Jump to content

Anglo-Indian people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rodw (talk | contribs) at 11:23, 24 November 2022 (Disambiguating links to John Tytler (link changed to John Tytler (VC)) using DisamAssist.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Anglo-Indians
British Raj era Anglo-Indian mother and daughter, c. 1920
Total population
c. 500,000
Regions with significant populations
 India125,000 – 150,000
 United Kingdom86,000[1]
 Australia22,000
 Canada22,000
 Bangladesh20,000[2]
 United States20,000
 Myanmar19,200[3]
 New Zealand15,861
 Malaysia10,310
 Singapore4,800
 Pakistan<1,500[4]
Languages
English, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Malayalam, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Oriya, Hindi and other Indian languages
Religion
Majority
Christianity (Protestantism or Catholicism)
Minority
Sikhism, Hinduism and Islam
Related ethnic groups
Anglo-Burmese, Scottish-Indians, Irish Indians, Burghers, Kristang people, Indo people, Singaporean Eurasians, Macanese people, Indo-Aryan people, Dravidian people, British people, Indian diaspora

Anglo-Indian people fall into two different groups: those with mixed Indian and British ancestry, and people of British descent born or residing in India. The latter sense is now mainly historical,[5][6] but confusions can arise. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, gives three possibilities: "Of mixed British and Indian parentage, of Indian descent but born or living in Britain or (chiefly historical) of English descent or birth but living or having lived long in India".[7] People fitting the middle definition are more usually known as British Asian or British Indian. This article focuses primarily on the modern definition, a distinct minority community of mixed Eurasian ancestry, whose first language is English.

The All India Anglo-Indian Association, founded in 1926, has long represented the interests of this ethnic group; it holds that Anglo-Indians are unique in that they are Christians, speak English as their mother tongue, and have a historical link to both Europe and India.[8] Anglo-Indians tend to identify as people of India, rather than of a specific region such as the Punjab or Bengal.[8] 2 August is celebrated as World Anglo Indian Day.

During the period of British rule in India, children born to unions between British and Indian parents formed the basis of the Anglo-Indian community. This new ethnic group formed a small yet significant portion of the population and became well represented in certain administrative roles. As Anglo-Indians were mostly isolated from both British and Indian society, their documented numbers dwindled from roughly 300,000 at the time of independence in 1947 to about 125,000 – 150,000 in modern day India. During much of the time that Britain ruled India (the Raj), British-Indian relationships faced stigma, which meant that the ethnicity of some Anglo-Indians was undocumented or identified incorrectly. As such, many have adapted to local communities in India or emigrated to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States and New Zealand where they form part of the Indian diaspora.[4][9]

Similar communities can also be seen in other parts of the world, although in smaller numbers, such as Anglo-Burmese in Myanmar and Burghers in Sri Lanka.[10]

History

The first use of "Anglo-Indian" was to describe all British people who lived in India. People of mixed British and Indian descent were referred to as "Eurasians". Terminology has changed and the latter group are now called "Anglo-Indians".[11] The community originated soon after 1639 when the British East India Company established a settlement in Madras. The community identified itself with and was accepted by the British until 1791, when Anglo-Indians were excluded from positions of authority in the civil, military and marine services in the East India Company. During the Indian rebellion of 1857, Anglo-Indians sided with the British and consequently received favoured treatment from the British government in preference to other Indians, serving in large numbers in the strategic services of the railways, the postal and telegraph services, and customs. In 1919, the Anglo-Indian community was given one reserved seat in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. The English-speaking Anglo-Indians identified themselves with the British against the nationalist Congress Party.

Creation

During the East India Company's rule in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was common for British officers and soldiers to take local wives and start families, owing to an initial lack of British women in India.[12][13] Looking at the records of wills from the early 1780's, a third of all British men in India named their Indian wives and children as their inheritors. By the mid-19th century, there were around 40,000 British soldiers, but fewer than 2,000 British officials present in India but by then the Suez Canal was opened and many British women came to India in quick transit.[14]

Before the British Raj, the Company, with some reluctance, endorsed a policy of local marriage for its soldiers. The board of directors wrote in 1688 to its Council at Fort St. George: "Induce by all meanes you can invent our Souldiers (sic) to marry with the Native women, because it will be impossible to get ordinary young women, as we have before directed, to pay their own passages, although Gentlewomen sufficient do offer themselves." Until 1741, a special payment was made to each soldier who had his child baptised as a Protestant. The concern in London was that if the soldiers at Fort St. George lived with or married the many Portuguese women there the children would be brought up as Roman Catholics rather than Protestants. The Company's officials on the ground were less worried about the religious issue, but more concerned that soldiers should be married "to prevent wickedness". Married soldiers with family ties were thought more likely to be better behaved than bachelors.

