1975: Difference between revisions

1975 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1975; MCMLXXV
Ab urbe condita	2728
Armenian calendar	1424; ԹՎ ՌՆԻԴ
Assyrian calendar	6725
Baháʼí calendar	131–132
Balinese saka calendar	1896–1897
Bengali calendar	1382
Berber calendar	2925
British Regnal year	23 Eliz. 2 – 24 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2519
Burmese calendar	1337
Byzantine calendar	7483–7484
Chinese calendar	甲寅年 (Wood Tiger); 4672 or 4465; — to —; 乙卯年 (Wood Rabbit); 4673 or 4466
Coptic calendar	1691–1692
Discordian calendar	3141
Ethiopian calendar	1967–1968
Hebrew calendar	5735–5736
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2031–2032
- Shaka Samvat	1896–1897
- Kali Yuga	5075–5076
Holocene calendar	11975
Igbo calendar	975–976
Iranian calendar	1353–1354
Islamic calendar	1394–1395
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 50; (昭和５０年)
Javanese calendar	1906–1907
Juche calendar	64
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4308
Minguo calendar	ROC 64; 民國64年
Nanakshahi calendar	507
Thai solar calendar	2518
Tibetan calendar	阳木虎年; (male Wood-Tiger); 2101 or 1720 or 948; — to —; 阴木兔年; (female Wood-Rabbit); 2102 or 1721 or 949
Unix time	157766400 – 189302399

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century ; 21st century;
Decades:	1950s; 1960s; 1970s ; 1980s; 1990s;
Years:	1972; 1973; 1974; 1975 ; 1976; 1977; 1978;

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1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1975th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 975th year of the 2nd millennium, the 75th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1970s decade.

It was also declared the International Women's Year by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe.

Events

January

January
- Altair 8800 is released, sparking the microcomputer revolution.
- Volkswagen introduces the Golf, its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as the Volkswagen Rabbit.
January 1
- Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham join Fleetwood Mac.
- Watergate scandal (United States): John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up.
- Malawi changes its capital city from Zomba to Lilongwe.
January 2
- The Federal Rules of Evidence are approved by the United States Congress.
- Bangladesh revolutionary leader Siraj Sikder is killed by police while in custody.
January 5 – Tasman Bridge disaster: The Tasman Bridge in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier MV Lake Illawarra, killing 12 people.
January 6 – United States television debuts:
- Game show Wheel of Fortune premieres on NBC.
- AM America makes its television debut on ABC.
January 7 – OPEC agrees to raise crude oil prices by 10%.
January 8
- Ella Grasso becomes Governor of Connecticut, the first female U.S. governor who does not succeed her husband.
- U.S. President Gerald Ford appoints Vice President Nelson Rockefeller to head a special commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the CIA.
January 14 – Heiress Lesley Whittle, 17, is kidnapped from her home in Shropshire, England by Donald Neilson.
January 15
- Alvor Agreement: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to Angola on November 11.
- International Women's Year is launched in Britain by Princess Alexandra and Barbara Castle.
- Steel roller coaster Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom) opens at Walt Disney World in Florida, becoming one of the park's most popular attractions into the 21st century.
January 18 – The United States Atomic Energy Commission is divided between the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, partly in response to the 1973 oil crisis.
January 19 – 1975 Kinnaur earthquake: An earthquake strikes Himachal Pradesh, India.
January 20
- In Hanoi, North Vietnam, the Politburo approves the final military offensive against South Vietnam.
- American talent agent Michael Ovitz founds the Creative Artists Agency.
- Work is abandoned on the British end of the Channel Tunnel.
January 24 – Jazz pianist Keith Jarrett plays the solo improvisation 'The Köln Concert' at the Cologne Opera, which, recorded live, becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.^[1]
January 26 – Immaculata University defeats the University of Maryland 80-48 in the first nationally televised women's basketball game in the United States.^[2]
January 29 – The Weather Underground radical student group bombs the United States Department of State main office in Washington, D.C.

