Donald Trump: Difference between revisions
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Trump sought the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]]'s [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000|presidential nomination in 2000]], but withdrew before voting began. He considered running as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] for the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 election]], but ultimately decided against it. In June 2015, he announced his candidacy for the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]], and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 contenders in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016|Republican primaries]]. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was formally nominated at the [[2016 Republican National Convention|Republican Convention]] along with [[Mike Pence]] as his [[running mate]]. [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|His campaign]] received unprecedented media coverage and international attention. Many of his statements in interviews, on social media, and at campaign rallies were [[Trump campaign controversies|controversial or false]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensuses]]. Please comment in the open discussion at [[Talk:Donald Trump#RfC on including "false" in the lede]].<ref name="whoppers"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html|title=Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate|last=Finnegan|first=Michael|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 25, 2016|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/01/donald-trump-has-been-wrong-way-more-often-than-all-the-other-2016-candidates-combined/|title=A fact checker looked into 158 things Donald Trump said. 78 percent were false.|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 1, 2016|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref> --> |
Trump sought the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]]'s [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000|presidential nomination in 2000]], but withdrew before voting began. He considered running as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] for the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 election]], but ultimately decided against it. In June 2015, he announced his candidacy for the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]], and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 contenders in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016|Republican primaries]]. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was formally nominated at the [[2016 Republican National Convention|Republican Convention]] along with [[Mike Pence]] as his [[running mate]]. [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|His campaign]] received unprecedented media coverage and international attention. Many of his statements in interviews, on social media, and at campaign rallies were [[Trump campaign controversies|controversial or false]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensuses]]. Please comment in the open discussion at [[Talk:Donald Trump#RfC on including "false" in the lede]].<ref name="whoppers"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html|title=Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate|last=Finnegan|first=Michael|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 25, 2016|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/01/donald-trump-has-been-wrong-way-more-often-than-all-the-other-2016-candidates-combined/|title=A fact checker looked into 158 things Donald Trump said. 78 percent were false.|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 1, 2016|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}</ref> --> |
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Trump won the |
Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surprise victory against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. At age 70, he became the [[List of Presidents of the United States by age|the oldest]] and [[List of Presidents of the United States by net worth|wealthiest]] person to assume the presidency, the first without [[List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience|prior military or governmental service]], and the fifth elected with less than a [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|plurality of the national popular vote]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensuses]]. --> |
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[[Political positions of Donald Trump|Trump's platform]] emphasized renegotiating [[U.S.–China relations]] and [[free trade]] agreements such as [[NAFTA]] and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], strongly enforcing [[Illegal immigration to the United States|immigration laws]], and building a [[Mexico–United States barrier|new wall]] along the [[U.S.–Mexico border]]. His other positions include pursuing [[energy independence]] while opposing [[climate change]] regulations such as the [[Clean Power Plan]] and the [[Paris Agreement]], modernizing and expediting [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|services for veterans]], repealing and replacing the [[Affordable Care Act]], abolishing [[Common Core]] education standards, [[Infrastructure-based development|investing in infrastructure]], simplifying the [[Internal Revenue Code|tax code]] while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing [[tariff]]s on [[import]]s by companies [[offshoring]] jobs. He advocates a largely [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] approach to [[Foreign policy of Donald Trump|foreign policy]] while increasing [[Military budget of the United States|military spending]], "[[extreme vetting]]" of immigrants from Muslim majority countries to preempt domestic [[Islamic terrorism]], and aggressive military action against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL). His positions have been described by scholars and commentators as [[populist]], [[Protectionism in the United States|protectionist]], and [[American nationalism|nationalist]]. |
[[Political positions of Donald Trump|Trump's platform]] emphasized renegotiating [[U.S.–China relations]] and [[free trade]] agreements such as [[NAFTA]] and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], strongly enforcing [[Illegal immigration to the United States|immigration laws]], and building a [[Mexico–United States barrier|new wall]] along the [[U.S.–Mexico border]]. His other positions include pursuing [[energy independence]] while opposing [[climate change]] regulations such as the [[Clean Power Plan]] and the [[Paris Agreement]], modernizing and expediting [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|services for veterans]], repealing and replacing the [[Affordable Care Act]], abolishing [[Common Core]] education standards, [[Infrastructure-based development|investing in infrastructure]], simplifying the [[Internal Revenue Code|tax code]] while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing [[tariff]]s on [[import]]s by companies [[offshoring]] jobs. He advocates a largely [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] approach to [[Foreign policy of Donald Trump|foreign policy]] while increasing [[Military budget of the United States|military spending]], "[[extreme vetting]]" of immigrants from Muslim majority countries to preempt domestic [[Islamic terrorism]], and aggressive military action against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL). His positions have been described by scholars and commentators as [[populist]], [[Protectionism in the United States|protectionist]], and [[American nationalism|nationalist]]. |
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Revision as of 07:46, 11 February 2017
Donald Trump | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 45th President of the United States | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2017 | |
| Vice President | Mike Pence |
| Preceded by | Barack Obama |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 New York City |
| Political party | Republican (1987–99, 2009–11, 2012–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
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| Spouses | |
| Relations | See Family of Donald Trump |
| Children | |
| Residence | White House |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
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|---|---|---|
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Business and personal 45th President of the United States Tenure Impeachments Prosecutions Interactions involving Russia  |
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Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American businessman, television personality, politician, and the 45th President of the United States. He assumed office on January 20, 2017.
Born and raised in Queens, New York City, Trump received an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. In 1971, he took charge of his family's real estate and construction firm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, which was later renamed The Trump Organization. During his business career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and has lent the use of his name in the branding of various products. From 2004 to 2015, he hosted The Apprentice, a reality television series on NBC. As of 2016[update], Forbes listed him as the 324th wealthiest person in the world and 113th richest in the United States, with a net worth of $4.5 billion.
Trump sought the Reform Party's presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew before voting began. He considered running as a Republican for the 2012 election, but ultimately decided against it. In June 2015, he announced his candidacy for the 2016 election, and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 contenders in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican Convention along with Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention. Many of his statements in interviews, on social media, and at campaign rallies were controversial or false.
Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. At age 70, he became the the oldest and wealthiest person to assume the presidency, the first without prior military or governmental service, and the fifth elected with less than a plurality of the national popular vote.
Trump's platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other positions include pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies offshoring jobs. He advocates a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, "extreme vetting" of immigrants from Muslim majority countries to preempt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). His positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, and nationalist.
Personal life
Early life
Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five children born to Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump (1905–1999) and Mary Anne Trump (née MacLeod, 1912–2000).[2][3] His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr., Elizabeth, and Robert. Trump's older brother Fred Jr. died in 1981 from alcoholism, which Trump says led him to abstain from alcohol and cigarettes.[4]
Ancestry
Trump is of paternal German ancestry and maternal Scottish ancestry. His mother and all his grandparents were born in Europe. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Kallstadt, Germany, and his father, who became a New York City real estate developer, was born in the Bronx.[5][6] His mother emigrated to New York (where she worked as a maid) from her birthplace of Tong, Lewis, Scotland.[7] Fred and Mary met in New York and married in 1936, raising their family in Queens.[7][8]
His uncle, John G. Trump, a professor at MIT from 1936 to 1973, was involved in radar research for the Allies in the Second World War, and helped design X-ray machines that prolonged the lives of cancer patients; in 1943, the Federal Bureau of Investigation requested John Trump examine Nikola Tesla's papers and equipment when Tesla died in his room at the New Yorker Hotel.[9] Donald Trump's grandfather was Frederick Trump, who amassed a fortune operating boom-town restaurants and boarding houses in the region of Seattle and Klondike, Canada.[10]
The Trump family were originally Lutherans, but Trump's parents belonged to the Reformed Church in America.[11] The family name, which was formerly spelled Drumpf, was changed to Trump during the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century.[12] Trump has said that he is proud of his German heritage; he served as grand marshal of the 1999 German-American Steuben Parade in New York City.[13]