The British military population in India grew rapidly from a few hundred soldiers in the mid-18th century to 18,000 in the Royal and Company armies of 1790. During this time the records of cohabitation and last testaments show that at least a third of all British men in India married an Indian women or left their inheritance to their Anglo-Indian children. There were also many second generation British officers who were born and raised in India, such as Lieutenant-Colonel James Kirkpatrick who was born in Madras in 1764, wore Mughal style clothing, and spoke Tamil as a first language.[15] Left with a strong affinity for the cultural practices of their childhood homeland, many although nominally Christian would adopt local Hindu and Muslim customs such as shunning pork, beef, and even becoming vegetarians. Kirkpatrick would even go on to converting to Islam in order to marry a Sayyida noblewoman named Khair-un-Nissa in 1800, having two children together, and assimilating into the Hyderabadi elite. Other officials such as William Fraser would similarly assimilate themselves into local Indian culture, even patronizing artists and poets such as Ghalib, and going on to have dozens of children with many women, both Hindu and Muslim. Notable children of these unions such as James Skinner, also named Sikandar Sahib, the son of a Scottish Company officer and an Indian noblewoman would go on to serve prominent roles in the Maratha Army and later Bengal Army where he raised his own regiment called Skinner's Horse.[15]

Many children were born to unofficial partnerships: 54% of the children baptised at St. John's, Calcutta between 1767 and 1782 were Anglo-Indian and illegitimate.[citation needed] British women of good social standing were scarce; in 1785 surgeon John Stewart wrote to his brother from Cawnpore: "Many of the women here are mere adventuresses from Milliners shops on Ludgate Hill and some even from Covent Garden and Old Drury [well known areas of prostitution in late 18th century London]. They possess neither sentiment nor education, and are so intoxicated by their sudden elevation, that a sensible man can only regard them with indignation and outrage."

The reforming zeal of Governor-General Lord Cornwallis had ensured that by the 1780s, the opportunities for Company servants to make a fortune through trade had gone forever. Most had to live on their Company salaries and few could afford to support a wife. Company officers were paid less than their counterparts in the British Army and promotion might take twice as long, perhaps 25 years to reach the rank of Major in the Company compared to between 12 and 17 years in the Royal Army; and in the Bengal Army in 1784, there were only four Colonels amongst 931 officers. Few young officers in either army managed to avoid debt. It might have cost approximately £50 a year (Rs 24 to Rs 40 a month) to provide for the wants of an Indian companion and her attendants, compared with £600 to support a British wife with any degree of public style. 83 of 217 wills in Bengal between 1780 and 1785 contained bequests either to Indian companions or their natural children, who were the offspring of high and low in British society, and gentlemen of wealth often left substantial bequests and annuities to their Indian partners and children. When Major Thomas Naylor in 1782 bequeathed to his companion Muckmul Patna Rs 4000, a bungalow and a garden at Berhampore, a hackery, bullocks, her jewels, clothes, and all their male and female slaves, he treated her as he might a wife. Where they could, gentlemen sent their Anglo-Indian daughters to the ladies' seminaries in Presidency towns and to England to be 'finished'; and when they returned, they were married off to fellow officers. Some daughters of senior officers became substantial heiresses whose wealth was a marked marital attraction, but many more daughters of impoverished officers, raised in military orphanages after the deaths of their fathers, hoped only to find a suitable husband at the monthly public dances. Save in very few cases, when British men returned home, the Indian companion and any children stayed in India: British soldiers were not permitted to bring them, and many officers and civil servants feared the social and cultural consequences.[16]

Neglect

Originally, under Regulation VIII of 1813, Anglo-Indians were excluded from the British legal system and in Bengal became subject to the rule of Islamic law outside Calcutta, and yet found themselves without any caste or status amongst those who were to judge them. This coincided with the Company officially allowing Christian missionaries into India; and evangelical organisations and popular writers of the time like Mary Sherwood routinely blamed the alleged moral shortcomings or personality defects of the growing Anglo-Indian population upon the Indian mother rather than the European father. There was growing disapproval of marriages amongst the Company elite and Anglo-Indian women. The public dances for the female wards of the Upper Military Academy, Calcutta, which had been attended so eagerly fifty years earlier had been discontinued by the 1830s. Public argument against marriages to Indian and Anglo-Indian women skirted the question of race and focused on their social consequences: they did not mix well in British society, lacked education, were reluctant to leave India when their men retired, and - probably most important of all - would handicap the career of an ambitious husband. By 1830, the proportion of illegitimate births registered in the Bengal Presidency had fallen to 10%, and British wills in Bengal in 1830-2 record less than one in four bequests to Indian women and their children compared with almost two in five fifty years earlier. For all the social disapproval, however, officers and Company servants continued to marry Anglo-Indian girls, and it was thought that in Calcutta alone there were more than 500 marriageable Anglo-Indian girls in the 1820s, compared to 250 Englishwomen in the whole of Bengal.[17]

