Penang Hokkien

Penang Hokkien
檳城/庇能福建話 Pin-siânn/Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā (Tâi-lô) Pin-siâⁿ/Pī-nɛ́ng Hok-kiàn-ōa (POJ)
Native to	Malaysia
Region	Penang, parts of Kedah, Perak and Perlis
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Min Southern Min Hokkien Zhangzhou dialect Penang Hokkien
Writing system	Latin (Modified Tâi-lô & Pe̍h-ōe-jī, ad hoc methods) Chinese Characters (Traditional)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Linguasphere	79-AAA-jek

Penang Hokkien
Traditional Chinese	檳城福建話
Tâi-lô	Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bīnchéng Fújiànhuà Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa Tâi-lô Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā
Alternative name
Traditional Chinese	庇能福建話
Tâi-lô	Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
Transcriptions Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pī-nɛ́ng/Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa Tâi-lô Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā

A Penang Hokkien speaker, recorded in Malaysia.

Penang Hokkien (traditional Chinese: 檳城福建話; simplified Chinese: 槟城福建话; Tâi-lô: Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa, Template:IPA-taiwan) is a local variant of Hokkien spoken in Penang, Malaysia. It is the lingua franca among the majority Chinese population in Penang, as well as the neighbouring states of Kedah, Perlis and northern part of Perak. This Chinese dialect is spoken as a mother tongue by up to 63.9% of Penang's Chinese community. It is also spoken by some members of the Penangite Indian and Malay communities.

Penang Hokkien is a subdialect of Zhangzhou (漳州; Hokkien: Tsiang-tsiu) Chinese, together with widespread use of Malay and English loan words. It is said that it most closely resembles that spoken in the district of Haicang (海滄) in Longhai (龍海; Hokkien: Liông-hái) county and in the districts of Jiaomei (角美) and Xinglin (杏林) in neighbouring Xiamen prefecture. In Southeast Asia, similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering Penang (Kedah, Perlis and northern Perak), as well as in Medan and North Sumatra, Indonesia. It is markedly distinct from Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien.

Orthography

Penang Hokkien is largely a spoken language: it is rarely written in Chinese characters, and there is no official standard romanisation. In recent years, there has been a growing body of romanised Penang Hokkien material, however topics are mostly limited to the language itself such as dictionaries and learning materials. This is linked to efforts to preserve, revitalise and promote the language as part of Penang's cultural heritage, due to increasing awareness of the loss of Penang Hokkien usage among younger generations in favour of Mandarin and English. The standard romanisation systems commonly used in these materials are based on Tâi-lô and Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), with varying modifications to suit Penang Hokkien phonology.

A Char Koay Teow stall. An example of how a Penangite writes Penang Hokkien using ad hoc methods.

The Hokkien Language Association of Penang (Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang; 庇能福建話協會) is one such organisation which promotes the language's usage and revitalisation. Through their Speak Hokkien Campaign they promote a Tâi-lô based system modified to suit the phonology of Penang Hokkien and its loanwords. This system is used throughout this article and its features are detailed below.

The Speak Hokkien Campaign also promotes the use of traditional Chinese characters derived from recommended character lists for written Hokkien published by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.

Most native-speakers are not aware of these standardised systems and resort to ad hoc methods of romanisation based on English, Malay and Pinyin spelling rules. These methods are in common use for many proper names and food items, e.g. Char Kway Teow (炒粿條 Tshá-kúe-tiâu). These spellings are often inconsistent and highly variable with several alternate spellings being well established, e.g. Char Koay Teow. These methods, which are more intuitive to the average native-speaker, are the basis of non-standard romanisation systems used in some written material.