Education
Trump's family had a two-story mock Tudor home on Midland Parkway in Jamaica Estates, where he lived while attending The Kew-Forest School.[16][17] He left the school at age 13 and was enrolled in the New York Military Academy (NYMA),[18] in Cornwall, New York, where he finished eighth grade and high school. Trump was an energetic child; his parents hoped that the discipline at the military school would allow him to channel his energy in a positive manner. In 1983, Fred Trump told an interviewer that Donald "was a pretty rough fellow when he was small".[19]
Trump participated in marching drills, wore a uniform, and during his senior year attained the rank of captain. He was transferred from a student command position after the alleged hazing of a new freshman in his barracks by one of Trump's subordinates; Trump later described the transfer as "a promotion".[20] In 2015, he told a biographer that NYMA gave him "more training militarily than a lot of the guys that go into the military".[21]
Trump attended Fordham University in the Bronx for two years, beginning in August 1964. He then transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, which offered one of the few real estate studies departments in United States academia at the time.[22][23] While there, he worked at the family's company, Elizabeth Trump & Son, named for his paternal grandmother.[24] He graduated from Penn in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics.[23][25][26]
Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War.[27] While in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four student deferments.[28] In 1966, he was deemed fit for service based upon a military medical examination, and in 1968 was briefly classified as fit by a local draft board, but was given a 1-Y medical deferment in October 1968.[29] In an interview for a 2015 biography, he attributed his medical deferment to heel spurs.[21] In 1969, he received a high number in the draft lottery, which would also have likely exempted him from service.[29][30][31]
Family
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Trump has five children by three marriages, and has eight grandchildren.[32][33] His first two marriages ended in widely publicized divorces.[34]
Trump married his first wife, Czech model Ivana Zelníčková, on April 7, 1977, at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan[35] in a ceremony performed by one of America's most famous ministers, the Reverend Norman Vincent Peale.[36] They had three children: son Donald Jr. (born December 31, 1977), daughter Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and son Eric (born January 6, 1984). Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric now serve as executive vice presidents of The Trump Organization.[37] Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.[38]
Trump has been nicknamed "The Donald" since Ivana referred to him as such in a 1989 Spy magazine cover story.[39][40] By early 1990, the tabloid press was commenting on trouble in Trump's marriage and reporting his affair with actress Marla Maples.[41][42][43] Ivana Trump was granted an uncontested divorce in 1990, on the grounds that Trump's treatment of her, such as his affair with Maples, had been "cruel and inhuman".[44][45] In 1992, he successfully sued Ivana for violating a gag clause in their divorce agreement by disclosing facts about him in her book.[46][47][48] In 2015, Ivana said that she and Donald "are the best of friends".[49]
Maples gave birth to their daughter Tiffany, named after Tiffany & Company (Trump's purchase of the air rights above the store in the 1980s allowed him to build Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue), on October 13, 1993.[50] They married two months later on December 20, 1993.[51] The couple formally separated in May 1997,[52] with their divorce finalized in June 1999.[53][54] Maples raised Tiffany as a single mother in Calabasas, California, where they lived until Tiffany's graduation from Viewpoint School.[55] In a February 2009 interview, Trump commented that his commitment to his business had made it difficult for his first two wives to compete with his affection for work.[56]
In 1998, Trump began a relationship with Slovene model Melania Knauss, who became his third wife.[57][58] They were engaged in April 2004[59] and were married on January 22, 2005, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, on the island of Palm Beach, Florida, followed by a reception at Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate.[60][61][62] In 2006, Melania became a naturalized United States citizen,[58] and gave birth to their son Barron on March 20, 2006.[63][64] Having heard the language since his birth, Barron is fluent in Slovene.[65]
Trump's brother, Fred Jr., predeceased their father Fred. Shortly after the latter died in 1999, the wife of Fred Jr.'s son gave birth to a son with serious medical problems. Trump and his family offered to pay the medical bills through Fred Sr.'s company (Fred Sr. had freely provided medical coverage to his family through his company for decades).[66] Fred III then sued the family for allegedly having used "undue influence" on a dementia-stricken Fred Sr. to get Fred III and his sister Mary a reduced share from their grandfather's will, but Trump attributed the reduced share to his father's dislike of Fred III's mother, and Trump stopped the aid for Fred III's son. The aid was resumed by court order pending outcome of the lawsuit, which was then settled.[67][68]
Religious views
Trump identifies as Presbyterian.[69] As a child, he began going to church at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[70] He attended Sunday school and had his confirmation at that church.[70] Trump said in 2015 that he attends Reformed Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, where he married his first wife Ivana in 1977, although he is not an "active member".[70] He is also loosely affiliated with Lakeside Presbyterian Church in West Palm Beach, Florida, near his Mar-a-Lago estate.[71] Trump said that although he participates in Holy Communion, he has not asked God for forgiveness for his sins, stating: "I think if I do something wrong, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture."[72]
In December 2016, Trump visited Bethesda-by-the-Sea, an Episcopal church for Christmas services.[73]
Trump calls his own book The Art of the Deal "my second favorite book of all time, after the Bible. Nothing beats the Bible".[74][75] In a speech to Liberty University, he referred to Second Corinthians as "Two Corinthians", eliciting chuckles from the audience.[76] Still, The New York Times reported that Evangelical Christians nationwide thought "that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions for the country were pure".[77]
Outside of his church affiliations, Trump has relationships with a number of Christian spiritual leaders, including Florida pastor Paula White, who has been described as his "closest spiritual confidant."[78] In 2015, he asked for and received a blessing from Greek Orthodox priest Emmanuel Lemelson[79] and, in 2016, released a list of his religious advisers, including James Dobson, Jerry Falwell Jr., Ralph Reed and others.[80]
Referring to his daughter Ivanka's conversion to Judaism before her marriage to Jared Kushner, Trump said in 2015: "I have a Jewish daughter; and I am very honored by that […] it wasn't in the plan but I am very glad it happened."[81]
Health
A 2016 medical report by his doctor, Harold Bornstein M.D., showed that Trump's blood pressure, liver and thyroid function were in normal range.[82][83] Trump says that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed other drugs, including marijuana.[84] He also does not drink alcohol, a decision stemming from his brother's death caused by alcoholism.[4][85][86][87]
Foundation
The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based private foundation[88] established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal by Trump and Tony Schwartz.[89][90] The foundation's funds have mostly come from donors other than Trump,[91] who has not given personally to the charity since 2008.[91] In 2016, investigations by The Washington Post uncovered several potential legal and ethical violations conducted by the charity, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[92] After beginning an investigation into the foundation, the New York State Attorney General's office notified the Trump Foundation that it was allegedly in violation of New York laws regarding charities, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.[93][94][95] A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job".[93]
The foundation's tax returns show that it has given to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.[96] In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation ($100,000), the New York–Presbyterian Hospital ($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000), and the Clinton Foundation ($100,000).[97][98] From 2004 to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were Vince and Linda McMahon of WWE, who donated $5 million to the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania in 2007.[91] After winning the presidency, Trump announced his intention to give Linda McMahon a cabinet-level position in his administration, as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.[99] In response to mounting complaints, Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President”.[100]
Legal affairs
An analysis by USA Today, published in June 2016, found that over the previous three decades, Trump and his businesses had been involved in 3,500 legal cases in U.S. federal courts and state courts, an unprecedented number for a U.S. presidential candidate.[101] Of the 3,500 suits, mostly in the casino industry, Trump or one of his companies was the plaintiff in 1,900; defendant in 1,450; and third party, filer of bankruptcy, or other in 150.[101] Trump was named in at least 169 suits in federal court.[102] Although litigation over contract disputes and other matters is common in the real estate industry,[103] USA Today found that Trump had been involved in more legal disputes than Edward J. DeBartolo Jr., Donald Bren, Stephen M. Ross, Sam Zell, and Larry Silverstein combined. In about 500 cases, judges dismissed plaintiffs' claims against Trump. Hundreds of cases have ended with the available public record unclear about the resolution,[101] but where there was a clear resolution, he has won 451 times and lost 38.[104]
1980s
In 1985, Trump was sued by both the State of New York and the City of New York for allegedly trying to force out tenants to enable demolition.[105] The matter was settled and the demolition canceled.[106] In 1988, Trump paid $750,000 to settle the civil penalties in an antitrust lawsuit stemming from stock purchases.[107]
1990s
In 1991, a business analyst predicted that the Trump Taj Mahal would soon fail, and he then lost his job; the analyst sued Trump for allegedly having an unlawful role in the firing, and that matter was settled confidentially out of court.[108] After a helicopter crashed, killing three executives of his New Jersey hotel casino business, Trump sued the manufacturers.[109] That case was dismissed.[110] Trump Plaza was fined $200,000 by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission for moving African-American and female employees away from a racist and sexist gambler to accommodate him, but Trump was not evidently investigated, nor held personally liable, and said he would not even recognize that gambler.[111] In 1991, Trump's father, Fred Trump, made an unlawful loan to Trump's Castle to help it make a mortgage payment, and the casino was required to pay a $30,000 fine, but his son was not penalized.[112]
In 1993, Trump sued his business partner Jay Pritzker for allegedly collecting excessive fees, and the matter was settled.[113][114][115] Boarding house owner Vera Coking sued for damage during construction of an adjacent casino, and later dropped the suit against Trump while settling with his contractor; she also prevailed against Trump and other developers in an eminent domain case.[116][117][118]
In 1997, Trump and rival Atlantic City casino owner Stephen Wynn engaged in an extended legal conflict during the planning phase of new casinos Wynn had proposed to build, and the cases were settled.[119][120][121]
2000s