In 1821, a pamphlet entitled "Thoughts on how to better the condition of Indo-Britons" by a "Practical Reformer," was written to promote the removal of prejudices existing in the minds of young Eurasians against engaging in trades. This was followed up by another pamphlet, entitled "An Appeal on behalf of Indo-Britons." Prominent Eurasians in Calcutta formed the "East Indian Committee" with a view to send a petition to the British parliament for the redress of their grievances. John William Ricketts, a pioneer in the Eurasian cause, volunteered to proceed to England. His mission was successful, and on his return to India, by way of Madras, he received a standing ovation from his countrymen in that presidency; and was afterwards warmly welcomed in Calcutta, where a report of his mission was read at a public meeting held in the Calcutta Town Hall. In April 1834, in obedience to an Act of Parliament passed in August 1833, the Indian government was forced to grant government jobs to Anglo-Indians.[18]

As British women began arriving in India in large numbers around the early to mid-19th century, mostly as family members of officers and soldiers, British men became less likely to marry Indian women. Intermarriage declined after the events of the Rebellion of 1857,[19] after which several anti-miscegenation laws were implemented.[20][21] As a result, Eurasians were neglected by both the British and Indian populations in India.

Consolidation

Over generations, Anglo-Indians intermarried with other Anglo-Indians to form a community that developed a culture of its own. Their cuisine, dress, speech (use of English as their mother tongue), and religion (Christianity) all served to further separate them from the native population. A number of factors fostered a strong sense of community among Anglo-Indians. Their English language school system, their strongly Anglo-influenced culture, and their Christian beliefs in particular helped bind them together.[18]

They formed social clubs and associations to run functions, including regular dances on occasions such as Christmas and Easter.[22] Indeed, their Christmas balls, held in most major cities, still form a distinctive part of Indian Christian culture.[23]

Over time Anglo-Indians were specifically recruited into the Customs and Excise, Post and Telegraphs, Forestry Department, the railways and teaching professions – but they were employed in many other fields as well.

The Anglo-Indian community also had a role as go-betweens in the introduction of Western musical styles, harmonies and instruments in post-Independence India. During the colonial era, genres including ragtime and jazz were played by bands for the social elites, and these bands often contained Anglo-Indian members.[24]

Independence and choices

A male Anglo-Indian being washed, dressed and attended.

Around the time of the Indian independence movement, the All-India Anglo-Indian Association was opposed to the partition of India; its then president Frank Anthony criticized the colonial authorities for "racial discrimination in matters of pay and allowances, and for failing to acknowledge the sterling military and civil contributions made by Anglo-Indians to the Raj".[25][26]

Their position at the time of independence of India was difficult. Given their English ancestry, many felt a loyalty to a British "home" that most had never seen and where they would gain little social acceptance. Bhowani Junction touches on the identity crisis faced by the Anglo-Indian community during the independence movement of the 20th-century. They felt insecure in an India that put a premium on participation in the independence movement as a prerequisite for important government positions.

Many Anglo-Indians left the country in 1947, hoping to make a new life in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in the British Commonwealth, such as Australia or Canada. The exodus continued through the 1950s and 1960s and by the late 1990s most had left with many of the remaining Anglo-Indians still aspiring to leave.[27]

Like the Parsi community, the Anglo-Indians were essentially urban dwellers. Unlike the Parsis, the mass migrations saw more of the better educated and financially secure Anglo-Indians depart for other Commonwealth nations.[22]

21st century cultural resurgence

There has been a resurgence in celebrating Anglo-Indian culture in the twenty-first century, in the form of International Anglo-Indian Reunions and in publishing books. There have been nine reunions, with the latest being held in 2015 in Kolkata.

Several narratives and novels have been published recently. The Leopard's Call: An Anglo-Indian Love Story (2005) by Reginald Shires, tells of the life of two teachers at the small Bengali town of Falakata, down from Bhutan; At the Age for Love: A Novel of Bangalore during World War II (2006) is by the same author. In the Shadow of Crows (2009)[28] by David Charles Manners, is the critically acclaimed true account of a young Englishman's unexpected discovery of his Anglo-Indian relations in the Darjeeling district. The Hammarskjold Killing (2007) by William Higham, is a novel in which a London-born Anglo-Indian heroine is caught up in a terrorist crisis in Sri Lanka. Keith St Clair Butler wrote 'The Secret Vindaloo' (2014, reprint 2016) which used the signature dish of Vindaloo as a deep metaphor for the explorations of his family and community. The book received critical acclaim[29] The narrative received grants from The Literature Board of Australia and The Victorian Premier's Department of the Arts.