February

February 1 – The Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is launched in the Philippines.
February 4 – The Haicheng earthquake, the first successfully predicted earthquake, kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.
February 6 – A crucial by-election is held in Kankesanthurai, Sri Lanka.
February 9 – The Soyuz 17 crew (Georgy Grechko, Aleksei Gubarev) returns to Earth after 1 month aboard the Salyut 4 space station.
February 11
- Margaret Thatcher defeats Edward Heath for the leadership of the opposition UK Conservative Party. Thatcher, 49, is Britain's first female leader of any political party.^[3]
- Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, President of Madagascar, is assassinated.
February 13
- A "Turkish Federated State of North Cyprus" is declared as an unsuccessful first step to international recognition of a Turkish Cypriot separatist state in Cyprus.
- A fire breaks out in the World Trade Center.
February 21 – Watergate scandal: Former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, and former White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in prison.
February 23 – In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly 2 months early in the United States.
February 26 – A fleeing Provisional Irish Republican Army member shoots and kills off-duty London police officer Stephen Tibble, 22, as he gives chase.
February 27 – The 2 June Movement kidnaps West German politician Peter Lorenz. He is released on March 4 after most of the kidnappers' demands are met.
February 28
- A major tube train crash at Moorgate station, London kills 43 people.
- In Lomé, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lomé Convention.

March

March 1
- Aston Villa win the Football League Cup at Wembley, beating Norwich City 1–0 in the final.
- Australian television switches to colour.
March 4
- Charlie Chaplin is knighted by Elizabeth II.
- A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time.
March 6
- Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.
- A bomb explodes in the Paris offices of the Springer Press. The 6 March Group (connected to the Red Army Faction) demands amnesty for the Baader-Meinhof Group.
March 7 – The body of teenage heiress Lesley Whittle, kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the "Black Panther", is discovered in Staffordshire, England.
March 8 – The United Nations proclaims International Women's Day.
March 9 – Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System begins.
March 10
- Vietnam War: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột, South Vietnam, on their way to capturing Saigon.
- The Rocky Horror Show opens on Broadway in New York City; closed after 3 previews and 45 performances.
- An extended portion of Sanyō Shinkansen between Okayama Station and Hakata Station opens, thus making Shinkansen reach the second island, Kyushu, Japan.
March 11 – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist coup attempt.
March 13 – Vietnam War: South Vietnam President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu orders the Central Highlands evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and civilians (the Convoy of Tears).
March 15 – In Brazil, Guanabara State merges into the state of Rio de Janeiro. The state's capital moves from the city of Niterói to the city of Rio de Janeiro.
March 22 – Ding-a-dong by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens) wins the 20th Eurovision Song Contest 1975 for the Netherlands.
March 25 – King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed by his nephew; the killer is beheaded on June 18. (King Khalid succeeds Faisal.)
March 28 – A fire in the maternity wing at Kucic Hospital in Rijeka, former Yugoslavia, kills 25 people.
March 31
- Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (39th government, a four-party coalition, so-called First National Front (Turkish: Milliyetçi cephe)).
- In his final game on the sideline, John Wooden coaches UCLA to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the Bruins defeat Kentucky 92-85 in the title game at San Diego.

April

April 3 – Bobby Fischer refuses to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov, giving Karpov the title.
April 4
- Vietnam War: The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.
- Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
April 5 – The Soviet manned space mission Soyuz 18a ends in failure during its ascent into orbit when a critical malfunction occurs in the second and third stages of the booster rocket during staging, resulting in the cosmonauts and their Soyuz spacecraft having to be ripped free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts survive.
April 9
- Asia's first professional basketball league, the Philippine Basketball Association, plays its first game at the Araneta Coliseum.
- Eight people in South Korea, who are involved in the People's Revolutionary Party Incident, are hanged.
April 13
- Bus massacre: The Kataeb militia kills 27 Palestinians during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, Lebanon, triggering the Lebanese Civil War which lasts until 1990.
- A coup d'état in Chad led by the military overthrows and kills President François Tombalbaye.
April 17 – The Khmer Republic surrenders, when the Communist Khmer Rouge guerilla forces capture Phnom Penh ending the Cambodian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians.
April 18 – The Khmer Rouge beings prompting a forcible mass evacuation of the city and starting the genocide.
April 24 – Six Red Army Faction terrorists take over the West German embassy in Stockholm, take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group's jailed members; shortly after, they are captured by Swedish police (See West German Embassy siege).
April 25 – Vietnam War: As North Vietnamese Army forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.
April 30 – The Vietnam War ends with the Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War ends as Communist forces from North Vietnam take Saigon, resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally.

May

May 3 – West Ham United win the FA Cup at Wembley, beating Fulham 2–0 in the final. Both goals are scored by Alan Taylor. West Ham legend Bobby Moore, appears for Fulham.
May 5 – The Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park opens in Virginia.
May 12 – Mayaguez incident: Khmer Rouge forces in Cambodia seize the United States merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters.
May 15 – Mayaguez incident: The American merchant ship Mayaguez, seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.
May 16
- Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum.
- Junko Tabei becomes the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
May 25 – Indianapolis 500: Bobby Unser wins for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race.
May 27 – The Dibbles Bridge coach crash near Grassington, North Yorkshire, England results in 32 deaths (the highest ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident).
May 28 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States.

