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{{Main article|Punjabi diaspora}}
{{Main article|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Southall station sign.jpg|right|thumb|Southall Station (United Kingdom) sign in Punjabi, in the Gurmukhī script]]
[[File:Southall station sign.jpg|right|thumb|Southall Station (United Kingdom) sign in Punjabi, in the Gurmukhī script]]
Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where [[Punjabi people]] have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language,<ref>name=2011 Census</ref> and Canada, where it is the third-most-spoken language.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada |date=14 February 2008}}</ref>
Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where [[Punjabi people]] have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language,<ref name="2011 Census" /> and Canada, where it is the third-most-spoken language.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_2nd_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada |date=14 February 2008}}</ref>


There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008,<ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue]</ref> 33 million in India in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Indian Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> 1.3 million in the UK in 2000,<ref name=McDonnell>{{cite web |last=McDonnell |first=John |title=Punjabi Community |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm |work=Parliamentary Business: Commons Debates |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=15 July 2012 |page=Column 142WH |date=7 March 2000}}</ref> 368,000 in Canada in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm |title=Population by mother tongue in Canada |publisher=0.statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-02-13 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> and smaller numbers in other countries.
There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008,<ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue]</ref> 33 million in India in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Indian Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> 1.3 million in the UK in 2000,<ref name=McDonnell>{{cite web |last=McDonnell |first=John |title=Punjabi Community |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm |work=Parliamentary Business: Commons Debates |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=15 July 2012 |page=Column 142WH |date=7 March 2000}}</ref> 368,000 in Canada in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm |title=Population by mother tongue in Canada |publisher=0.statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-02-13 |accessdate=2014-01-04}}</ref> and smaller numbers in other countries.

Revision as of 09:15, 19 October 2016

For other uses of "Punjabi", see Punjabi (disambiguation).

Punjabi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ • پنجابی
The word "Punjabi" written in Shahmukhi (Nast'aliq style), Gurmukhi
Native toPunjab region
Native speakers
100 million, including Lahnda variants (2010)[1]
Standard forms
Perso-Arabic
(Shahmukhi alphabet)
Gurmukhi (Brahmic)[3]
Punjabi Braille (India)
Official status
Official language in
 Pakistan
Punjab (Provincial)

 India

Punjab (Primary official)
Delhi (Secondary official)
Haryana (Secondary official)
Language codes
ISO 639-1pa
ISO 639-2pan
ISO 639-3pan – inclusive code
Individual codes:
bhd – Bhadrawahi [a]
bht – Bhattiyali
kfs – Bilaspuri
cdh – Chambeali
cdj – Churahi
doi – Dogri
dgo – Dogri (proper)
gbk – Gaddi (Bharmauri)
kjo – Harijan Kinnauri
hii – Hinduri
jat – Jakati
jns – Jaunsari
hno – Northern Hindko
xnr – Kangri
xhe – Khetrani
kfx – Kullu Pahari
lah – Lahnda
bfz – Mahasu Pahari
mjl – Mandeali
phr – Pahari-Potwari
pgg – Pangwali
skr – Saraiki
srx – Sirmauri
hnd – Southern Hindko
pnb – Western Punjabi
Glottologpanj1256  Punjabi
lahn1241  Lahnda
Linguasphere59-AAF-e
Areas (red) where Punjabi is the native language, compared to all Indo-Aryan languages (dark grey)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Punjabi /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/[4] (Shahmukhi: پنجابی [paṉjābī] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help); Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pañjābī)[5] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language (2015)[6][7] in the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of Pakistan and India. It is the only living language among the Indo-European languages which is a fully tonal language.[8][9][10][11]

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan,[12] the seventh-most widely spoken in India,[13] and the third-most spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the fourth-most spoken language in the United Kingdom[14] and third-most spoken native language (after English and French) in Canada.[15][16] The language also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. Punjabi's cultural language link in the Indian Subcontinent is vast due to Bollywood with many songs partially or fully sung in Punjabi.[17][18][19]

History

Main article: History of the Punjabi language

Punjabi is an Indo-aryan language. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sanskrit, through Sauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit:अपभ्रंश; corruption or corrupted speech). It has been influenced by Turkic languages, Persian, Arabic, Portuguese and English. Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A.D. and became stable by the 10th century.[20][21][22]

By the 10th century, many Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works. Arabic and Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent. Persian language was introduced in the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of Mahmud of Ghazni. Fariduddin Ganjshakar of Pak Pattan is generally recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language.[23] Roughly from the 11th century to 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language. Bulle Shah is considered one of the greatest Sufi poets. Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (son of Hazrat Mai Safoora Qadiriyya, whom Ali Haider had given great tribute) and Bulleh Shah (1680–1757).