Christian religious practice

Anglo-Indians are adherents of Christianity.[30] Along with their British heritage and English language, the Christian religious faith of Anglo-Indians is one of the things that distinguishes them from other ethnic groups.[31] As such, Anglo-Indians have "been well-represented in all tiers of the churches, from cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests and ministers, and fill a number of educational roles."[30]

Present communities

India constitutionally guarantees of the rights of communities and religious and linguistic minorities, and thus permits Anglo-Indians to maintain their own schools and to use English as the medium of instruction. In order to encourage the integration of the community into the larger society, the government stipulates that a certain percentage of the student body come from other Indian communities.[citation needed] In a 2013 BBC News feature on Anglo-Indians, journalist Kris Griffiths wrote: "It has been noted in recent years that the number of Anglo-Indians who have succeeded in certain fields is remarkably disproportionate to the community's size. For example, in the music industry there are Engelbert Humperdinck (born Madras), Peter Sarstedt (Delhi) and Cliff Richard (Lucknow). The looser definition of Anglo-Indian (any mixed British-Indian parentage) encompasses the likes of cricketer Nasser Hussain, footballer Michael Chopra and actor Ben Kingsley."[32]

Anglo-Indians distinguished themselves in the military. Air Vice-Marshal Maurice Barker was India's first Anglo-Indian Air Marshal. At least seven other Anglo-Indians subsequently reached that post, a notable achievement for a small community. A number of others have been decorated for military achievements. Air Marshal Malcolm Wollen is often considered the man who won India's 1971 war fighting alongside Bangladesh.[33] Anglo-Indians made similarly significant contributions to the Indian Navy and Army.[34]

Another field in which Anglo-Indians won distinction was education. The second most respected matriculation qualification in India, the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, was started and built by some of the community's best known educationalists, including Frank Anthony, who served as its president, and A.E.T. Barrow, its secretary for the better part of half a century. Most Anglo-Indians, even those without much formal education, find that gaining employment in schools is fairly easy because of their fluency in English.

In sporting circles Anglo-Indians have made a significant contribution, particularly at Olympic level where Norman Pritchard became India's first ever Olympic medallist, winning two silver medals at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris, France. In cricket Roger Binny was the leading wicket-taker during the Indian cricket team's 1983 World Cup triumph. Wilson Jones was India's first ever World Professional Billiards Champion.

Several charities have been set up abroad to help the less fortunate in the community in India. Foremost among these is CTR (Calcutta Tiljallah Relief – based in the US), which has instituted a senior pension scheme, and provides monthly pensions to over 300 seniors. CTR also provides education to over 200 needy children.[35] In addition, CTR publishes the following books:

  • Anglo-Indians Vanishing remnants of a bygone era – Blair Williams (2002) ISBN 0-9754639-1-8
  • Haunting India – Margaret Deefholts (2003) - ISBN 0 9754639-2-6
  • Voices on the Verandah - Anglo Indian Prose and Poetry - Deefholts and Staub (2004) ISBN 0-9754639-0-X
  • The Way We Were – Anglo-Indian chronicles - Deefholts and Deefholts (2006) ISBN 0-9754639-3-4
  • The Way We Are – An Anglo-Indian Mosaic - Lumb and Veldhuizen (2008) ISBN 978-0-9754639-4-9
  • Women of Anglo-India – Tales and Memoirs – Deefholts and Deefholts (2010) ISBN 978-0-9754639-5-6
  • More Voices on the Verandah – An Anglo-Indian Anthology – Lionel Lumb (2012) ISBN 97809754639-6-3
  • Curtain Call – Anglo-Indian reflections –Kathleen Cassity & Rochelle Almeida (2015) ISBN 97809754639-7-0
  • Unwanted – Esther Mary Lyons (1996) ISBN 0-9754639-9-3 (pp 488) Self published.

The gross proceeds of all book sales goes to CTR.

Today, there are estimated to be 80,000–125,000 Anglo-Indians living in India, most of whom are based in the cities of Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Ratlam, Kochi, Pune, Kollam,[36] Secunderabad, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Kolar Gold Fields, Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, Varanasi, Madurai, Coimbatore, Pothanur, Tiruchirapalli, The Nilgiris, and a few in Hospet and Hatti Gold Mines. Anglo-Indians also live in the towns of Alappuzha, Kozhikode, Cannanore (Kannur) in the South Indian state of Kerala also at Goa and Pondicherry and in some towns of Bihar such as Jamalpur, McCluskieganj and in Uttarakhand such as Dehradun, Jharkhand such as Ranchi, Dhanbad and West Bengal such as Asansol, Kharagpur, Kalimpong. Also a significant number of this population resides in Odisha's Khurda and some in Cuttack. However, the Anglo Indian population has dwindled over the years with most people migrating abroad or to other parts of the country.[3] Tangasseri in Kollam city is the only place in Kerala State where Anglo-Indian tradition is maintained. But almost all the colonial constructions got erased except the Tangasseri Lighthouse built by the British in 1902.[37]

Most of the Anglo-Indians overseas are concentrated in Britain, Australia, Canada, United States, and New Zealand. Of the estimated million or so (including descendants) who have emigrated from India[citation needed], some have settled in European countries like Switzerland, Germany, and France. According to the Anglo-Indians who have settled in Australia, integration for the most part has not been difficult.[38] The community in Burma frequently intermarried with the local Anglo-Burmese community but both communities suffered from adverse discrimination since Burma's military took over the government in 1962, with most having now left the country to settle overseas.