June

June 5
- The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
- The United Kingdom votes yes in a referendum to stay in the European Community.
June 6 – The Georgetown Agreement, formally creating the ACP Group, is signed.
June 9 – The Order of Australia is awarded for the first time.
June 10 – In Washington, D.C., the Rockefeller Commission issues its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.
June 19 – Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan is found guilty in absentia of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.
June 25
- Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency in India, suspending civil liberties and elections.
- Mozambique gains independence from Portugal.
June 26 – Two FBI agents and 1 AIM member die in a shootout, at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.

July

July 1 – The Postmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post).
July 4 – Sydney newspaper publisher Juanita Nielsen disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered.
July 5 – Cape Verde gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule.
July 6
- The Comoros declares and is granted their independence from France.
- Ruffian, an American champion thoroughbred racehorse breaks down in a match race against Kentucky Derby winner, Foolish Pleasure; she has to be euthanized the following day.
July 9 – The National Assembly of Senegal passes a law that will pave way for a multi-party system (albeit highly restricted).
July 12 – São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal.
July 17 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: A manned American Apollo spacecraft and the manned Soviet Soyuz spacecraft for the Soyuz 19 mission, docks in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.
July 30 – In Detroit, former Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing.

August

August 1 – The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.
August 3 – The Louisiana Superdome opens in New Orleans.
August 5 – U.S. President Ford posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship of General Robert E. Lee, military leader of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
August 8
- The Banqiao Dam, in China's Henan Province, fails after a freak typhoon; over 200,000 people perish.
- Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president of Seagram's, is kidnapped in Purchase, New York.
August 11
- British Leyland Motor Corporation comes under British government control.
- Governor Mário Lemos Pires of Portuguese East Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a UDT coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin.
August 15
- The Birmingham Six are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment in Great Britain (they are released 1991).
- Founder President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh is killed during a coup led by Major Syed Faruque Rahman.
August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.
August 24 – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in Athens. The sentences are later commuted to life imprisonment.

September

September–October – In New Zealand, Māori leader Whina Cooper leads a march of 5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land.
September 5
- In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme, a follower of jailed cult leader Charles Manson, attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by a Secret Service agent.
- The London Hilton Hotel is bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army; 2 people are killed and 63 injured.^[4]
September 6 – A Richter scale 6.7 magnitude earthquake kills at least 2,085 in Diyarbakır and Lice, Turkey.
September 9 – Riverfront Coliseum opens in Cincinnati.
September 14
- Elizabeth Seton is canonized, becoming the first American Roman Catholic saint.
- Rembrandt's painting "The Night Watch" is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
September 15 – The French department of "Corse", comprising the entire island of Corsica, is divided into two departments: Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) and Corse-du-Sud (Southern Corsica).

September 16 – Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia.
September 18 – Fugitive Patty Hearst is captured in San Francisco.
September 19 – General Vasco Gonçalves is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal.
September 20 – The term of Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, as the 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, ends.
September 21 – Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra of Kelantan, becomes the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
September 22 – U.S. President Gerald Ford survives a second assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore in San Francisco.
September 24 – Dougal Haston and Doug Scott on the 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition become the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest by any of its faces and the first Britons to reach the summit by any route.
September 27
- Francoist Spain executes 5 ETA and FRAP members, the last executions in Spain to date.
- The Norwood Football Club beats the Glenelg Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) Australian rules football Grand Final.
September 28 – The Spaghetti House siege takes place in London.
September 30 – The Hughes Helicopters (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing IDS) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.

October

October 1 – Thrilla in Manila: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.
October 2 – A blast at an explosives factory kills 6 in Beloeil, Quebec.
October 9 – A bomb explosion outside the Green Park tube station near Piccadilly in London kills 1 and injures 20.
October 11 – NBC airs the first episode of Saturday Night Live (George Carlin is the first host; Billy Preston and Janis Ian the first musical guests).
October 16 –
- Five Australian-based journalists are killed at Balibo by Indonesian forces, during their incursion into Portuguese Timor.
- The last naturally occurring case of smallpox was diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old Rahima Banu.^[5]
October 21 – 1975 World Series: The Cincinnati Reds are defeated by the Boston Red Sox in Game Six off Carlton Fisk's 12th-inning home run to cap off what many consider to be the best World Series game ever played.
October 22 – The Reds defeat the Red Sox 4 games to 3 in a broadcast that breaks records for a televised sporting event.
October 27 – Robert Poulin kills 1 and wounds 5 at St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Canada before shooting himself.
October 30
- Peter Sutcliffe (the "Yorkshire Ripper") commits his first murder, that of Wilma McCann.
- Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state after dictator Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern.