File:Punjab-Pak-Sufi Poets.jpg
Sufi poets have enriched Punjabi literature

The Sikh religion originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region and Punjabi is the predominant language spoken by Sikhs.[24] Most portions of the Guru Granth Sahib use the Punjabi language written in Gurmukhi, though Punjabi is not the only language used in Sikh scriptures.

Varan Gyan Ratnavali by 16th century historian Bhai Gurdas
The Janamsakhis, stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. Guru Nanak himself composed Punjabi verse incorporating vocabulary from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and other Indic languages as characteristic of the Gurbani tradition.

Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly the Punjabi Qissa, a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic, Persian and Quranic sources. The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah (1735?–1843?), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892).

Heroic ballads known as vaar enjoy a rich oral tradition in Punjabi.

Modern Punjabi

Gurmukhi alphabet excluding vowels

Standard Punjabi

  • However Punjabi in spoken in many dialects in an area from Islamabad to Delhi. The Majhi dialect has been adopted as standard Punjabi in Pakistan and India for education,media etc.The Majhi (in Shahmukhi ماجھی، in Gurumukhi ਮਾਝੀ) dialect originating from the Majha region of the Punjab. Majha region consists central districts of Pakistani Punjab and in India around Amritsar and Gurdaspur regions, known.The two most important cities in this area are Lahore and Amritsar.
  • In India technical words in Standard Punjabi is loaned from Sanskrit like other major Indian languages,but it generously uses Aabic,Persian and English words also in official language.In this sense Punjabi is different fom Hindi, Bangla and Gujrati languages,where emphasis is given only words from Sanskrit language.In India, Punjabi is written in the Gurumukhī in offices,schools media.Gurumukhi is considered Standard script for Punjabi, though it is often unofficially written in the Devanagari or Latin scripts due to influence from Hindi and English, India's two primary official languages at the Union-level.
  • In Pakistan, Punjabi is generally written using the Shahmukhī script, created from a modification of the Persian Nastaʿlīq script.In Pakistan Punajbi loans technical words from Persian and Arabic languages like Urdu.

Official status

In India, Punjabi is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It is the first official language of the Indian State of Punjab.Punjabi has also second official status in Delhi along with Urdu, Haryana. In Pakistan, no regional ethnic language has been granted official status at the national level, and as such Punjabi is not an official language at the national level, even though it is the most spoken language in Pakistan after Urdu. It is, however, the official provincial language of Punjab, Pakistan, the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan as well as in Islamabad Capital Territory. The only two official national languages in Pakistan are Urdu and English, which are considered the lingua francas of Pakistan.

Punjabi in modern culture

Punjabi is becoming more acceptable among Punjabis in modern media and communications. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian cinema. A large number of Hindi movies now incorporate Punjabi vocabulary in music and dialogue. Punjabi pop and folk songs are very popular both in India and Pakistan at the national level. The number of students opting for Punjabi literature has increased in Pakistani Punjab. Punjabi cinema in India has also seen a revival and more and more Punjabi movies are being produced. In India, the number of students opting for Punjabi Literature as optional subject in IAS examinations has increased along with the success rate of the students. Punjabi music is very popular today throughout the world.[25]

Main article: Punjabi dialects

The major dialects of Punjabi include Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Powadhi, Pothohari, and Multani. The dialects in the Lahnda dialect continuum, including Saraiki and Hindko, are considered as dialects of Punjabi by many linguists but as distinct languages by others.[26]