Political status

Main article: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha

Article 366(2) of the Indian Constitution defines Anglo-Indian as:[39][40]

(2) an Anglo Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only;

Between 1952 and 2020, the Anglo-Indian community was the only community in India that had its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha (lower house) in Parliament of India. These two members were nominated by the President of India on the advice of the Government of India. This right was secured from Jawaharlal Nehru by Frank Anthony, the first and longtime president of the All India Anglo-Indian Association. The community was represented by two members. This was done because the community had no native state of its own.

Fourteen states out of twenty-eight states in India; Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal also had a nominated Anglo-Indian member each in their respective State Legislative Assemblies.

In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and State Legislatures of India were basically abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019, but extended to 2030[41][42]

Other populations

Anglo-Indian often only represents Indians mixed with British ancestry during the British Raj.[citation needed] There are many mixed Indians from other European countries during the colonial era. For example, the definition rarely embraces the descendants of the Indians from the old Portuguese colonies of both the Coromandel and Malabar Coasts, who joined the East India Company as mercenaries and brought their families with them.[43] The definition has many extensions, for example, Luso-Indian (mixed Portuguese and Indian) of Goa and Kochi, people of Indo-French descent, and Indo-Dutch descent.

Indians have encountered Europeans since their earliest civilization. They have been a continuous element in the sub-continent. Their presence is not to be considered Anglo-Indian. Similarly, Indians who mixed with Europeans after the British Raj are also not to be considered Anglo-Indian.[4][44]

Britons in the British East Indies and British India

Historically, the term Anglo-Indian was also used in common parlance in the British Government and England during the colonial era to refer to those people (such as Rudyard Kipling, or the hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett), who were of British descent but were born and raised in India, usually because their parents were serving in armed forces or one of the British-run administrations, such as its main government;[22] "Anglo-Indian", in this sense, was a geographically-specific subset of overseas or non-domiciled British.

Anglo-Indian population in Britain

Since the mid-nineteenth century, there has been a population of people of Indian (like Lascars) or mixed British-Indian ethnic origin living in Britain, both through intermarriage between white Britons and Indians, and through the migration of Anglo-Indians from India to Britain.

Indian-British mixed-race children began to appear in England from the 17th century onwards, when lascars serving on English East India Company ships began to arrive in England, where they married local women, due to a lack of Indian women in Britain at the time.[45] As there were no legal restrictions against mixed marriages in England,[45] British-born Anglo-Indians established their own multicultural communities in Britain's dock areas.[46] This led to a number of mixed-race Anglo-Indian children being born in the country; first-generation ethnic Indian females in Britain were from the late 19th century until at least the 1950s outnumbered by British-born Anglo-Indians, who were typically described as 'half-caste Indian' or less derogatorily 'half Indian', the loftier term 'Anglo-Indian' being used in middle and upper-class circles.[47] Some Indian emigrants in Britain were middle class, but the majority were working class — at the time the First World War began, 51,616 lascars were working in Britain.[48]

Rarely domestically referred to as Anglo-Indians,[7] the term is considered dated in Britain. People of Indian or mixed British-Indian ethnicity living in Britain generally prefer the terms British Indian and mixed White-Asian and in predominant White European ancestry cases mostly but also among some first-generation mixed race individuals a self-identification is made as White British.[49][failed verification] The last two categorisations are options given in the UK census as is Mixed Race.

Population in other countries

Bangladesh

There is a significant population of Anglo-Indians in Bangladesh.[50] Anglo-Indians have been present in Bangladesh since the colonial period. Their population decreased to 4,000 in 1947 during the Partition of India. Most of them migrated to United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. In 1970, however, almost 9,000 Anglo-Indians had come from India. During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, almost 1,500 Anglo-Indians lost their lives. After the independence of Bangladesh, during 1974–1976 almost 2,800 Anglo-Indians arrived in Bangladesh from India. In 1980, there were 3,750 reported births of Anglo-Indian children in Bangladesh. By 1993, there were 10,371 Anglo-Indians living in Bangladesh. The Anglo-Indian population in the country reached 20,000 in 2016.[51]

Notable people of Anglo-Indian descent

Rudyard Kipling, author of The Jungle Book (1894), born Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India
A passport photo showing George Orwell, born Motihari, Bengal Presidency, British India, during his time in Burma.

Anglo-Indians of European descent (original definition)

British writer Hector Hugh Munro, better known by his pen name Saki, was born Akyab, British Burma, then still part of British India and served in the Indian Imperial Police.