In 2000, Trump was charged with lobbying for government rejection of proposed casinos that would compete with his casinos, and he paid $250,000 to settle resulting fines.[122][123] The charges related to a proposed Native American-run casino in the Catskills, New York, which would have competed with three of Trump's casinos in Atlantic City.[124]
When the Securities and Exchange Commission charged one of his companies with poor financial reporting, Trump's attorney said the culprit had been dismissed, and that Trump had personally been unaware of the matter.[125][126][127] Following litigation with Leona Helmsley that started in the 1990s regarding control of the Empire State Building,[128][129] Trump in 2002 sold his share in that building to rivals of Helmsley's.[130][131]
In 2004 Trump sued former business partner Richard Fields for allegedly saying he still consulted for Trump. Fields counter-sued,[132][133][134][135] and the lawsuit was dismissed.[136]
The town of Palm Beach, Florida fined Trump for building an 80-foot (24-meter) pole for the American flag at his Mar-a-Lago property. Trump then sued, and a settlement required him to donate $100,000 to veterans' charities, while the town agreed to let him enroll out-of-towners in his social club and permitted a 10-foot shorter flagpole elsewhere on his lawn.[137]
When the California city of Rancho Palos Verdes thwarted luxury home development on a landslide-prone area owned by Trump, he sued,[138] and the city agreed to permit extensions for 20 more proposed luxury homes.[139][140]
Trump sued a law firm he had used, Morrison Cohen, for using his name, for providing news links at its website, and for charging excessive fees,[141] after which the firm halved the fees, and the court ruled that the links were allowable.[142]
In 2009, Trump was sued by investors in the canceled Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico;[143] Trump said he had merely been a spokesperson,[143][144] and he settled the lawsuit for an undisclosed amount.[145]
In 2004, the Trump Organization licensed the Trump brand to a hotel and condo project in Fort Lauderdale scheduled to open in 2007,[146] but delays in construction and the bursting of the U.S. real estate bubble led Trump to withdraw his name from the deal in 2009,[146] after which the project defaulted, investors sued,[147] and Trump was caught in the ongoing lawsuits because he had participated in advertising.[146][148]
Trump personally guaranteed $40 million to secure a $640 million loan for Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. When Deutsche Bank tried to collect it, Trump sued the bank for harming the project and his reputation,[149] and the bank then agreed to extend the loan term by five years.[150]
2010s
In 2015, Trump's claim that the Scottish Government improperly approved a wind-farm project near his golf course and planned hotel was rejected by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, following a lengthy legal battle.[151]
In July 2015, Trump sued the former Miss Pennsylvania, Sheena Monnin, after she alleged that the Miss USA 2012 pageant was rigged.[152] A federal judge upheld the settlement, obliging her to pay Trump $5 million.[152][153][154]
Trump sued Palm Beach County, alleging that the county had pressured the FAA to direct air traffic over Trump's Mar-a-Lago club and estate.[155] He also sued chefs Geoffrey Zakarian and José Andrés; the latter said there was no merit in Trump's allegation that the chef backed out of a deal at the Old Post Office Pavilion.[156][157][158][159]
Trump sued the town of Ossining, New York, over the property tax valuation on his golf course there,[160][161] after separately being sued for modifying a drainage system that allegedly damaged a library, public pool, and park facilities.[161]
Summer Zervos, who is one of the women stating that Trump groped her, is suing him for defamation.[162]
Careers
Business career
In 1971 Trump took over the family real estate firm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, and renamed it The Trump Organization.[163][164] He greatly expanded its real estate operations as well as venturing into numerous other business activities. It eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.[165]
Upon Trump's being elected president in November 2016, the question arose how he would avoid his business activities causing conflicts of interest while president. At a press conference on January 10, 2017, Trump said he and his daughter Ivanka will resign all roles with The Trump Organization, while his two oldest sons Don Jr. and Eric run the business, together with existing Chief Financial Officer Allen Weisselberg.[166] Trump himself will retain his financial stake in the business.[167] His attorney Sherri Dillon said that before the January 20 inauguration Trump will put the business assets into a trust, which will hire an ethics advisor and a compliance counsel. She added that the Trump Organization will not pursue any new foreign business deals, while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities.[168]
Golf courses
The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and resorts in the United States and around the world. The number of golf courses that Trump owns or manages is about 18, according to Golfweek.[169] Trump's personal financial disclosure with the Federal Elections Commission stated that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382 million.[170][171]
In 2006, Trump bought the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, creating a golf resort against the wishes of some local residents[172] on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.[173][174] A 2011 independent documentary, You've Been Trumped, by British filmmaker Anthony S. Baxter, chronicled the golf resort's construction and the subsequent struggles between the locals and Trump.[175] Despite Trump's promises of 6,000 jobs, in 2016, by his own admission, the golf course has created only 200 jobs.[176] In June 2015, Trump made an appeal objecting to an offshore windfarm being built within sight of the golf course,[177] which was dismissed by five justices at the UK Supreme Court in December 2015.[178]
In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which hosted the Open Championship 4 times between 1977 and 2009.[179][180] After extensive renovations and a remodeling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turnberry was re-opened on June 24, 2016.[181]
Bankruptcies
Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, but his hotel and casino businesses have been declared bankrupt six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.[182][183] Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws – they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.[141][184]
The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).[185][186][187] Trump said, "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt ... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on The Apprentice. It's not personal. It's just business."[188]
A 2016 analysis of Trump's business career by The Economist concluded that his "… performance [from 1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with the stock market and property in New York", noting both his successes and bankruptcies.[189] A subsequent analysis by The Washington Post concluded that "Trump is a mix of braggadocio, business failures, and real success."[190]
Income and taxes
Pursuant to FEC regulations, Trump published a 92-page financial disclosure form listing all his assets, liabilities, income sources and hundreds of business positions.[170] According to a July 2015 campaign press release, Trump's income for the year 2014 was $362 million.[191] However, Trump has repeatedly declined to publicly release any of his full tax returns, citing a pending IRS audit, despite such an audit not prohibiting him from releasing his current or past tax returns.[192][193] In doing so, Trump broke nearly 45 years of precedent of candidates for the general election releasing their tax returns to the American public.[194]
In October 2016, it was revealed that Trump had claimed a loss of $916 million on his 1995 tax returns. As net operating losses from one year can be applied to offset income from future years, this loss allowed him to reduce or eliminate his taxable income during the eighteen-year carry forward period.[195] Trump acknowledged using the deduction but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.[196] When questioned during a presidential debate about such practices, he stated that avoiding paying income tax through such methods "makes me smart".[197]
The New York Times found that some accountants considered Trump's tax deduction methods in the early 1990s "legally dubious".[198] Independent tax experts stated that "Whatever loophole existed was not 'exploited' here, but stretched beyond any recognition" and that it involved "sleight of hand", further speculating that Trump's casino bankruptcies were probably related to Trump's 1995 reported loss.[199]
In January 2017, a We the People petition demanding Trump release his tax returns broke the White House record for number of signatures gathered.[200]
Net worth
Trump was listed on the initial Forbes List of wealthy individuals in 1982 as having an estimated $200 million fortune, including a share of his father's estimated $200 million net worth.[201] He was absent from the list from 1990 to 1995 following losses which reportedly obliged him to borrow from his siblings' trusts in 1993.[201] Trump told campaign audiences he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, which he paid back with interest.[202]
On June 16, 2015, when announcing his candidacy, Trump released a one-page financial summary stating a net worth of $8,737,540,000.[204] "I'm really rich", he said.[205] Forbes believed his suggestion of $9 billion was "a whopper", figuring it was actually $4.1 billion.[206] The summary statement includes $3.3 billion worth of "real estate licensing deals, brand and branded developments", putting a figure on Trump's estimate of his own brand value.[207] The July 2015 FEC disclosure reports assets worth above $1.4 billion and debts above $265 million. According to Bloomberg, Trump "only reported revenue for [his] golf properties in his campaign filings even though the disclosure form asks for income", whereas independent filings showed his European golf properties to be unprofitable.[208]
After Trump made controversial remarks about illegal immigrants in 2015, he lost business contracts with NBCUniversal, Univision, Macy's, Serta, PVH Corporation, and Perfumania, which Forbes estimated negatively impacted his net worth by $125 million.[209] The value of the Trump brand may have fallen further during his presidential campaign, as some consumers boycotted Trump-branded products and services to protest his candidacy.[210] Bookings and foot traffic at Trump-branded properties fell off sharply in 2016,[211][212] and the release of the Access Hollywood tape recordings in October 2016 exacerbated this.[213]
In their 2016 annual billionaires' rankings, Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $4.5 billion (113th in the United States, 324th in the world)[1] and Bloomberg at $3 billion,[208] making him one of the richest politicians in American history. Trump himself stated that his net worth was over $10 billion,[191] with the discrepancy essentially stemming from the uncertain value of appraised property and of his personal brand.[208][214]
Media career
Trump has twice been nominated for an Emmy Award and has made cameo appearances in 12 films and 14 television series.[215] He has also played an oil tycoon in The Little Rascals. Trump is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and receives an annual pension of more than $110,000.[216][217] He has been the subject of comedians, flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. Trump also had his own daily talk radio program called Trumped![218][219][220]
The Apprentice
In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. Contestants were successively "fired" and eliminated from the game. For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1 million per episode.[221] In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show,[191] although the network did not verify the statement.[222] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to television on The Apprentice.[223][224]
Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump was hired as host of The Celebrity Apprentice, in which celebrities compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers. International versions of The Apprentice franchise were co-produced by Burnett and Trump.