In Indo-Aryan dialectology generally, the presence of transitional dialects creates problems in assigning some dialects to one or another "language".[27][28] However, over the last century there has usually been little disagreement when it comes to defining the core region of the Punjabi language. The British linguist George Abraham Grierson came to the conclusion that a group of dialects known collectively as "western Punjabi" spoken north and west of the Punjab heartland, in the Indus valley itself and on the lower reaches of the other four tributaries (excluding the Beas River), in fact constituted a language distinct from Punjabi. He named this group of dialects "Lahnda" in a volume of the Language Survey of India (LSI) published in 1919.[29] He grouped as "southern Lahnda" the dialects that are now recognized as Saraiki. In the National Census of Pakistan (1981) Saraiki and Hindko (previously categorized as "Western Punjabi"), got the status of separate languages,[30] which explains the decrease in the percentage of Punjabi speakers.

Standard dialect

The Majhi dialect spoken around Amritsar and Lahore is Punjabi's prestige dialect. Majhi is spoken in the heart of Punjab in the region of Majha, which spans Lahore, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Kasur, Tarn Taran, Faisalabad, Nankana Sahib, Pathankot, Okara, Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Narowal, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Chiniot, Gujranwala and Gujrat districts. Majhi retains the nasal consonants /ŋ/ and /ɲ/, which have been superseded elsewhere by non-nasals /ɡ/ and /d͡ʒ/ respectively. The Majhi (and Lahnda) spoken in Pakistan is more Persianized in vocabulary, and the usage of the sounds /z/, /x/ and /ɣ/ is more common.

English Gurmukhi based (Indian) Shahmukhi based (Pakistan)
President ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ (rāśaṭarapatī) صدرا ملمکت ([sadar-e mulmikat] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))
Article ਲੇਖ (lēkh) مظمون ([mazmūn] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))
Prime Minister ਪ੍ਰਧਾਨ ਮੰਤਰੀ (pradhān matarī) وزیرا اعظم ([wazir-e aʿzam] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))
Family ਪਰਵਾਰ/ਟੱਬਰ (parvār/ṭabar) تابڑ/خاندان ([khāndān/tabbar] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))
Philosophy ਦਰਸ਼ਨ (darśan) فلسفہ ([falsafā] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))
Capital ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ (rājdhānī) راجدغانڑ/دارال حکومت ([dārul haqūmat/rājghar] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))
Viewer ਦਰਸ਼ਕ (darśak) ناظرین ([nāzrīn] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: Punjabi (help))

Etymology

The word Punjabi is derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for "Five Waters", referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca and Greek pente "five", and "āb" is cognate with the Av- of Avon. The historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej.

In India, Punjabi is written in Gurmukhī, a standardized script. The word Gurmukhi translates into 'from the Guru's mouth'.[31] In Pakistan, the Shahmukhī script, meaning "from the King's mouth", based on the Persian abjad is used.[32]

Geographic distribution

Pakistan

File:Punjabadmin.jpg
Administrative divisions of Punjab Pakistan
See also: Languages of Pakistan

Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Punjabi is the provincial language in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as a native language by over 44.15% of Pakistanis. About 70.0% of the people of Pakistan speak Punjabi as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. 86% of the total population of Lahore is native Punjabi and Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, is 71% native Punjabis at 3rd after Faisalabad where 76% are native. There are also large number of Punjabi speakers in Karachi.

Census history of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan[33]
Year Population of Pakistan Percentage Punjabi speakers
1951 33,740,167 57.08% 22,632,905
1961 42,880,378 56.39% 28,468,282
1972 65,309,340 56.11% 43,176,004
1981 84,253,644 48.17% 40,584,980
1998 132,352,279 44.15% 58,433,431
Provinces of Pakistan by Punjabi speakers (2008)
Rank Division Punjabi speakers Percentage
– Pakistan 106,335,300 60% (inc Saraiki and Hindko dialects)
1 Punjab 70,671,704 75.23%
2 Sindh 4,592,261 10%
3 Islamabad Capital Territory 1,343,625 71.66%
4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 7,396,085 21%
5 Balochistan 318,745 2.52%

In the 1981 National Census of Pakistan the Saraiki, Pothohari and Hindko dialects of the Western Punjabi were accorded the status of separate languages, which explains the decrease of the percentage of Punjabi speakers.