Anglo-Indians of mixed Indian and European descent (modern definition)

English actor William Henry Pratt, better known by his stage name Boris Karloff, extensively recognised for his roles in various golden age horror films had partial Indian ancestry through both his Mother and Father.
Vivien Leigh, two time Oscar winning British actress who appeared in Gone with the Wind, born Darjeeling, Bengal Presidency to an Anglo-Indian mother.
Ben Kingsley, Academy Award winning British actor known for his major roles in many Hollywood productions, such as Gandhi and Schindler's list, has Gujarati Indian descent through his Father.
Indian actress, model, and former Miss World Diana Hayden was born in Hyderabad to a Christian Anglo-Indian family.
English singer-songwriter Charlotte Emma Aitchison, known professionally as Charli XCX, is of Ugandan Gujarati Indian descent through her mother.
Emelia Clarke, best known for her portrayal as Daenerys Targaryen in Game of Thrones, of partial Indian descent through her maternal grandmother, as a result of a secret affair.

Either definition

See also

Similar communities

Ethnic groups in Britain

Other

India–United Kingdom relations

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Blair Williams, Anglo Indians, CTR Inc. Publishing, 2002, p.189
  2. ^ Anton Williams, Jake Peterson, Alexsander Stevenova, Jennifer Michealson's New Survey (2016) of Bangladesh Population Research: "There are almost 20,000 Anglo-Indians living in Bangladesh." (The Natives of India) The Comparative Studies about Bangladesh. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b Wright, Roy Dean; Wright, Susan W. "The Anglo-Indian Community in Contemporary India" (PDF). Midwest Quarterly. XII (Winter, 1971): 175–185. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Fisher, Michael H. (2007), "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27 (2): 303–314 [305], doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007
  5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition (1989)
  6. ^ Anglo-Indian, Dictionary.com.
  7. ^ a b "Anglo-Indian". Oxford Dictionary Online. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  8. ^ a b Andrews, Robyn (2013). Christmas in Calcutta: Anglo-Indian Stories and Essays. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-81-321-1814-5.
  9. ^ "Some corner of a foreign field". The Economist. 21 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  10. ^ Ferdinands, Rodney (1995). Proud & Prejudiced: the story of the Burghers of Sri Lanka (PDF). Melbourne: R. Ferdinands. pp. 2–32. ISBN 0-646-25592-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2015.
  11. ^ "Eurasian". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
  12. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006), Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857, Orient Blackswan, pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, ISBN 81-7824-154-4
  13. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (2007), "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27 (2): 303–314 [304–5], doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007
  14. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (2007), "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27 (2): 303–314 [305], doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007
  15. ^ a b William., Dalrymple (2011), White Mughals : love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India, CNIB, ISBN 978-0-616-60849-4, OCLC 1012165963, retrieved 25 July 2022
  16. ^ Hawes, Christopher (1996). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India 1773-1833. Curzon Press. pp. 3–11. ISBN 0-7007-0425-6.
  17. ^ Hawes, Christopher (1996). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India 1773-1833. Curzon Press. pp. 15–19. ISBN 0-7007-0425-6.
  18. ^ a b Maher, James, Reginald. (2007). These Are The Anglo Indians . London: Simon Wallenberg Press. (An Anglo Indian Heritage Book)
  19. ^ Beckman, Karen Redrobe (2003), Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism, Duke University Press, pp. 31–3, ISBN 0-8223-3074-1
  20. ^ Kent, Eliza F. (2004), Converting Women, Oxford University Press US, pp. 85–6, ISBN 0-19-516507-1
  21. ^ Kaul, Suvir (1996), "Review Essay: Colonial Figures and Postcolonial Reading", Diacritics, 26 (1): 74–89 [83–9], doi:10.1353/dia.1996.0005, S2CID 144798987
  22. ^ a b c Stark, Herbert Alick. Hostages To India: OR The Life Story of the Anglo Indian Race. Third Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press: Vol 2: Anglo Indian Heritage Books
  23. ^ "Anglo-Indians mark Christmas with charity". The Times of India. India. 26 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
  24. ^ "Jazz and race in colonial India: The role of Anglo-Indian musicians in the diffusion of jazz in Calcutta : Dorin : Jazz Research Journal". Equinoxpub.com. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  25. ^ Frank Anthony (1969). Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo-Indian Community. Allied Publishers. p. 157.
  26. ^ Mansingh, Surjit (2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0. Anthony was vocally critical of the British Raj in India for its racial discrimination in matters of pay and allowances, and for failing to acknowledge the sterling military and civil contributions made by Anglo-Indians to the Raj. Anthony vociferously opposed Partition and fought for the best interests of his community as Indians, not Britishers.
  27. ^ Anthony, Frank. Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo Indian Community. Second Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press, 2007 Pages 144–146, 92.
  28. ^ David Charles Manners. "In the Shadow of Crows". Signal Books. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  29. ^ "Review of Keith St Clair Butler, the Secret Vindaloo TEXT Vol 19 No 1".
  30. ^ a b Andrews, Robyn (2013). Christmas in Calcutta: Anglo-Indian Stories and Essays. SAGE Publications India. pp. 67–68, 76. ISBN 978-81-321-1881-7. ...that 'all Anglo-Indians are Christian, but not all Christians are Anglo-Indians'.
  31. ^ Ratti, Manav (2013). The Postsecular Imagination: Postcolonialism, Religion, and Literature. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-135-09689-2. The Anglo-Indian community in India insists on its minority identity: its biological connection to the British, English as its native language, and its Christian faith.
  32. ^ Griffiths, Kris (4 January 2013). "Anglo-Indians: Is their culture dying out?". BBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  33. ^ "Anglo-Indians in the Indian Air Force". Sumgenius.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  34. ^ Anthony, Frank. Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo Indian Community. Second Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press.