Phonology

Consonants

Initials

		Bilabial		Labiodental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			m [m] 名 (miâ)				n [n] 爛 (nuā)				ng [ŋ] 硬 (ngēe)
Stop	Unaspirated	p [p] 比 (pí)	b [b] 米 (bí)			t [t] 大 (tuā)	d [d] 煎蕊 (tsian-doi)			k [k] 教 (kàu)	g [g] 牛 (gû)
	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] 脾 (phî)				th [tʰ] 拖 (thua)				kh [kʰ] 扣 (khàu)
Affricate	Unaspirated					ts [ts] 姊 (tsí)	j [dz] 字 (jī)
	Aspirated					tsh [tsʰ] 飼 (tshī)
Fricative				f [f] sóo-fá		s [s] 時 (sî)		sh [ʃ] 古申 (kú-shérn)				h [h] 喜 (hí)
Lateral							l [l] 賴 (luā)
Approximant							r [ɹ] ríng-gǐt

• Unlike other dialects of Hokkien, coronal affricates and fricatives remain the same and do not become alveolo-palatal before /i/, e.g. 時 [si].
• The consonants ⟨f⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩ and ⟨sh⟩ are only used in loanwords.

Finals Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal consonant -m [m] 暗 (àm) -n [n] 安 (an) -ng [ŋ] 紅 (âng) Stop consonant -p [p̚] 答 (tap) -t [t̚] 殺 (sat) -k [k̚] 角 (kak) -h [ʔ] 鴨 (ah)

Syllabic consonant Bilabial Velar Nasal m [m̩] 毋 (m̄) ng [ŋ̍] 霜 (sng)

Vowels

Monophthongs Front Back Simple Nasal Simple Nasal Close i [i] 伊 (i) inn [ĩ] 圓 (înn) u [u] 有 (ū) Close-Mid e [e] 會(ē) o [o] 蠔 (ô) Open-Mid ee [ɛ] 下 (ēe) enn [ɛ̃] 嬰 (enn) oo [ɔ] 烏 (oo) onn [ɔ̃] 嗚 (onn) Open a [a] 亞 (a) ann [ã] 餡 (ānn)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs Diphthong Triphthong ai [ai] 愛 (ài) ia [ia] 椰 (iâ) io [io] 腰 (io) iu [iu] 油 (iû) ua [ua] 話 (uā) iau [iau] 枵 (iau) au [au] 後 (āu) ia [iɛ] 燕 (iàn)* ioo [iɔ] 娘 (niôo)* ui [ui] 為 (uī) ue [ue] 鍋 (ue) uai [uai] 歪 (uai)

• In the Tâi-lô system for Penang Hokkien, nasal vowels are indicated using final ⟨-nn⟩, while POJ uses superscript ⟨◌ⁿ⟩. Vowel nasalisation also occurs in words that have nasal initials (⟨m-⟩, ⟨n-⟩, ⟨ng-⟩), however, this is not indicated, e.g. 卵 nūi (/nuĩ/).
  For most speakers who are not aware of POJ or Tâi-lô, nasalisation is commonly indicated by putting an ⟨n⟩ after the initial consonant of a word. This is commonly seen for the popular Penang delicacy Tau Sar Pneah (豆沙餅 Tāu-sa-piánn). In other instances, nasalisation may not be indicated at all, such as in Popiah (薄餅 po̍h-piánn), or as in the common last name Ooi (黃 Uînn).
• The rime ⟨ionn⟩ is a variant pronunciation of ⟨iaunn⟩. The two may be used interchangeably in Penang Hokkien, e.g. 張 tiaunn/tionn, 羊 iâunn/iônn.
• When ⟨ia⟩ is followed by final ⟨-n⟩ or ⟨-t⟩, it is pronounced [iɛ], with ⟨ian⟩ and ⟨iat⟩ being pronounced as [iɛn] and [iɛt̚] respectively.
  In speech, these sounds are often reduced to [ɛn] and [ɛt̚], e.g. 免 mián/mén.
• When ⟨i⟩ is followed by final ⟨-k⟩ or ⟨-ng⟩, it is pronounced as /ek̚/ and /eŋ/ respectively rather than other dialects which will pronounced as [iɪk̚] and [iɪŋ] respectively. e.g. 色 sik /sek̚/.
• ⟨ioo⟩ is a variant of ⟨io⟩ which is only found with the initial ⟨n-⟩, e.g. 娘 niôo.
• Diphthongs <ua> and <au> often romanised as <wa> and <aw> respectively. e.g. 我 wá/uá /u̯a/, 够 kàw/kàu /kaʊ/.
• Loanwords with diphthongs <ia> often romanised as <ya>. e.g. 捎央 sa-yang /sa-iaŋ/.