India

Districts of Indian Punjab along with their headquarters
See also: States of India by Punjabi speakers

Punjabi is spoken as a native language, second language, or third language by about 30 million people in India. Punjabi is the official language of the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. Some of its major urban centres in northern India are Ambala, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, and Delhi.

Census history of Punjabi speakers in India[34]
Year Population of India Punjabi speakers in India Percentage
1971 548,159,652 14,108,443 2.57%
1981 665,287,849 19,611,199 2.95%
1991 838,583,988 23,378,744 2.79%
2001 1,028,610,328 29,102,477 2.83%

Punjabi diaspora

Main article: Punjabi diaspora
Southall Station (United Kingdom) sign in Punjabi, in the Gurmukhī script

Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language,[35] and Canada, where it is the third-most-spoken language.[36]

There were 76 million Punjabi speakers in Pakistan in 2008,[37] 33 million in India in 2011,[38] 1.3 million in the UK in 2000,[39] 368,000 in Canada in 2006,[40] and smaller numbers in other countries.

Phonology

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i(ː) ਈ u(ː) ਊ
Near-close ɪ ਇ ʊ ਉ
Close-mid e(ː) ਏ o(ː) ਓ
Mid ə ਅ
Open-mid ɛ(ː) ਐ ɔ(ː) ਔ
Open a(ː) ਆ

The long vowels (the vowels with [ː]) also have nasal analogues.

Consonants
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ਮ n ਨ ɳ ਣ ɲ ਞ ŋ ਙ
Stop/
Affricate 		tenuis p ਪ t̪ ਤ ʈ ਟ t͡ʃ ਚ k ਕ
aspirated pʰ ਫ t̪ʰ ਥ ʈʰ ਠ t͡ʃʰ ਛ kʰ ਖ
voiced b ਬ d̪ ਦ ɖ ਡ d͡ʒ ਜ ɡ ਗ
Fricative voiceless f ਫ਼ s ਸ ʃ ਸ਼ (x ਖ਼)
voiced z ਜ਼ (ɣ ਗ਼)
Flap ɾ ਰ ɽ ੜ
Approximant ʋ ਵ l ਲ ɻ ਲ਼[41] j ਯ ɦ ਹ

Tone

Punjabi has three phonemically distinct tones that developed from the lost murmured (or "voiced aspirate") series of consonants. Phonetically the tones are rising or rising-falling contours and they can span over one syllable or two, but phonemically they can be distinguished as high, mid, and low.

A historical murmured consonant (voiced aspirate consonant) in word initial position became tenuis and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: ghoṛā [kòːɽɑ̀ː] "horse". A stem-final murmured consonant became modally voiced and left a high tone on the two syllables preceding it: māgh [mɑ́ːɡ] "October". A stem-medial murmured consonant which appeared after a short vowel and before a long vowel became modally voiced and left a low tone on the two syllables following it: maghāuṇā [məɡɑ̀ːʊ̀ɳɑ̀ː] "to have something lit". Other syllables have mid tone.[42]

Grammar

Main article: Punjabi grammar

The grammar of the Punjabi language concerns the word order, case marking, verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic structures of the Punjabi language. The main article discusses the grammar of Modern Standard Punjabi as defined by the sources cited therein.

Writing systems

Main articles: Shahmukhī alphabet, Gurmukhī alphabet, and Punjabi braille
Shahmukhi alphabet
ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل ࣇ م ن ݨ (ں) و ه (ھ) ء ی ے
Extended Perso-Arabic script

There are two ways to write Punjabi: Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi. The word Gurmukhi translates into "Guru's mouth",[31] and Shahmukhi means "from the King's mouth".[32]

In the Punjab province of Pakistan, the script used is Shahmukhi and differs from the Urdu alphabet in having four additional letters.[43] In the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi and other parts of India, the Gurmukhī script is generally used for writing Punjabi.[43]

Sample text

This sample text was taken from the Punjabi Wikipedia article on Lahore.