  35. ^ "Calcutta Tiljallah Relief". Blairrw.org. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  36. ^ "In Kerala Anglo-Indians are 100,000 strong, not minuscule 124!". Onmanorama. On Manorama. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  37. ^ "Death knell for Buckingham canal at Thangasseri". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  38. ^ The Anglo-Indian Australian Story: My Experience, Zelma Phillips 2004
  39. ^ "Treaty Bodies Database – Document – State Party Report" United Nations Human Rights Website. 29 April 1996.
  40. ^ "Article 366(2) in The Constitution of India 1949". Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  41. ^ "Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan". www.livelaw.in. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  42. ^ "Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India - Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term". www.elections.in.
  43. ^ See Stark, op. cit.
  44. ^ Dover, Cedric. Cimmerii or Eurasians and Their Future: An Anglo Indian Heritage Book. London: Simon Wallenberg Press, 2007. Pages 62–63
  45. ^ a b Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 81-7824-154-4.
  46. ^ "Growing Up". Moving Here. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  47. ^ Rose, Sonya O.; Frader, Laura Levine (1996). Gender and Class in Modern Europe. Cornell University Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-8014-8146-5.
  48. ^ Ansari, Humayun (2004). The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-685-1.
  49. ^ Ann Baker Cottrell (1979). "Today's Asian-Western Couples Are Not Anglo-Indians". Phylon. 40 (4): 351–361. doi:10.2307/274532. JSTOR 274532.
  50. ^ Anton Williams, Jake Peterson, Alexsander Stevenova, Jennifer Michealson's New Survey(2016) of Bangladesh Population Research:"There are almost 20,000 Anglo-Indians living in Bangladesh."(The Natives of India). The Comparative Studies about Bangladesh. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  51. ^ "สล็อต xo 678". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  52. ^ "Bonding with India". Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 17 May 2004.
  53. ^ Underwood, Eric (2 April 1950). "Letters To the Editor; That Homburg". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  54. ^ Iyengar, Sunil (30 September 2000). "George Orwell -- The Man Who Made Political Writing an Art". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  55. ^ The Harvard Crimson :: News :: A Portrait of Orwell as Eric Blair
  56. ^ "Lord Roberts by Julian Moore". www.kiplingsociety.co.uk. 17 March 2021.
  57. ^ "Anglo-Indians rediscovered in Britain-UK-World-The Times of India". The Times Of India. 9 October 2007.
  58. ^ "Who Do You Think You Are? Series Four". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  59. ^ "Andrea | Tamil Actress Andrea Jeremiah | TSMGO Productions | Interview – Interviews". CineGoer.com. 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  60. ^ a b c Anna and the King: The Real Story of Anna Leonowens. Produced by Kevin Burns. A&E, 1999
  61. ^ "Billy Connolly". Who Do You Think You Are. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  62. ^ "Big shock for Big Yin over Indian heritage". 21 September 2014.
  63. ^ Boris Karloff By Scott Allen Nollen
  64. ^ "Mr Brian Hayes QC".
  65. ^ Daughter of Boris Karloff
  66. ^ How I discovered my mixed race heritage, Independent, pps 10-11, Independent, 18 May 2009
  67. ^ Aftab, Kaleem (21 November 2017). "Emilia Clarke in Bloom". Harper's Bazaar. Hearst Communications. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2020. Granny passed away when Clarke was 16, and the teenager took off for India with her boyfriend to scatter the ashes. "She loved India more than she loved England," Clarke says. "Fuck, yeah. I love that part of me—I'm like one-eighth Indian."
  68. ^ "Member's Profile - Lok Sabha". Lok Sabha Secretariat. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  69. ^ LITTLE HOPE HELD FOR INDIAN ACCORD. George E Jones, New York Times. June 24, 1946. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C16F73E5C14738DDDAD0A94DE405B8688F1D3
  70. ^ "Anglo Indians in the Indian Air Force - Group Captain Kapil Bhargava". Archived from the original on 21 May 2006.
  71. ^ In his autobiography, Johnson stated that while his grandfather looked white, he was actually 3/4 Indian
  72. ^ "Keiran Lee on Twitter". Twitter. Keiran Lee. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  73. ^ "Melanie Is the Cream of Manchester; Melanie Sykes First Shot to Fame through a Beer Advert. Jo Ind Finds Th E Model Turned Presenter Charming Company" - The Birmingham Post (England), June 17, 1998". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  74. ^ "I'd Stay Indoors to Avoid Going Darker" by Cavendish, Lucy - The Evening Standard (London, England), June 23, 2003". Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  75. ^ "Anglo-Indian Girls Defended". The New York Times. 15 August 1944. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  76. ^ "Naomi Scott plays Jasmine in Aladdin 2019". Metro. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  77. ^ "NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'". Disney Channel Medianet. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  78. ^ Barker, Lynn (11 April 2011). "Lemonade Mouth Actors Talk Music and More!". Kidz World. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  79. ^ Indian Traffic By Parama Roy
  80. ^ "Rhona in FHM". The Croft Times. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  81. ^ "A rare old day". Cricinfo. 19 July 2005.
  82. ^ "Talent Search: Actors, Performers, Filmmakers, Production Cre..." Mandy.
  83. ^ "FAQ". RussellPeters.com. 25 January 2009. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  84. ^ "The District". The Washington Post. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  85. ^ Louis James, "Obituary: Sam Selvon", The Independent, 20 April 1994.
  86. ^ Mstress star Shelley Conn: I've been Cheated On. Sunday Mirror. "Mistress star Shelley Conn: I've been cheated on - Sunday Mirror". Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
  87. ^ Son of Roger Binny
  88. ^ Times of India. October 8th, 2008.
  89. ^ Peter Nichols Diaries, 1969-1977, London: Nick Hern Books, 2000, p.133
  90. ^ Philip Meadows Taylor The Story of My Life (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons) 1877 pp62-3