Non-native vowels (used in loanwords)

Tâi-lô	IPA	Example	Note
er	[ə]	ber-lian	Occurs in Quanzhou accented varieties of Hokkien such as those spoken in Southern Malaysia and Singapore. Used in Malay and English loanwords.
y	[y]	豬腸粉 tsý-tshiông-fân	Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as ⟨i⟩.
ei	[ei]	無釐頭 môu-lêi-thāu	Used in Cantonese loanwords.
eoi	[ɵy]	濕濕碎 sa̋p--sa̋p--sêoi	An alternate pronunciation of ⟨ue⟩ due to Cantonese influence. Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as ⟨ue⟩.
oi	[ɔi]	煎蕊 tsian-doi	Used in Malay, Cantonese and Teochew loanwords. Replaces ⟨ol⟩ in Malay loanwords, e.g. botol (瓿瓵 bo̍t-toi), cendol (煎蕊 tsian-doi).
ou	[ou]	大佬 tāi-lôu	Used in Cantonese and Teochew loanwords.

Rhymes

Vowel(s) Open Nasal Plosive [-] [◌̃] [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [a] a 啊 ann am 感 an 按 ang 紅 ap 合 at ak 六 ah [ai] ai 愛 ainn aih [au] au auh [e] e eng 精 ek 色 eh [ɛ] ee enn em* en* eeng* et* eek* eeh [ə] er* ern* ert* erh* [ei] ei* [i] i 魚 inn im 心 in 今 ing* ip 入 it 必 ik* ih [ia] ia iann iam 閃 iang 強 iap iak iah [iɛ] ian 騙 iat 切 [iau] iau iaunn [io] io ioh [iɔ] ioo* ionn iong iok [iu] iu

Vowel(s) Open Nasal Plosive [-] [◌̃] [m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ] [o] o um* ung* uk* oh [ɔ] oo onn om on* ong ot* ok ooh [ɔi] oi* [ou] ou* [u] u un ut uh [ua] ua uann uan uang* uat uah [uai] uai uainn [ue] ue ueh [ui] ui uinn [y] y* yn* [ɵy] eoi* [m̩] m － [ŋ̍] ng －

• * Used in loanwords, variants and onomatopoeia

Tones

In Penang Hokkien, the two Departing tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical, and may not be distinguished except in their sandhi forms. Most native speakers of Penang Hokkien are therefore only aware of four tones in unchecked syllables (high, low, rising, high falling), and two Entering tones (high and low) in checked syllables. In most systems of romanisation, this is accounted as seven tones altogether. The tones are:

Penang Hokkien tones

	Upper (陰)					Lower (陽)
	No.	Name	TL	Contour	Sandhied	No.	Name	TL	Contour	Sandhied
Level (平)	1	頂平 téng-pênn	a	[˦˦] (44)	[˨˩] (21)	5	下平 ēe-pênn	â	[˨˧] (23)	[˨˩] (21)
Rising (上)	2	上聲 tshiōnn-siann	á	[˥˧] (53)	[˦˦] (44)	－
				[˦˦˥] (445)
Departing (去)	3	頂去 téng-khì	à	[˨˩] (21)	[˥˧] (53)	7	下去 ēe-khì	ā	[˨˩] (21)	[˨˩] (21)
					[˦˦] (44)
Entering (入)	4	頂入 téng-ji̍p	a◌	[˧ʔ] (3)	[˦ʔ] (4)	8	下入 ēe-ji̍p	a̍◌	[˦ʔ] (4)	[˧ʔ] (3)

The names of the tones no longer bear any relation to the tone contours. The (upper) Rising (2nd) tone has two variants in Penang Hokkien, a high falling tone [˥˧] (53) and a high rising tone [˦˦˥] (445). The high falling tone [˥˧] (53) is more common among the older generations while in the younger generations there has been a shift towards the use of the high rising tone [˦˦˥] (445). When the 3rd tone is sandhied to the 2nd tone, the high falling variant [˥˧] (53) is used, however some speakers may sandhi the 3rd tone to the 1st tone [˦] (44). As in Amoy and Zhangzhou, there is no lower Rising (6th) tone.