On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season.[225] On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.[226] Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced they were going ahead with production.[227] On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump."[228]
After Trump's election campaign and presidential win led to his departure from the program, actor and former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger replaced Trump as host for the fifteenth season.[229] Trump is still credited as an executive producer for the show.[230]
Professional wrestling
Trump is a WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) fan, and a friend of WWE chairman and CEO Vince McMahon's. In 1988–89 Trump hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows.[231] He also appeared in WrestleMania VII, and was interviewed ringside at WrestleMania XX.[232]
Trump appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a match called "The Battle of the Billionaires".[231] He was in the corner of Bobby Lashley, while Vince McMahon was in the corner of Lashley's opponent Umaga with Stone Cold Steve Austin as the special guest referee.[231] The terms of the match were that either Trump or McMahon would have their head shaved if their competitor lost.[231] Lashley won the match, and so McMahon was shaved bald.[231]
On June 15, 2009, as part of a storyline, McMahon announced on Monday Night Raw that he had "sold" the show to Trump.[231] Appearing on screen, Trump declared he would be at the following commercial-free episode in person and would give a full refund to the people who purchased tickets to the arena for that night's show.[231] McMahon "bought back" Raw the following week for twice the price.[231]
Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the following night at WrestleMania 29.[233]
Political career
Political positions
Media have described Trump's political positions as "populist",[234][235] and some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for large reductions in income taxes and deregulation,[236] consistent with Republican Party policies, along with significant infrastructure investment,[237] usually considered a liberal (Democratic Party) policy.[238][239] According to political writer Jack Shafer, Trump may be a "fairly conventional American populist when it comes to his policy views", but he attracts free media attention, sometimes by making outrageous comments.[240][241]
Trump has supported varying political leanings and positions over time.[242][243][244] Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",[244] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[245] He has listed several different party affiliations over the years and has also run as a Reform Party candidate.[246]
Involvement in politics, 1988–2015
Trump considered the idea of running for president in 1988, 2004, and 2012, and for Governor of New York in 2006 and 2014, but did not enter those races.[249][250] In February 2009, Trump appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, and spoke about the automotive industry crisis of 2008–10. He said that "instead of asking for money", General Motors "should go into bankruptcy and work that stuff out in a deal".[251]
As Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, a Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump leading among potential contenders, one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.[252] A Newsweek poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of Barack Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for president of the United States.[253] A poll released in April 2011 by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination for president while he was still actively considering a run.[254][255] His moves were interpreted by some media as possible promotional tools for his reality show The Apprentice.[256][257][258]
Trump played a leading role in "birther" conspiracy theories that had been circulating since President Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.[259][260] Beginning in March 2011, Trump publicly questioned Obama's citizenship and eligibility to serve as President.[261][262][263] Although the Obama campaign had released a copy of the short-form birth certificate in 2008,[264] Trump demanded to see the original "long-form" certificate.[261] He mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii to research the question, but he did not follow up with any findings.[261] He also repeated a debunked allegation that Obama's grandmother said she had witnessed his birth in Kenya.[265][266] When the White House later released Obama's long-form birth certificate,[267] Trump took credit for obtaining the document, saying "I hope it checks out."[268] His official biography mentions his purported role in forcing Obama's hand,[269] and he has defended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later saying that his promotion of the conspiracy made him "very popular".[270] In 2011, Trump had called for Obama to release his student records, questioning whether his grades warranted entry into an Ivy League school.[271] When asked in 2015 whether he believed Obama was born in the United States, Trump said he did not want to discuss the matter further.[272][273] In September 2016, Trump publicly acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S., and said that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.[262][274][275]
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Trump made his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011. His appearance at CPAC was organized by GOProud, an LGBT conservative organization, in conjunction with GOProud supporter Roger Stone, who was close with Trump. GOProud pushed for a write-in campaign for Trump at CPAC's presidential straw poll. The 2011 CPAC speech Trump gave is credited for helping kick-start his political career within the Republican Party.[276][277] Christopher R. Barron, co-founder of GOProud, would later endorse Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, and launch "LGBT for Trump", a political campaign with the goal of gaining the LGBT community's political support for Donald Trump.[278]
In the 2012 Republican primaries, Trump generally had polled at or below 17 percent among the crowded field of possible candidates.[279] On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president in the 2012 election, while also saying he would have become the President of the United States, had he ran.[256]
In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).[280] During the lightly attended early-morning speech, Trump spoke out against illegal immigration, then-President Obama's "unprecedented media protection", and advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security.[281][282]
Additionally, Trump spent over $1 million in 2013 to research a possible run for president of the United States.[283] In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. In response to the memo, Trump said that while New York had problems and that its taxes were too high, running for governor was not of great interest to him.[284] In January 2014, Trump made statements denying climate change that were discordant with the opinion of the scientific community.[285] A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election.[286] In February 2015, Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on for another season of The Apprentice, as he mulled his political future.[287]
Political affiliations
Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times over the years. Trump's political party affiliations prior to 1987 remain unclear, though Trump was an early supporter of Republican Ronald Reagan for United States President in the late 1970s.[288] By 1987, Trump had identified as a Republican.[289]
In 1999, Trump switched to the Reform Party for three years and ran a presidential exploratory campaign for its nomination. After his run, Trump left the party in 2001 due to the involvement of David Duke, Pat Buchanan, and Lenora Fulani.[290]
From 2001 to 2008, Trump identified as a Democrat, but in 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for President. In 2009, he officially changed his party registration to Republican.[291] In December 2011, Trump became an independent for five months before returning to the Republican Party, where he later pledged to stay.[292][293]
Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with the top ten recipients of his political contributions being six Democrats and four Republicans.[294] After 2011, his campaign contributions were more favorable to Republicans than to Democrats.[295] In February 2012, Trump openly endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President.[296] When asked in 2015 which recent president he prefers, Trump picked Democrat Bill Clinton over the Republican Bushes.[297][298]
According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s—although no laws were broken—by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his own name.[299][300] Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were not to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.[299][301]
Real estate career
Prior to graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, Trump began his real estate career at his father's company,[302] Elizabeth Trump and Son,[303] which focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. During his undergraduate study, Donald Trump and his father, Fred Trump, used a $500,000 investment to successfully reopen the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio.[304]
After being promoted to president of the company in the early 1970s (while his father became chairman of the board), he renamed it to The Trump Organization.[305][306] In 1973, he and his father drew wider attention when the Justice Department contended that the organization systematically discriminated against African Americans wishing to rent apartments, rather than merely screening out people based on low income as the Trumps stated. An agreement was later signed in which the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing, and under which qualified minority applicants would be presented by the Urban League.[307][308]
Early Manhattan developments
Trump's first major real estate deal in Manhattan was the remodeling of the Grand Hyatt Hotel in 1978, located next to Grand Central Terminal. The building was remodeled from an older Commodore Hotel, and was largely funded by a $70 million construction loan jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and the Hyatt hotel chain.[309][310]
In 1978, Trump finished negotiations to develop Trump Tower, a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot) skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, for which The New York Times attributed his "persistence" and "skills as a negotiator".[311] The building was completed in 1983, and houses both the primary penthouse condominium residence of Donald Trump and the headquarters of The Trump Organization.[312][313] Trump Tower was the setting of the NBC television show The Apprentice, and includes a fully functional television studio set.[314]
Repairs on the Wollman Rink in Central Park, built in 1955, were started in 1980 by a general contractor unconnected to Trump. Despite an expected 2+1⁄2-year construction schedule, the repairs were not completed by 1986. Trump took over the project, completed it in three months for $750,000 less than the initial budget of $1.95 million, and operated the rink for one year with all profits going to charity in exchange for the rink's concession rights.[315]
Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan in 1988 for $400 million, and asked his then-wife Ivana to manage its operation and renovation.[316]
Palm Beach estate
Trump acquired the historic Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida, in 1985 for $5 million, plus $3 million for the home's furnishings. It was built from 1924 to 1927 by heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, who envisioned the house as a future winter retreat for American presidents.
In addition to using the home for this purpose, Trump also turned it into a private club with membership fees of $150,000. At about the same time, he acquired a condominium complex in Palm Beach with Lee Iacocca that became Trump Plaza of the Palm Beaches.[317]
Atlantic City casinos
Harrah's at Trump Plaza opened in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1984. The hotel/casino was built by Trump with financing by Holiday Corp.[318] and operated by the Harrah's gambling unit of Holiday Corp. The casino's poor results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp.[319] Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. When completed in 1985, the hotel/casino became Trump Castle. Trump's wife, Ivana, managed the property.[320]
Later in 1988, Trump acquired the Taj Mahal casino in Atlantic City in a transaction with Merv Griffin and Resorts International.[321] The casino was opened in April 1990, and was built at a total cost of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever built.[322][323] Financed with $675 million in junk bonds[324] at a 14% interest rate, the project entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy the following year.[188] Banks and bondholders, facing potential losses of hundreds of millions of dollars, opted to restructure the debt.
The Taj Mahal emerged from bankruptcy on October 5, 1991, with Trump ceding 50 percent ownership in the casino to the bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates and more time to pay off the debt.[325] He also sold his financially challenged Trump Shuttle airline and his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the Trump Princess.[324][326][327] The property was repurchased in 1996 and consolidated into Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, which filed for bankruptcy in 2004 with $1.8 billion in debt, filing again for bankruptcy five years later with $50 million in assets and $500 million in debt. The restructuring ultimately left Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.[327] Trump served as chairman of the organization, which was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, from mid-1995 until early 2009, and served as CEO from mid-2000 to mid-2005.[328]
During the 1990s, Trump's casino ventures faced competition from the Native-American owned Foxwoods casino in Connecticut. In 1993, Trump made controversial comments in his testimony to a Congressional committee, famously stating that the casino owners did not look like real Indians.[329][330] But despite that well-publicized quote which related to the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Trump became a key investor who backed the Paucatuck Eastern Pequots who were seeking state recognition.[331]
Further developments
Trump acquired an old, vacant office building on Wall Street in Manhattan in 1996. After a complete renovation, it became the seventy-story Trump Building at 40 Wall Street.[332] After his father died in 1999, Trump and his siblings received equal portions[failed verification] of his father's estate valued at $250–300 million.[333]
In 2001, Trump completed Trump World Tower, a 72-story residential tower across from the United Nations Headquarters.[334] Trump also began construction on Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. He continued to own commercial space in Trump International Hotel and Tower, a 44-story mixed-use (hotel and condominium) tower on Columbus Circle which he acquired in 1996,[335] and also continued to own millions of square feet of other prime Manhattan real estate.[336]
Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhattan in 2002. It was re-opened with 35 stories of luxury condominiums in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue.[337]
Most recently, The Trump Organization has expanded its footprint beyond the United States, with the co-development and management of hotel towers in Chicago, Honolulu, Las Vegas, New York City, Washington D.C., Panama City, Rio de Janeiro, Toronto, and Vancouver.
