISSN 0777-3692
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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