Voiceless postalveolar affricate
| Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| t͡ʃ | |||
| t͜ʃ | |||
| ʧ | |||
| IPA Number | 103 (134) | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
| X-SAMPA | tS | ||
| |||
The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ⟩ or ⟨t͜ʃ⟩ (formerly ⟨ʧ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨c⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: tʃ. They may be joined with a tiebar (t͡ʃ), and the t may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic (t̠ʃ). Formerly a ligature (ʧ) was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:[citation needed]
- c
- ç
- ć
- č
- ch
- cs
- cz
- tc (older Americanist transcription)
- tš
- tsch
- tx
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | кӀалэ | [tʃalɛ] | 'boy' | ||
| Albanian | [[[Latin alphabet|çelur]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'open' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | [[[Latin alphabet|chamĝul]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | [[[Ge'ez alphabet|አንቺ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: ethi not supported for code: am (help) | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' f. sg. | ||
| Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abɐ] | 'library' | corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Jordanian | كتاب | [t͡ʃiˈt̪aːb] | 'book' | ||
| Iraqi | |||||
| Armenian | ճնճղուկ | 'sparrow' | See Armenian phonology | ||
| Azeri | [[[Azerbaijani alphabet|Əkinçi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ækint͡ʃi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Bengali | চশমা | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Basque | [[[Latin alphabet|txalupa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
| Choctaw | [[[Latin alphabet|hakchioma]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ | [t͡ʃoh] | 'touch' | |
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|morče]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | [[[English orthography|bleach]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bliːt͡ʃ ] | 'bleach' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | [[[Esperanto orthography|ĉar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | [[[Latin alphabet|tjørn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃɶtn] | 'lake' | ||
| French | [[[French alphabet|caoutchouc]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords | |
| Georgian[2] | ჩიხი | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
| German | [[[German alphabet|Tschinelle]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃiˈnɛlə] | 'cymbal' | See German phonology | |
| Hebrew | תשובה | [t͡ʃuvɛ] | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | चाय | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Haitian Creole | [[[Latin alphabet|match]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mat͡ʃ ] | 'sports match' | ||
| Hungarian | [[[Hungarian alphabet|gyümölcslé]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɟymølt͡ʃleː] | '(fruit) juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[3] | [[[Italian alphabet|ciao]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃao] | 'ciao' | See Italian phonology | |
| K'iche' | K'iche' | [kʼit͡ʃeʔ] | K'iche'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
| Macedonian | чека | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | [[[Malay alphabet|cuci]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'wash' | ||
| Maltese | [[[Maltese alphabet|bliċ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [blit͡ʃ ] | 'bleach' | ||
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|kjøkken]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | Only in some dialects, see Norwegian phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[4] | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | |||
| Persian | چوب | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[5] |
[[[Latin alphabet|presente]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pɾeˈzẽt͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ and dialectally /ui/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | [[[Romanian alphabet|cer]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[6] | [[[Latin alphabet|joni]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|slàinte]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [slaːnt͡ʃə] | 'health' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | чоколада/[[[Gaj’s Latin alphabet|čokoláda]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃɔkɔˈlaːda][tone?] | 'chocolate' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Spanish[7] | [[[Spanish orthography|chafar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡ʃaˈfaɾ] | 'to flatten' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo] | 'eye' | ||
| Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃiŋkʰaːtʰ] | 'ten' | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|uçak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ut͡ʃäk] | 'airplane' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | чотири | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | چاۓ | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[8] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] | ||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
Notes
- ^ Watson (2002:17)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Blevins (1994:492)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Blevin, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics, 33 (2): 491–516, doi:10.2307/3623138, JSTOR 3623138
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