Name licensing
Trump has licensed his name and image for the development of a number of real estate projects including two in Florida that have gone into foreclosure.[338] The Turkish owner of Trump Towers Istanbul, who pays Trump for the use of his name, was reported in December 2015 to be exploring legal means to dissociate the property after the candidate's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States.[339]
Trump also licensed his name to son-in-law Jared Kushner's fifty-story Trump Bay Street, a Jersey City luxury development that has raised $50 million of its $200 million capitalization largely from wealthy Chinese nationals who, after making an initial down payment of $500,000 in concert with the government's expedited EB-5 visa program, can usually obtain United States permanent residency for themselves and their families after two years.[340] Trump is a partner with Kushner Properties only in name licensing and not in the building's financing.[340]
Other ventures
Sports events
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In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, an American Football team playing in the United States Football League (USFL), from oil magnate J. Walter Duncan. The USFL played its first three seasons during the spring and summer, but Trump convinced the majority of the owners of other USFL teams to move the USFL 1986 schedule to the fall, directly opposite the National Football League (NFL), arguing that it would eventually force a merger with the NFL, which would supposedly increase their investment significantly.[341]
After the 1985 season, the Generals merged with the Houston Gamblers, but had continuing financial troubles. The USFL, which was down to just seven active franchises from a high of 18, was soon forced to fold, despite winning an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL.[342]
Trump remained involved with other sports after the Generals folded, operating golf courses in several countries.[342] He also hosted several boxing matches in Atlantic City at the Trump Plaza, including Mike Tyson's 1988 fight against Michael Spinks, and at one time, acted as a financial advisor to Tyson.[342][343][344]
In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia. The inaugural race was controversial, and Trump withdrew his sponsorship after the second Tour de Trump in 1990, because his other business ventures were experiencing financial woes. The race continued for several more years as the Tour DuPont.[345][346]
Trump submitted a stalking-horse bid on the Buffalo Bills when it came up for sale following Ralph Wilson's death in 2014; he was ultimately outbid, as he expected, and Kim and Terrence Pegula won the auction.[347] During his 2016 presidential run, he was critical of the NFL's updated concussion rules, complaining on the campaign trail that the game has been made "soft" and "weak", saying a concussion is just "a ding on the head". He accused referees of throwing penalty flags needlessly just to be seen on television "so their wives see them at home."[348]
Beauty pageants
From 1996 until 2015,[349] Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants. The Miss Universe pageant was founded in 1952 by the California clothing company Pacific Mills.[350] Trump was dissatisfied with how CBS scheduled his pageants, and took both Miss Universe and Miss USA to NBC in 2002.[351][352]
In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their business relationships with the Miss Universe Organization after Trump's controversial 2015 presidential campaign remarks about Mexican illegal immigrants.[353][354] Trump subsequently filed a $500 million lawsuit against Univision, alleging a breach of contract and defamation.[355][356] The lawsuit was settled in February 2016, but terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[357]
On September 11, 2015, Trump announced that he had become the sole owner of the Miss Universe Organization by purchasing NBC's stake.[358][359] He sold his own interests in the pageant shortly afterwards to WME/IMG.[349]
Trump Model Management
In 1999, Trump founded a modeling company, Trump Model Management, which operates in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.[360] Together with another Trump company, Trump Management Group LLC, Trump Model Management has brought nearly 250 foreign fashion models into the United States to work in the fashion industry since 2000.[361] In 2014, the company, along with its president Corrine Nicolas and other managers, were sued by one of the agency's former models, Alexia Palmer, alleging racketeering, breach of contract, mail fraud, and violating immigrant wage laws.[362] Palmer alleged that Trump Model Management promised to withhold only 20% of her net pay as agency expenses, but after charging her for "obscure expenses", ended up taking 80%.[363] The case was dismissed from U.S. federal court in March 2016, in part because Palmer's immigration status, via H1-B visa sponsored by Trump, required labor complaints to be filed through a separate process.[363][364]
Trump University
Trump University LLC was an American for-profit education company that ran a real estate training program from 2005 until at least 2010.[365] After multiple lawsuits, it is now defunct. It was founded by Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny, and offered courses, charging between $1,500 and $35,000 per course.[366][367] In 2005 the operation was notified by New York State authorities that its use of the word "university" violated state law, and after a second such notification in 2010, the name of the company was changed to the "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute".[368] Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business license for the operation.[369]
In 2013 the state of New York filed a $40 million civil suit claiming that Trump University made false claims and defrauded consumers.[368][370] In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court relating to Trump University; they named Trump personally as well as his companies.[371] During the presidential campaign, Trump repeatedly criticized judge Gonzalo P. Curiel who oversaw those two cases, alleging bias because of his Mexican heritage.[372][373][374] On June 7, 2016, Trump clarified that his concerns about Curiel's impartiality were not based upon ethnicity alone, but also upon rulings in the case.[375][376]
The Low v. Trump case was set for trial in San Diego beginning November 28, 2016.[377] Shortly after Trump won the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all three pending cases. In the settlement, Trump did not admit to any wrongdoing but agreed to pay a total of $25 million.[378][379] The settlement was agreed to just an hour before a hearing regarding Trump's latest request to delay the trial until after the inauguration. Jason Forge, the attorney for the plaintiffs, said he "definitely detected a change of tone and change of approach" from the Trump representatives after the election.[380]
Branding and licensing
Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects as well as commercial products and services, achieving mixed success doing so for himself, his partners, and investors in the projects.[146][223][nb 1] In 2011, Forbes' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3 billion.[399]
Many developers pay Trump to market their properties and to be the public face for their projects.[400] For that reason, Trump does not own some buildings that display his name.[400] According to Forbes, this portion of Trump's empire, actually run by his children, is by far his most valuable, having a $562 million valuation, with 33 licensing projects under development including seven Trump International Hotel and Tower "condo hotels".
Presidential campaigns
2000 presidential campaign
In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the presidential nomination of the Reform Party in 2000.[290][401] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.[402] Trump eventually dropped out of the race due to party infighting, but still won the party's California and Michigan primaries after doing so.[403][404][405][406]
2016 presidential campaign
On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States at Trump Tower in New York City. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large themes during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan, "Make America Great Again".[407]
In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained political correctness, stated that the media has intentionally misinterpreted his words, and made other claims of adverse media bias.[408][409][410] In part due to his fame, Trump's run for president received an unprecedented amount of unpaid coverage from the media that elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.[411]
Republican leaders such as House Speaker Paul Ryan were hesitant to support him early on. They doubted his chances of winning the general election and feared he could harm the image of the Republican Party.[412][413]
The alt-right movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,[414] due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[415][416] Trump was accused of pandering to white nationalists.[417] In August, he appointed Steve Bannon as his campaign CEO, the executive chairman of Breitbart News, described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right".[418]
Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on protesters inside the rallies, and clashes between protesters and Trump supporters outside the venues.[419][420][421]
Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.[422][423][424] At least four major publications – Politico, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times – have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements.[425] Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth. Trump has called his public speaking "truthful hyperbole", though online media outlets such as Yahoo! believed Trump's "truthful hyperbole" to be a political tactic.[426][427] Lucas Graves, an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communication,[428] opined, of Trump's speaking, that Trump "often speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear what exactly he meant, so that fact-checkers "have to be really careful when you pick claims to check to pick things ... that reflect what the speaker was clearly trying to communicate".[429] Other sources, such as NPR, also observed that Trump's statements during the campaign were often opaque or suggestive.[430]
Primaries
Trump entered a field of 16 candidates campaigning for the 2016 Republican nomination, the largest presidential field in American history.[431] Trump participated in eleven of the twelve Republican debates, skipping only the seventh debate on January 28 (that was the last debate before primary voting began on February 1). The debates received historically high viewership, increasing the visibility of Trump's campaign.[432]
By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Trump and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz.[433] On Super Tuesday, Trump won the plurality of the vote and remained the front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Republican nomination.[434] After a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016, which prompted the remaining candidates Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[435] With nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-time record for winning the most primary votes in the history of the Republican Party. He also set the record for the largest number of votes against the front runner.[436]
General election campaign
After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump's focus shifted to the general election, urging remaining primary voters to "save [their] vote for the general election".[437] Trump began targeting Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016, and continued to campaign across the country. One month before the Republican National Convention, Secret Service agents thwarted an assassination attempt on Trump by a 20-year-old British man illegally residing in the U.S. during one of his rallies in Las Vegas.[438]
Clinton had established a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.[439][440][441] Of the matter, FBI Director James Comey opined Clinton had been "extremely careless" in her handling of classified government material.[442]
On July 15, 2016, Trump announced Indiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate.[443] Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Republican Party on July 19, 2016, at the Republican National Convention.[444] The list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee Bob Dole but the other prior nominees did not attend, though John McCain endorsed Trump prior to the convention.[445][446]
Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nomination in a 76-minute speech inspired by Richard Nixon's 1968 acceptance speech.[447] The historically long speech was watched by nearly 35 million people and received mixed reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to CNN and Gallup polls.[448][449][450]
In late July, Trump came close to Clinton in national polls following a 3 to 4 percentage point convention bounce, in line with the average bounce in conventions since 2004, although it was toward the small side by historical standards.[451] Following Clinton's 7 percent convention bounce, she extended her lead over Trump significantly in national polls at the start of August.[452][453]
Trump has declined to publicly release any of his full tax returns,[454] which led to speculation about whether or not he was hiding something.[455] Trump said that his tax returns are being audited and his lawyers advise against release.[456][457] Trump has told the news media that his tax rate was "none of your business", but added, "I fight very hard to pay as little tax as possible."[458][459] Every candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 released their taxes before the election.[460] Although no law prohibits release of tax returns during an audit, tax attorneys differ about whether such a release is wise legal strategy.[461][462]
Presidential debates
On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton faced off in the first presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. Lester Holt, an anchor with NBC News, was the moderator.[463] This was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.[464] The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri. The beginning narrative of the aforementioned debate was dominated by a leaked tape of Trump making lewd comments, and counter-accusations by Trump of sexual misconduct by Bill Clinton. Trump had invited four women who had accused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference prior to the debate. The final presidential debate was held at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas on October 19. Trump's refusal to say whether or not he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular press attention.[465][466]
Sexual misconduct allegations
Two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 recording surfaced, made on a studio bus while preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. On the tape, Trump is heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women with the show's then-cohost Billy Bush.[467][468][469] "I just start kissing them," he says, "I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab them by the pussy."[470] During the recording, Trump also speaks of his efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he "moved on her very heavily".[470] These statements were recorded several months after Trump married his third and current wife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.[470][471]
Trump's language on the tape was described by the media as "vulgar", "sexist", and descriptive of sexual assault. The incident prompted him to make his first public apology during the campaign,[472][473] and caused outrage across the political spectrum,[474][475] with many Republicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candidacy and some urging him to quit the race.[476] A number of Trump supporters worldwide also withdrew their support following release of the tape, including many Conservatives in Britain.[477] Subsequently, at least 15 women[478] came forward with new accusations of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, resulting in widespread media coverage.[479][480]
Trump and his campaign have denied all of the sexual misconducting accusations, which Trump has called "false smears", and alleged a conspiracy against him.[481][482][483] In his two public statements in response to the controversy, Trump responded by alleging that Bill Clinton, former President of the United States and husband of Trump's Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, had "abused women" and that Hillary had bullied her husband's victims.[484]
Election to the presidency
On Election Day, November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 electoral votes to Clinton's 232 votes. The counts were later adjusted to 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides, formalizing Trump's election to the presidency.[485] In the early hours of November 9, Clinton called Trump to concede the election. Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the New York Hilton hotel. The speech was in contrast with some of his previous rhetoric, with Trump promising to heal the division caused by the election, thanking Clinton for her service to the country, and promising to be a president to all Americans.[486][487]
Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than Clinton, and he is the fifth person to become president in such circumstances.[488][489] Clinton finished ahead by 2.86 million votes or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 45.95%, with neither candidate reaching a majority nationwide.[490][491]
Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset, as polls consistently showed Hillary Clinton leading nationwide and in most battleground states, while Trump's support had been underestimated throughout his campaign.[492] The errors in some state polls were later partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.[493] Trump won the perennial swing states of Florida, Iowa and Ohio, and flipped Clinton's "blue wall" states of Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, which had been Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with control both chambers of Congress, as was the case during parts of George W. Bush's presidency from 2003 to 2007.