November

November 3
- An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States' largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate growth."
- The first petroleum pipeline opens from Cruden Bay to Grangemouth, Scotland.
- The long-running television game show The Price Is Right expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on CBS.
November 6
- The Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
- The Sex Pistols play their first gig at Saint Martins College, London.
November 7 – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility in Geleen, Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting for 5 days.
November 10
- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), the United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism. The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed in 1991.
- The 729-foot (222 m)-long freighter SS Edmund Fitzgerald sinks during a storm 17 miles (27 km) from the entrance to Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew members on board (an event immortalized in song by Gordon Lightfoot).
- Lev Leshchenko revives "Den Pobedy", one of the most popular World War II songs in the USSR.

November 11
- Angola becomes independent from Portugal; civil war soon erupts.
- Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr dismisses the government of Gough Whitlam and commissions Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister.
- The first annual Vogalonga rowing "race" is held in Venice, Italy.
November 14 – Spain abandons Western Sahara.
November 15 – The "Group of 6" (G-6) industrialized nations is formed.
November 16 – Beginning of the Third Cod War between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.
November 20
- Former California Governor Ronald Reagan enters the race for the Republican presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Gerald Ford.
- Spanish dictator Francisco Franco dies in Madrid, effectively marking the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy.
November 22 – Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of dictator Francisco Franco; he would reign until his abdication in 2014.

November 25
- Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- The Provisional Irish Republican Army is outlawed in the United Kingdom.^{[citation needed]}
November 26 – The 1975 cult classic movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show is released in America.
November 27 – Ross McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records, is shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army for offering reward money to informers.
November 28 – Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor.
November 29
- The name "Micro-soft" (for microcomputer software) is used by Bill Gates in a letter to Paul Allen for the first time (Microsoft becomes a registered trademark on November 26, 1976).
- While disabled, the submarine tender USS Proteus discharges radioactive coolant water into Apra Harbor, Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour, 50 times the allowable dose.

December

December 2 – In Laos, the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeats the Kingdom of Laos, forcing King Sisavang Vatthana to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the Laotian Civil War, with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians.
December 3 – The ongoing Insurgency in Laos begins with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmongs, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.
- – The 1916 wreck of HMHS Britannic is found in the Kea Channel by Jacques Cousteau.
December 8 – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion each year through to 1978 – 6.9 billion total.
December 7 – Indonesian invasion of East Timor: Indonesia invades East Timor; the occupation continues until 1999, when U.N. peacekeepers take over control until 2002.
December 21 – Six people, including Carlos the Jackal, kidnap delegates of an OPEC conference in Vienna.
December 25 – The heavy metal band Iron Maiden is formed by Steve Harris in London.
December 29 – A bomb explosion at LaGuardia Airport in New York City kills 11 people.

Date unknown

The Spanish Army quits Spanish Sahara (modern-day Western Sahara), last remnant of the Spanish Empire. The Sahrawi Republic (RASD) is created. Morocco invades the former territory.
The government of Colombia announces the finding of Ciudad Perdida.
Benoit Mandelbrot coins the mathematical term fractal.
Lyme disease is first diagnosed at Lyme, Connecticut.
Victoria (Australia) abolishes capital punishment.
South Australia becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.
Some members of Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Armageddon will occur this year based on the group's chronology^[6] and a few sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believed will be created when Jesus establishes God's Kingdom on Earth.
Peter Gabriel departs Genesis, and is replaced on lead vocals by drummer Phil Collins.
The first monster truck, Bigfoot, is created by Bob Chandler.

World population

World population
	1975	1970		1980
World	4,068,109,000	3,692,492,000	375,617,000	4,434,682,000	366,573,000
Africa	408,160,000	357,283,000	50,877,000	469,618,001	61,458,000
Asia	2,397,512,000	2,143,118,000	254,394,000	2,632,335,000	234,823,000
Europe	675,542,000	655,855,000	19,687,000	692,431,000	16,889,000
Latin America	321,906,000	284,856,000	37,050,000	361,401,000	39,495,000
Northern America	243,425,000	231,937,000	11,488,000	256,068,000	12,643,000
Oceania	21,564,000	19,443,000	2,121,000	22,828,000	1,264,000