Bibliography

  • Anthony, Frank (1969). Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story Of The Anglo-Indian Community Simon Wallenberg Press, Amazon Books.
  • Chapman, Pat (1998). Taste of the Raj, Hodder & Stoughton, London – ISBN 0-340-68035-0 (1997)
  • Dady, Dorothy S. (2007). Scattered Seeds: The Diaspora of the Anglo-Indians Pagoda Press
  • Deefholts, Margaret (2003). Haunting India: Fiction, Poems, Travel Tales and Memoirs CTR books
  • Deefholts, Margaret and Staub, Sylvia W., eds. (2004). Voices on the Verandah: An anthology of Anglo-Indian Poetry and Prose CTR books
  • Deefholts, Margaret and Deefholts, Glen, eds. The Way We Were: Anglo-Indian Chronicles CTR books
  • Deefholts, Margaret and Deefholts, Susan Women of Anglo-India: Tales and Memoirs CTR books
  • Dyer, Sylvia (2011). The Spell of the Flying Foxes ISBN 0143065343, Amazon Kindle Edition
  • Gabb, Alfred (2000). 1600–1947 Anglo-Indian Legacy Beryl Pogson Books
  • Hawes, Christopher J. (2013). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833. London: Routledge.
  • Lumb, Lionel and Veldhuizen, Deb, eds. The Way We Are: An Anglo-Indian Mosaic CTR books
  • Lumb, Lionel, ed. More Voices on the Verandah: An Anglo-Indian Anthology CTR books
  • Lyons, Mary Esther (2005). Unwanted! Memoirs of an Anglo-Indian Daughter... Spectrum Publications
  • Maher, Reginald (1962). These Are The Anglo-Indians – (An Anglo-Indian Heritage Book) Simon Wallenberg Press
  • Moore, Gloria Jean (1986). The Anglo-Indian Vision
  • Phillips, Z The Anglo-Indian Australian Story: My Experience. A collection of Anglo-Indian Migration Heritage Stories
  • Stark, Herbert Alick ([1926] 2022). Hostages To India: Or The Life Story of the Anglo Indian Race Simon Wallenberg Press.
  • Thomas, Noel, ed. Footprints On The Track: Anglo-Indian Railway Memories
  • Thorpe, Owen (2007). Paper Boats in the Monsoon: Life in the Lost World of Anglo-India Trafford Publishing
  • White, Bridget The Best of Anglo-Indian Cuisine – A Legacy, Flavours of the Past, Anglo-Indian Delicacies, The Anglo-Indian Festive Hamper, A Collection of Anglo-Indian Roasts, Casseroles and Bakes
  • Williams, Blair R. (2002). Anglo-Indians: Vanishing Remnants of a Bygone Era CTR books
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Indian_people&oldid=1123560706"