Trump became the first president without prior governmental or military experience.[494][495][496] Of the 44 previous presidents, 39 had held prior elective office; 2 had not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet; and 3 had never held public office but had been commanding generals.[496] He is the first Republican since the 1980s to win the states of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin. He lost his home state of New York, becoming only the fourth candidate to win the presidency without his home state. The others were James Polk (Tennessee) in 1844, Woodrow Wilson (New Jersey) in 1916, and Richard Nixon (New York) in 1968.[497]
Protests
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Trump's victory sparked protests across the United States. Democrats, in alignment with other Trump opponents, took to the streets to amplify their opposition to Trump's views and denounce his inflammatory statements. They argued that Clinton's popular vote victory meant Trump was not actually the democratically elected president and should be considered illegitimate.[498] Trump initially said on Twitter that the protests consisted of "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were "unfair", but he later stated that he loves their passion for the country.[499][500] In contrast, after Obama's re-election in 2012, Trump had tweeted "We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!"[501]
On the Saturday following Trump's inauguration there were massive demonstrations protesting Trump in the United States and worldwide, with approximately 2,600,000 taking place in Women's Marches worldwide.[502] The most notable of these marches was the Women's March on Washington (in Washington, D.C.), where over 500,000 people marched in opposition to Trump.[503] This was more than three times the number of people who were at Trump's inaugural speech, according to crowd scientists at the Manchester Metropolitan University.[504]
Presidency
Transition
On November 10, President-elect Trump had his first meeting with President Obama to discuss plans for a peaceful transition of power. The New York Times stated that "It was an extraordinary show of cordiality and respect between two men who have been political enemies and are stylistic opposites."[505] The BBC stated that "their antipathy was barely concealed" in "awkward photos" of the meeting.[506]
White House appointments
Trump's transition team was led by Chris Christie until November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike Pence took over.[507] Since then, Trump has chosen RNC chairman Reince Priebus as White House Chief of Staff[508] and businessman and media executive Steve Bannon as Counselor to the President.[509]
Cabinet-level nominations
He has nominated Senator Jeff Sessions as Attorney General,[510] retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn as National Security Advisor,[511] education reform activist Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education,[512] Governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations,[513] former Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao as Secretary of Transportation,[514] U.S. Representative Tom Price as Secretary of Health and Human Services,[515] former campaign rival Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[516] financier Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury,[517] billionaire investor Wilbur Ross as Secretary of Commerce,[518] retired Marine Corps General James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,[519] retired Marine Corps General John F. Kelly as Secretary of Homeland Security,[520] businessman Andrew Puzder as Secretary of Labor,[521] CEO of ExxonMobil Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State,[522] former Governor Rick Perry as Secretary of Energy,[523] U.S. Representative Ryan Zinke as Secretary of the Interior,[524] and Under Secretary for Health David Shulkin as Secretary of Veterans Affairs.[525]
Despite being nominated promptly during the transition period, many cabinet members were unable to take office on Inauguration Day because of delays in the formal confirmation process. As of 8 February 2017[update], President Trump had fewer cabinet nominees confirmed than any other president except George Washington by the same length of time into his presidency.[526] Part of the lateness was ascribed to the delays in submitting background-check paperwork, part to obstructionism by Senate Democrats.[527]
Pre-inauguration events
On November 22, in a video posted at YouTube, Trump outlined his plan for his first 100 days in office. The plan included the withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and asking the Department of Defense to develop a plan to protect the United States from cyber-attack.[528][529]
On December 7, Time named Trump as its "Person of the Year".[530] In an interview on The Today Show, he said he was honored by the award, but he took issue with the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America".[531][532] He also opposed Time's decision to change its "Man of the Year" title to "Person of the Year" in 1999, describing the action as too "politically correct".[533] On December 13 he was named Financial Times Person of the Year.[534] In December 2016, Forbes ranked Trump the second most powerful person in the world, after Vladimir Putin and before Angela Merkel.[535]
In January 2017, Trump was briefed on allegations that Russia had "potentially compromising personal and financial information" about him.[536][537] He has denied these claims.[538] A private intelligence dossier was later leaked to the media and later released to the public containing the claims.[536] Some of the material alleged dubious sexual and financial conduct,[539] and reporter Bob Woodward called the unsubstantiated dossier a "garbage document" meriting an apology from whoever wrote and leaked it.[540]
First 100 days
The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 2017. In his first week as president, Trump signed six executive orders. His first order as president stood to minimize "the economic burden" of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare. That same week, Trump withdrew the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, re-instated the Mexico City Policy, reopened the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipeline construction projects and launched the process to build a new Mexico border wall and reinforce border security.[541]
Immigration order
On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order that suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. The following day, thousands of protesters gathered at airports and other locations throughout the United States to protest the signing of the order and detainment of the foreign nationals.[542] Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card.[543][544] Two Iraqi nationals detained upon arrival filed a complaint.[545] Several federal judges issued rulings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stopping the federal government from deporting visitors already affected.[544]
Supreme Court nomination
On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the vacancy on the Supreme Court left by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.[546]
Domestic policy
Energy and climate
Trump's energy policy advocates domestic industrial support for both fossil and renewable energy sources in order to curb reliance on Middle-Eastern oil and possibly turn the U.S. into a net energy exporter.[547] His appointed advisers favor a less regulated energy market and, because they do not consider climate change a threat, see no need for immediate action.[548]
Trump does not accept the scientific consensus on climate change.[549][550] In 2012 he said that global warming was a hoax invented by the Chinese, but later said that he was joking.[551][552] He has called the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a "disgrace" and has threatened to cut its budget.[553] Trump has pledged to eliminate the Clean Power Plan[554] and withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement, which calls for reductions in carbon emissions in more than 170 countries.[555] After winning the presidency, Trump admitted "some connectivity" between human activity and climate variability and said he has an "open mind" towards the Paris agreement.[556]
Immigration
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Trump's immigration policies were intensely discussed during the campaign. Some of his proposals came under scrutiny by several experts on immigration who have questioned the effectiveness and affordability of his plans.[557][558] Trump vows to build a more substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border to keep out illegal immigrants, a wall which Trump promises Mexico will pay for.[559][560][561][562] He pledged to massively deport illegal immigrants residing in the United States,[563] and criticized birthright citizenship as it creates "anchor babies".[564]
Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump made a controversial proposal to completely ban Muslims from entering the United States until proper filtering could be implemented.[565][566] He later clarified that this proposal would only apply to Muslim non-citizens.[567] He changed his position in 2016 by stating that the temporary ban would apply only to people originating from countries with a "proven history of terrorism against the United States or its allies", or countries "compromised by terrorism".[568][569][570] Trump characterized this as an expansion, not rollback, of his original proposal.[571]
In August 2016, Trump hinted he might soften his position calling for the deportation of all undocumented immigrants.[572][573] On August 31, 2016, he visited Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, saying he wanted to build relations with the country.[574] However, in a major speech later that night, Trump laid out a 10-point plan reaffirming his hardline positions, including building a wall along the Mexican border to be paid for by Mexico, potentially deporting "anyone who has entered the United States illegally", denying legal status to such people unless they leave the country and apply for re-entry, and creating a deportation task force.[575] He said the focus of the task force would be criminals, those who have overstayed their visas, and other "security threats".[576]
In 2017, after Trump's ban on admitting immigrants, causing worldwide airport and airplane-scheduling chaos, the ACLU and others filed legal briefs challenging the travel ban.[577]
Social issues
Trump describes himself as pro-life and generally opposes abortion with some exceptions: rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.[578] He has said that he is committed to appointing justices who would try to overturn the ruling in Roe v. Wade.[579] He personally supports "traditional marriage"[551] but considers the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue.[579]
Trump supports a broad interpretation of the Second Amendment and says he is opposed to gun control in general,[580][581] although his views have shifted over time.[582] Trump opposes legalizing recreational marijuana but supports legalizing medical marijuana.[583] He favors capital punishment,[584][585] as well as the use of waterboarding.[586][587]
Health care
In 1999, Trump told Larry King Live that "I believe in universal healthcare."[588] Trump's 2000 book, The America We Deserve, argued strongly for a single-payer healthcare system based on the Canadian model,[589] and has voiced admiration for the Scottish National Health Service.[588][590][591]
However, Trump has repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace Obamacare.[592][593] In March 2016, Trump's campaign released a platform summary which included a variety of free-market health reforms including provisions to allow health insurance to be sold across state lines, enable individuals to deduct health insurance premiums, expand health savings accounts, and give more control of Medicaid to the states.[594][595]
