Voiced velar plosive
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2010) |
| Voiced velar plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɡ | |||
| IPA Number | 110 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɡ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0261 | ||
| X-SAMPA | g | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
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The voiced velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is g. Strictly, the IPA symbol is the so-called single-storey G 
, but the double-storey G 
is considered an acceptable alternative. The Unicode character "LATIN SMALL LETTER G" (U+0067) renders as either a single-storey G or a double-storey G depending on font while the character "Latin small letter script G" (U+0261) is always a single-story G, but it is generally available only in fonts with the IPA Extensions Unicode character block.
Some languages have the voiced pre-velar stop,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as front as the prototypical voiced palatal stop - see that article for more information.
Conversely, some languages have the voiced post-velar stop,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced velar stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiced uvular stop - see that article for more information.
Features
Features of the voiced velar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence [3]
Of the six stops that would be expected from the most common pattern world-wide—that is, three places of articulation plus voicing ([p b, t d, k ɡ])—[p] and [ɡ] are the most frequently missing, being absent in about 10% of languages that otherwise have this pattern. Absent stop [p] is an areal feature (see also Voiceless bilabial stop). Missing [ɡ], on the other hand, is widely scattered around the world. (A few languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic, are missing both.) It seems that [ɡ] is somewhat more difficult to articulate than the other basic stops. Ian Maddieson speculates that this may be due to a physical difficulty in voicing velars: Voicing requires that air flow into the mouth cavity, and the relatively small space allowed by the position of velar consonants means that it will fill up with air quickly, making voicing difficult to maintain in [ɡ] for as long as it is in [d] or [b]. This could have two effects: [ɡ] and [k] might become confused, and the distinction is lost, or perhaps a [ɡ] never develops when a language first starts making voicing distinctions. With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced [ɢ] is much rarer than voiceless [q].
Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [ɡ].
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ажыга | [aˈʐəɡa] | 'shovel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Shapsug | гьэгуалъэ | 'toy' | Dialectal. Corresponds to [d͡ʒ] in other dialects. | |
| Temirgoy | чъыгы | 'tree' | Dialectal. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other dialects. | ||
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|gomar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡomaɾ] | 'donkey' | ||
| Arabic[4] | Egyptian | راجل | [ˈɾɑːɡel] | 'man' | Standard in Egypt and corresponds to /dʒ/, /ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other pronunciations. See Arabic phonology |
| Gulf | شقردي | [ʃɪˈɡɑrdi] | 'reliable (person)' | ||
| Yemeni | قال | [ɡɑːl] | '(he) said' | Some dialects. | |
| Armenian | Eastern[5] | գանձ | 'treasure' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [ɡana] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡaːna] | 'self' | Used predominantly in Iraqi Koine. Corresponds to [dʒ] in Urmia, some Tyari and Jilu dialects. | |
| Azerbaijani | [[[Azerbaijani alphabet|qara]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɑɾɑ] | 'black' | ||
| Basque | [[[Basque alphabet|galdu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡaldu] | 'lose' | ||
| Bengali | গান | [ɡan] | 'song' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | гора | [ɡora] | 'wood' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan[6] | [[[Catalan orthography|gros]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɾɔs] | 'large' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Southern Min | 我 | [ɡua] | 'I' | Only in colloquial speech. |
| Wu | 狂 | [ɡuɑ̃] | 'crazy' | ||
| Xiang | 共 | [ɡoŋ] | 'together' | ||
| Chechen | говр | [ɡovr] | 'horse' | ||
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|gram]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡram] | 'gram' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | All dialects | [[[Dutch alphabet|zakdoek]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'handkerchief' | Allophone of /k/, occurring only before voiced consonants in native words. See Dutch phonology | |
| Standard[7] | |||||
| Many speakers | goal | 'goal' | Only in loanwords. Some speakers may realize it as [ɣ] ~ [ʝ] ~ [χ] ~ [x] (like a normal Dutch ⟨g⟩), or as [k]. | ||
| Amelands | goëd | [ɡuə̯t] | 'good' | ||
| English | [[[English orthography|gaggle]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡæɡɫ̩] | 'gaggle' | See English phonology | |
| French[8] | [[[French orthography|gain]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡæ̃] | 'earnings' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[9] | გული | [ˈɡuli] | 'heart' | ||
| German | [[[German orthography|Lüge]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈlyːɡə] | 'lie' | See Standard German phonology | |
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|γκάρισμα]]/gkárisma] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡɐɾizmɐ] | 'donkey's bray' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | [[[Gujarati alphabet|ગાવું]]/gāvu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [needs IPA] | 'to sing' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hejazi Arabic | قَمَر | [ˈɡamar] | 'moon' | Corresponds to /q/ in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic. | |
| Hindustani | [[[Devanāgarī|गाना]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / گانا | [ɡɑːnɑː] | 'song' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | [[[Hungarian orthography|engedély]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɛŋɡɛdeːj] | 'permission' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|gaineamh]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡanʲəw] | 'sand' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | [[[Italian alphabet|gare]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡäːre] | 'competitions' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[11] | がん•癌/[[[Romanization of Japanese|gan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡãɴ] | 'cancer' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | Baslaney | гьанэ | 'shirt' | Dialectal. Corresponds to [dʒ] in other dialects. | |
| Kagayanen[12] | ? | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Korean | [[[Hangul|메기]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[[[Revised Romanization of Korean|megi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [meɡi] | 'catfish' | See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[13] | [agepack] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɑɡəpaːk] | [translation needed] |
More often voiceless [k].[13] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Macedonian | гром | [ɡrɔm] | 'thunder' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|guni]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡuni] | 'sack' | ||
| Marathi | गवत | [ɡəʋət] | 'grass' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|gull]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡʉl] | 'gold' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Polish[14] | [[[Polish orthography|gmin]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'plebs' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[15] | [[[Portuguese orthography|língua]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɫĩɡwɐ] | 'tongue' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਗਾਂ | [ɡɑ̃ː] | 'cow' | ||
| Romanian[16] | [[[Romanian alphabet|gând]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɨnd] | 'thought' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[17] | голова | 'head' | See Russian phonology | ||
| Slovak | [[[Slovak alphabet|miazga]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mjazɡa] | 'lymph' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Somali | [gaabi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡaːbi] | 'to shorten' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish[18] | [[[Spanish orthography|gato]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɡät̪o̞] | 'cat' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|god]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡuːd̪] | 'tasty' | May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|salgın]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [säɫˈɡɯn] | 'epidemic' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | ґанок | [ˈɡɑ.n̪ok] | 'steps' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| West Frisian | [gasp] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɔsp] | 'buckle' (n.) | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꈨ/[[[Yi script|gge]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡɤ˧] | 'hear' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | gan | [ɡaŋ] | 'will be able' | Depending on speaker and carefulness of speech, [ɡ] may be lenited to [ɣ] |
See also
References
- ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
- ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
- ^ WALS Online : Chapter 5 – Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 16–17.
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ DEX Online : [1]
- ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