Gurmukhi:

ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀ ਹੈ । ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਰਾਚੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਲਹੌਰ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਹੈ । ਲਹੌਰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਸਿਆਸੀ, ਰਹਤਲੀ ਤੇ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਦਾ ਗੜ੍ਹ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਦਿਲ ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ । ਲਹੌਰ ਦਰਿਆ-ਏ-ਰਾਵੀ ਦੇ ਕੰਢੇ ਤੇ ਵਸਦਾ ਹੈ । ਤੇ ਇਸਦੀ ਲੋਕ ਗਿਣਤੀ ਇੱਕ ਕਰੋੜ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੈ ।

Shahmukhi:

لاهور پاکستانی پنجاب دا دارالحکومت اے۔ لوک گنتی دے نال کراچی توں بعد لاهور دوجا سبھ توں وڈا شہر اے۔ لاهور پاکستان دا سیاسی، رہتلی تے پڑھائی دا گڑھ اے تے اس لئی ایھنوں پاکستان دا دل وی کیھا جاندا اے۔ لاهور دریاۓ راوی دے کنڈھے تے وسدا ۔ اے اسدی لوک گنتی اک کروڑ دے نیڑے اے ۔

Transliteration: lahaur pākistānī panjāb dī rājdā̀ni ài. lok giṇtī de nāḷ karācī tõ bāad lahaur dūjā sáb tõ vaḍḍā šáir ài. lahor pākistān dā siāsī, rátalī te paṛā̀ī dā gáṛ ài te is laī ínū̃ pākistān dā dil vī kihā jāndā ài. lahaur dariāe rāvī de kaṇḍè te vasdā ài. te isdī lok giṇtī ikk karoṛ de neṛe ài.

Translation: Lahore is the capital city of the Pakistani Punjab. After a number of people from Karachi, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political stronghold and education capital and so it is also the heart of Pakistan. Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River. And, its population is close to a million people.

IPA: [lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːnīː pə̄̃d͡ʒāːb d̪īː ɾāːd͡ʒt̪àːnɪ̄ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lōk ɡɪ̄ɳt̪īː d̪ē nāːl kə̄ɾāːt͡ʃīː t̪ō̃ bāːə̄d̪ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ d̪ūːd͡ʒāː sə́p t̪ō̃ ʋːə̄ɖāː ʃə̄ɦɪ̄ɾ ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːn d̪āː sɪ̄āːsīː | ɾə́ɦt̪ə̄līː t̪ē pə̄ɽɦàːīː d̪āː ɡə́ɽɦ ɦɛ̀ː t̪ē ɪ̄s lə̄īː ɪ́ɦnū̃ pāːkɪ̄st̪āːn d̪āː d̪ɪ̄l ʋīː kɪ̄ɦāː d͡ʒā̃ːd̪āː ɦɛ̀ː ‖ lə̄ɦɔ̄ːɾ d̪ə̄ɾɪ̄āːē ɾāːʋīː d̪ē kə̄̃ʈè t̪ē ʋə̄̃sd̪īː ɦɛ̀ː ‖ t̪ē īsd̪īː lōk ɡɪ̄ɳt̪īː ɪ̄kː kə̄ɾōɽ d̪ē nēɽē ɦɛ̀ː ‖]

  • Book about Punjabi in Shahmukhi
    Book about Punjabi in Shahmukhi
  • Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi
    Guru Granth Sahib in Gurmukhi
  • Punjabi Gurmukhi Script
    Punjabi Gurmukhi Script
  • Punjabi Shahmukhi script
    Punjabi Shahmukhi script
  • Bhulay Shah Poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
    Bhulay Shah Poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
  • Munir niazi Poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
    Munir niazi Poetry in Punjabi (Shahmukhi script)
  • Gurmukhi alphabet
    Gurmukhi alphabet