Trump aims to streamline the Department of Veterans Affairs, getting rid of backlogs and waitlists, and upgrading relevant facilities.[596] On his first Monday in office, Trump issued a federal hiring freeze on the VA.[597]
Education
Trump has stated his support for school choice and local control for primary and secondary schools.[598] He opposes the Common Core State Standards Initiative for primary and secondary schools,[599] and has called Common Core "a disaster" that must be ended.[600] He has stated he would abolish all or part of the Department of Education.[601]
Economy and trade
Trump's campaign tax plan called for levelling the corporate tax rate to 15%, eliminating various business loopholes and deductions,[236] and reducing the number of brackets for personal income tax: the top rate would be reduced from 39.6% to 25%, a large "zero bracket" would be created, and the alternative minimum tax and estate tax (which currently applies to individual estates over $5.45 million or $10.9 million per married couple) would both be eliminated.[602] His comments about the minimum wage have been inconsistent.[603][604][605]
Trump identifies as a "free trader", but says that trade must be "reasonably fair".[606] He has often been called a "protectionist",[607][608][609] because of his criticism of NAFTA,[610][611] the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),[612] and his proposal to raise tariffs on Chinese and Mexican exports to the United States significantly.[613][614] He has also been critical of the World Trade Organization, threatening to leave unless his proposed tariffs are accepted.[615][616]
However, Trump has been very keen to support a "fair" post-Brexit trade deal with the United Kingdom,[617] which Trump claims would be "good for both sides".[618] It is assumed that such an agreement would be a free trade deal with a mutual reduction in tariffs.[619] However, the practicalities of such a deal have been criticized by some as being too rushed in the aftermath of his election and Britain's vote to leave the EU, as well being as ignoring the terms of Britain leaving the EU, optimistic in terms of timing and mutual benefit to the UK and the U.S., and without taking into consideration the rules and regulations of said trade agreement.[620]
Foreign policy
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Trump has been described as non-interventionist[621][622] and nationalist.[623] Trump has repeatedly stated that he supports "America First" foreign policy.[624] He supports increasing United States military defense spending,[623] but favors decreasing United States spending on NATO and in the Pacific region.[625] He says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic needs.[622] He questions whether he, as president, would automatically extend security guarantees to NATO members,[626] and suggests that he might leave NATO unless changes are made to the alliance.[627] Trump has called for Japan to pay for the costs of American troops stationed there and that it might need to develop nuclear weapons in order to protect itself from North Korea.[612][628]
In order to confront Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil in ISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and ground troops.[629] In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000 to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,[242][630][631] a position he later retracted.[632] Also in 2016, when asked how he would handle ISIS using human shields, Trump responded with "you have to take out their families",[633] an action which would be against international law (such as Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Article 51.2 of the 1977 Additional Protocols).[634] Trump has also said he will dismantle the international nuclear agreement with Iran as president.[635] Regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Trump has stated the importance of being a neutral party during potential negotiations, while also having stated that he is "a big fan of Israel".[636] Although he originally supported Israeli settlement construction in the West Bank,[637] more recently the White House has said "the construction of new settlements or the expansion of existing settlements beyond their current borders may not be helpful in achieving" a solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict.[638] He also appears to have reneged on an earlier promise to relocate the U.S. embassy in Israel to Jerusalem from its current location, Tel Aviv.[639]
During his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump repeatedly said that he opposed the Iraq War even before it was launched, although his public position had been unclear at the time.[640][641] In 2002, when asked whether he supported invading Iraq, Trump responded, "Yeah, I guess so" and added "I wish the first time it was done correctly" in reference to the Gulf War of 1990–1991.[640][642] Trump publicly referred to the war as a "mess" within a week after it began, and by 2004 he said he was opposed to it.[642] Since then, he has repeatedly criticized the war.[643][644]
Trump has at times during his presidential campaign stated that the Afghanistan War was a mistake, and at other times stated that it was necessary.[645] He supports keeping a limited number of United States troops there.[645] Trump was a supporter of the 2011 military intervention in Libya at the time, stating in February 2011 "We should go in, we should stop [Gaddafi], which would be very easy and very quick, we could do it surgically."[646][647] He has since then reversed his position, stating in February 2016 that "We would be so much better off if Gaddafi would be in charge right now."[648]
Trump would consider recognizing Crimea as Russian territory and lifting sanctions on Russia,[649][650] and has pledged to hold a summit meeting with Vladimir Putin, possibly immediately after his state visit to the United Kingdom.[651] He added that Russia could help the U.S. in fighting ISIS militants.[652]
Trump has stated that the United States has "become a dumping ground for everybody else's problems" and cannot afford to be world's police.[653][654]
On January 28, 2017, a U.S special forces operation was carried out in Yakla, Al Bayda province in central Yemen, in the first combat operation sanctioned by the Trump administration.[655][656]
Awards, honors, and distinctions
- The Jewish National Fund's Tree of Life Award for outstanding contributions to Israel–United States relations.[657] (1983)
- The Ellis Island Medal of Honor in celebration of "patriotism, tolerance, brotherhood and diversity".[658] (1986)
- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his role in Ghosts Can't Do It[659] (1990)
- Gaming Hall of Fame[660] (1995)
- Street in Kalispell, Montana named Trump Drive (Montana real estate developer Hubert Turner named the streets on his Empire Estates properties after famous NYC business moguls).[661]
- Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame[662][663] (2007)
- Muhammad Ali Entrepreneur Award[664] (2007)
- Trump was awarded an honorary doctorate of business administration by Scotland's Robert Gordon University in 2010.[665] The degree was revoked on December 9, 2015, because Trump had made statements that the university deemed "wholly incompatible" with its "ethos and values".[666]
- NY Ride of Fame[667] (2010)
- Honorary doctorate of business, Liberty University[668][669] (2012)
- WWE Hall of Fame[670] (2013)
- The Algemeiner Liberty Award for contributions to Israel–United States relations.[671] (2015)
- New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame[672] (2015)
- Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation Commandant's Leadership Award[673] (2015) Trump received the award for pledging to donate $100,000 to the charity, and later claimed he was "given the biggest award by the Marines". The charity is not legally affiliated with the Marine Corps, though the award was presented by Marine Commandant General Joseph Dunford.[674]
- Key to the City of Doral, Florida[675][676] (2015)
- Time Person of the Year (2016)
- Financial Times Person of the Year (2016)
Electoral history
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Donald Trump | 14,015,993 votes 1,441 delegates (41 contests) |
Votes: 44.9% Delegates: 58.3% | |
| Republican | Ted Cruz | 7,822,100 votes 551 delegates (11 contests) |
Votes: 25.1% Delegates: 22.3% | |
| Republican | Marco Rubio | 3,515,576 votes 173 delegates (3 contests) |
Votes: 11.3% Delegates: 7% | |
| Republican | John Kasich | 4,290,448 votes 161 delegates (1 contest) |
Votes: 13.8% Delegates: 6.5% | |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Donald Trump | 62,979,879 votes 304 electors (30 states + ME−02) |
Votes: 46.0% Electors: 56.5% | |
| Democratic | Hillary Clinton | 65,844,954 votes 227 electors (20 states + DC) |
Votes: 48.1% Electors: 42.2% | |
See also
- List of Presidents of the United States
- List of richest American politicians
- Public image of Donald Trump
Notes
- ^ His external entrepreneurial and investment ventures include Trump Financial (a mortgage firm), Trump Sales and Leasing (residential sales), Trump International Realty (a residential and commercial real estate brokerage firm), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (a for profit business education company, formerly called the Trump University), Trump Restaurants (located in Trump Tower and consisting of Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump (an online travel search engine),[381][382][383] Select By Trump (a line of coffee drinks),[384] Trump Drinks (an energy drink for the Israeli and Palestinian markets),[385][386][387][388] Donald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of menswear, men's accessories, and watches), Donald Trump The Fragrance (2004), SUCCESS by Donald Trump (a second fragrance launched by The Trump Organization and the Five Star Fragrance Company released in March 2012), Trump Ice bottled water, the former Trump Magazine,[389] Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump Home (home furnishings),[390] Trump Productions (a television production company), Trump Institute, Trump: The Game (1989 board game with a 2005 re-release version tied to The Apprentice),[382] Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon (a business simulation game), Trump Books, Trump Model Management, Trump Shuttle, Trump Mortgage, Trump Network (a multi-level vitamin, cosmetic, and urinalysis marketing company),[391][392] Trump Vodka,[390][393][394] Trump Steakhouse[381][395] and Trump Steaks.[382] In addition, Trump reportedly received $1.5 million for each one-hour presentation he did for The Learning Annex.[396] Trump also endorsed ACN Inc., a multi-level marketing telecommunications company. He has spoken at ACN International Training Events at which he praised the company's founders, business model and video phone.[397] He earned a total $1.35 million for three speeches given for the company, amounting to $450,000 per speech.[398]
References
- ^ a b "The World's Billionaires – #324 Donald Trump". Forbes. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ New York City Department of Health (June 14, 1946). "Donald Trump Birth Certificate". ABC News. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Jamaica Hospital (June 14, 1946). "Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump" (PDF). Fox News Channel. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Horowitz, Jason (January 2, 2016). "For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering". The New York Times. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
- ^ Blair, Gwenda (2001). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7432-1079-9.
- ^ Blair, Gwenda (August 24, 2015). "The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is". Politico. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
- ^ a b Pilon, Mary (June 24, 2016). "Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother". The New Yorker.
- ^ McGrane, Sally (April 29, 2016). "The Ancestral German Home of the Trumps". The New Yorker.
- ^ Davidson, Amy (April 8, 2016). "Donald Trump's Nuclear Uncle". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
- ^ Panetta, Alexander (September 19, 2015). "Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush". CBC News. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
- ^ Blair, Gwenda (2001). The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 28–29, 453; ISBN 978-0-7432-1079-9.
- ^ Blair, Gwenda (2001). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-7432-1079-9.
- ^ Frates, Chris (August 24, 2015). "Donald Trump's Immigrant Wives". CNN. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
- ^ Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017). Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Trump graduated from NYMA in May of 1964
- ^ The 75th Anniversary Shrapnel. NYMA. Spring 1964. p. 107. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ^ Harrison, Olivia (July 27, 2016). "Donald Trump Grew Up In This 6-Bedroom House In Queens". The Huffington Post.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (September 22, 2015). "Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It". The New York Times. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ Strauss, Valerie (July 17, 2015). "Yes, Donald Trump really went to an Ivy League school". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- ^ Bender, Marylin (August 7, 1983). "The empire and ego of Donald Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
- ^ Miller, Michael (January 9, 2016). "50 years later, disagreements over young Trump's military academy record". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
- ^ a b Barbaro, Michael (September 8, 2015). "Donald Trump Likens His Schooling to Military Service in Book". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2015.
- ^ Blair, Gwenda (2005). Donald Trump: Master Apprentice. Simon and Schuster. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-0-7432-7510-1.
- ^ a b Viser, Matt (August 28, 2015). "Even in college, Donald Trump was brash". Boston Globe.
- ^ Ehrenfreund, Max (September 3, 2015). "The real reason Donald Trump is so rich". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- ^ "The Best Known Brand Name in Real Estate". The Wharton School. Spring 2007.
- ^ "Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. May 20, 1968. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2016.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Montopoli, Brian (April 29, 2011). "Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show". CBS News. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
- ^ Lee, Kurtis (August 4, 2016). "How deferments protected Donald Trump from serving in Vietnam". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
- ^ a b Whitlock, Craig (July 21, 2015). "Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War". The Washington Post.
- ^ Goldman, Russell (April 29, 2011). "Donald Trump's Own Secret: Vietnam Draft Records". ABC News. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
Nor do the documents categorically suggest it was deferments and not a high draft number that ultimately allowed him to avoid the draft.
- ^ Eder, Steve; Philipps, Dave (August 1, 2016). "Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
Because of his medical exemption, his lottery number would have been irrelevant, said Richard Flahavan, a spokesman for the Selective Service System, who has worked for the agency for three decades… Still, Mr. Trump, in the interviews, said he believed he could have been subject to another physical exam to check on his bone spurs, had his draft number been called. 'I would have had to go eventually because that was a minor medical…' But the publicly available draft records of Mr. Trump include the letters 'DISQ' next to his exam date, with no notation indicating that he would be re-examined.
- ^ Michaud, Sarah (October 3, 2011). "Donald Trump, Jr. Welcomes Son Tristan Milos". People. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
- ^ "Trump's daughter, Ivanka, gives birth to third child". Fox News Channel. March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
- ^ "Melania Trump, the Silent Partner". The New York Times. October 1, 2015.
- ^ "After The Gold Rush". Vanity Fair. August 1990. Retrieved January 10, 2016. "They were married in New York during Easter of 1977. Mayor Beame attended the wedding at Marble Collegiate Church. Donald had already made his alliance with Roy Cohn, who would become his lawyer and mentor.
- ^ "Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church". The New York Times. September 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016. "Mr. Trump married his first wife, Ivana, at Marble, in a ceremony performed by one of America's most famous ministers, the Rev. Norman Vincent Peale.
- ^ Alter, Charlotte (May 4, 2016). "A Reader's Guide to Donald Trump's Family". Time.
- ^ "Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen". Associated Press. May 27, 1988. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
- ^ Argetsinger, Amy (September 1, 2015). "Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ Fleischer, Matt (January 25, 1999). "Trump vs Trump in Battle of the Exes". The New York Observer. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ Triggs, Charlotte (April 20, 2016). "Marla Maples Recalls 'Awful' Tabloid Scandal Surrounding Donald Trump's First Divorce, Says She Tried to Make Amends with Ivana: 'I Really Hope, for Her Sake, That She Can Forgive Me'". People. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
- ^ Brenner, Marie (September 1990). "After the Gold Rush". Vanity Fair. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
- ^ Lavin, Cheryl (February 18, 1990). "With 'Dynasty' Dead, Just Tune to the Trumps". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
- ^ "Ivana Trump Gets Her Day in Court, but for the Donald, April Could Be the Cruelest Month", [[People (magazine)|]] (December 24, 1990).
- ^ Hylton, Richard D. (March 21, 1991). "Trumps Settle; She Gets $14 Million Plus". The New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
- ^ Baumgold, Julie (November 9, 1992). "Fighting Back: Trump Scrambles off the Canvas". New York. pp. 36, 40. "He suffered over her few weeks on the best-seller list and finally won his gag order..."
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If you are a little different, or a little outrageous, or if you do things that are bold or controversial, the press is going to write about you.
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I really don't know. I mean, I don't know why he wouldn't release his records. But you know, honestly, I don't want to get into it.
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I do not intend to comment on this matter any further
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- ^ Lowe, Josh (February 26, 2016). "Donald Trump: U.S. Should Have Left Qaddafi In Power". Newsweek. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- ^ "Trump says Putin is 'not going to go into Ukraine,' despite Crimea". CNN. August 1, 2016.
- ^ Fisher, Max (July 28, 2016). "Donald Trump's Appeal to Russia Shocks Foreign Policy Experts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
- ^ McElroy, Damien (January 29, 2017). "Trump and Putin agree to hold summit". The Sunday Times. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|subscription=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - ^ "Trump suggests U.S. accept Russia's annexation of Crimea". PBS. August 1, 2016.
- ^ Donald Trump on Foreign Policy
- ^ https://www.donaldjtrump.com/policies/foreign-policy-and-defeating-isis
- ^ "U.S. service member killed in first Trump terror raid".
- ^ Eric, Schmitt; David E., Sanger (February 1, 2017). "Questions Cloud U.S. Raid on Qaeda Branch in Yemen". New York Times. No. Web. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^ Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award Presentation to Donald J. Trump: Tuesday Evening March 1, 1983, Gala Dinner Dance, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York
- ^ Evon, Dan. "Trump Received Ellis Island Award in 1986".
- ^ Weisman, Aly (September 1, 2015). "Donald Trump won a 'worst supporting actor' Razzie award for his role in this 1989 film". Business Insider. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ^ "The Gaming Hall of Fame". University of Nevada Las Vegas. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ Winter, David. "Living on Clinton and Trump Streets". kulr8.
- ^ "Donald Trump". Hollywood Walk of Fame.
- ^ Robinson, Joanna (April 3, 2016). "People Can't Stop Vandalizing Donald Trump's Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". Vanity Fair.
- ^ "March 24, 2007 Muhammad Ali's Celebrity Fight Night XIII". Blacktie. March 24, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
- ^ Smith, Pauline; Youngson, Andrew. (September 16, 2010). Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon University. Robert Gordon University.
- ^ Holton, Kate (December 9, 2015). "More than 250,000 Britons petition to ban Trump from UK". Reuters.
- ^ Donald Trump Honored In Gray Line New York's Ride Of Fame Campaign Forbes. June 8, 2010.
- ^ Bible, Mitzi (September 24, 2012).Donald Trump addresses largest Convocation crowd, praises Liberty's growth. Liberty University News Service, September. Liberty University News Service.
- ^ "Donald Trump to Talk Politics, Business and Faith at Liberty University Convocation". The Christian Post. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
- ^ "Donald Trump cements his WWE legacy: 2013 WWE Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony". WWE. 2013.
- ^ "Algemeiner Honors Joan Rivers, Donald Trump, Yuli Edelstein at Second Annual 'Jewish 100' Gala". Algemeiner Journal. Brooklyn, NY. February 5, 2015.
- ^ Hascup, Henry (March 27, 2015). "2015 New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame Inductees". New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.
- ^ "MC–LEF Events". Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation. 2015. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015.
Donald Trump received our Commandant's Leadership Award.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Martosko, David (August 20, 2015). "Donald Trump overplays military credentials with claim of award from US Marines". Daily Mail. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
- ^ Madan, Monique (March 4, 2015). "Donald Trump gets his key to Doral". The Miami Herald. Miami. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Hidalgo, Daniel (August 5, 2015). "Doral lets Donald Trump keep key to city; also gives initial OK to four new developments". The Miami Herald. Miami. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
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External links
- President Donald J. Trump at the White House
- Donald J. Trump's personal website
- President Trump on Twitter (official)
- Donald Trump on Twitter (personal)
- Donald Trump at IMDb
- Donald Trump at PolitiFact.com
- "Donald Trump collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
- Template:WSJ topic
- Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Donald Trump at the Internet Archive
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