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The status of these various languages below as Punjabi varieties or separate languages is subject to discussion.
  1. ^ "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in Nationalencyklopedin
  2. ^ "Punjabi". languagesgulper.com. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  3. ^ "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001".
  4. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
  5. ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2. Retrieved 24 October 2014. Sikhs often write Punjabi in Gurmukhi, Hindus in Devanagari, and Muslims in Perso-Arabic.
  6. ^ "Världens 100 största språk 2010". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "What Are The Top 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World?".
  8. ^ Barbara Lust, James Gair. Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages. Page 637. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-014388-1.
  9. ^ "Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  10. ^ Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi Archived 2015-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Geeti Sen. Crossing Boundaries. Orient Blackswan, 1997. ISBN 978-81-250-1341-9. Page 132. Quote: "Possibly, Punjabi is the only major South Asian language that has this kind of tonal character. There does seem to have been some speculation among scholars about the possible origin of Punjabi's tone-language character but without any final and convincing answer..."
  12. ^ "Pakistan Census". Census.gov.pk. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  13. ^ Census of India, 2001: population of Punjab by religion. Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2012-01-18.
  14. ^ "2011 Census: Main language (detailed), local authorities in England and Wales" (XLS). ONS. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  15. ^ [1], Census Profile – Province/Territory
  16. ^ [2], 2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations|Detailed Mother Tongue (103), Knowledge of Official Languages
  17. ^ ‘Punjabification’ of Bollywood music – Fiji Times Online. Fijitimes.com (2013-01-08). Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  18. ^ Punjabi culture a part of Bollywood, says Suniel Shetty – Times Of India. The Times of India. (2012-07-20). Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  19. ^ Punjab gatecrashes Bollywood | Culture. Times Crest (2012-05-05). Retrieved 2013-07-12.
  20. ^ India's culture through the ages by Mohan Lal Vidyarthi. Published by Tapeshwari Sahitya Mandir, 1952. Page 148: "From the apabhramsha of Sauraseni are derived Punjabi, Western Hindi, Rajasthani and Gujerati [sic]..."
  21. ^ National Communication and Language Policy in India By Baldev Raj Nayar. Published by F. A. Praeger, 1969. Page 35. "...Sauraseni Aprabhramsa from which have emerged the modern Western Hindi and Punjabi."
  22. ^ The Sauraseni Prākrit Language. "This Middle Indic language originated in Mathura, and was the main language used in drama in Northern India in the mediaeval era. Two of its descendants are Hindi and Punjabi."
  23. ^ Shiv Kumar Batalvi sikh-heritage.co.uk.
  24. ^ Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. p. 1077. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
  25. ^ "Balle balle! Punjabi music is flavour of Bollywood". 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  26. ^ Farina Mir (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. University of California Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.
  27. ^ Masica 1991:25
  28. ^ Burling 1970:chapter on India
  29. ^ Shackle 1970:240
  30. ^ Michael Edward Brown; Sumit Ganguly (2003). Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia. MIT Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-262-52333-2.
  31. ^ a b Khalsa, Sukhmandir. "Introduction to Gurmukhi". About.com. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  32. ^ a b Saini, Tejinder, Lehal Gurpreet, and Kalra Virinder (2008). Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System. p. 177.
  33. ^ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html
  34. ^ "Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference 2011 Census was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada". The Times of India. 14 February 2008.
  37. ^ Pakistan 1998 census – Population by mother tongue
  38. ^ "Indian Census". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  39. ^ McDonnell, John (7 March 2000). "Punjabi Community". Parliamentary Business: Commons Debates. UK Parliament. p. Column 142WH. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  40. ^ "Population by mother tongue in Canada". 0.statcan.gc.ca. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  41. ^ Masica (1991:97)
  42. ^ Harjeet Singh Gill, "The Gurmukhi Script", p. 397. In Daniels and Bright, The World's Writing Systems. 1996.
  43. ^ a b "Punjabi". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

References

Further reading

  • Bhatia, Tej. 1993 and 2010. Punjabi : a cognitive-descriptive grammar. London: Routledge. Series: Descriptive grammars.
  • Gill H.S. [Harjit Singh] and Gleason, H.A. 1969. A reference grammar of Punjabi. Revised edition. Patiala, Punjab, India: Languages Department, Punjab University.
  • Shackle, C. 1972. Punjabi. London: English Universities Press.
  • Chopra, R. M., Perso-Arabic Words in Panjabi, in: Indo-Iranica Vol.53 (1–4).
  • Chopra, R. M.., The Legacy of The Punjab, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
  • Singh, Chander Shekhar (2004). Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo.
  • Singh, Chander Shekhar (2014). Punjabi Intonation: An Experimental Study. Muenchen: LINCOM EUROPA.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Punjabi
Eastern Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Western Punjabi edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For a list of words relating to Punjabi language, see the Punjabi language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Punjabi phrasebook.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjabi language.

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