Tone sandhi

Like in other Minnan dialects, the tone of a syllable in Penang Hokkien depends on where in a phrase or sentence the relevant syllable is placed. For example, the word 牛 gû in isolation is pronounced with an ascending tone, [˨˧] (23), but when it combines with a following syllable, as in 牛肉 gû-bah, it is pronounced with a low tone, [˨˩] (21).

1st	→	7th	←	5th
↑		↓
2nd	←	3rd
↑ (if -h)		↑ (if -h)
4th	↔ (if -p,-t,-k)	8th

The rules which apply when a syllable is placed in front of a connected syllable in standard Minnan, simply put, are as follows:

• 1st becomes 7th
• 7th becomes 3rd
• 3rd becomes 2nd (often sounds like 1st in Penang Hokkien)
• 2nd becomes 1st
• 5th becomes 7th

Checked syllables (-h):

• 4th becomes 2nd (often sounds like 1st in Penang Hokkien)
• 8th becomes 3rd

Checked syllables (-p,-t,-k):

• 4th becomes 8th
• 8th becomes 4th

Although the two departing tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical in Penang Hokkien, in their sandhi forms they become [˥˧] (53) and [˨˩] (21) and are thus easily distinguishable.

The "tone wheel" concept does not work perfectly for all speakers of Penang Hokkien.

Minnan and Mandarin tones

There is a reasonably reliable correspondence between Hokkien and Mandarin tones:

• Upper Level: Hokkien 1st tone = Mandarin 1st tone, e.g. 雞 ke/jī.
• Lower Level: Hokkien 5th tone = Mandarin 2nd tone, e.g. 龍 lêng/lóng.
• Rising: Hokkien 2nd tone = Mandarin 3rd tone, e.g. 馬 bée/mǎ.
• Departing: Hokkien 3rd/7th tones = Mandarin 4th tone, e.g. 兔 thòo/tù, 象 tshiōnn/xiàng.

Words with Entering tones all end with ⟨-p⟩, ⟨-t⟩, ⟨-k⟩ or ⟨-h⟩ (glottal stop). As Mandarin no longer has any Entering tones, there is no simple corresponding relationship for the Hokkien 4th and 8th tones, e.g. 國 kok/guó, but 發 huat/fā. The tone in Mandarin often depends on what the initial consonant of the syllable is (see the article on Entering tones for details).

Literary and colloquial pronunciations

Hokkien has not been taught in schools in Penang since the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911, when Mandarin was made the Chinese national language. As such, few if any people have received any formal instruction in Hokkien, and it is not used for literary purposes. However, as in other variants of Min Nan, most words have both literary and colloquial pronunciations, and the literary pronunciations still appear in limited circumstances, e.g.:

• in given names (but generally not surnames), e.g. 安 an rather than uann, 玉 gio̍k rather than ge̍k;
• in a few surnames, e.g. 葉 ia̍p rather than hio̍h
• in other proper names, e.g. 龍山堂 Liông-san-tông rather than Lêng-suann-tn̂g
• in certain set phrases, e.g. 差不多 tsha-put-to rather than tshee-m̄-to, 見笑 kiàn-siàu rather than kìnn-tshiò

Unlike in Taiwan and mainland China, the literary pronunciations of numbers higher than two are not used when giving telephone numbers, etc.; e.g. 二五四 jī-gōo-sì instead of jī-ngóo-sù. Literary variants are generally eschewed in favour of colloquial pronunciations, e.g. 大學 tuā-o̍h instead of tāi-ha̍k.

Differences from other Minnan dialects

Although Penang Hokkien is based on the Zhangzhou dialect, which in many cases result from the influence of other Minnan dialects.

• The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 muâi (Amoy: bê), 先生 sin-senn (Amoy: sian-sinn), etc.;
• The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 調羹 thâu-kiong (Amoy: 湯匙 thng-sî)
• The adoption of pronunciations from Teochew: e.g. 我 uá (Zhangzhou: guá), 我儂 uang, 汝儂 luang, 伊儂 iang (Zhangzhou and Amoy: 阮 gún/guán, 恁 lín, 𪜶 (亻因) īn);
• The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 歹勢 pháinn-sè (Zhangzhou: bái/pháinn-sì), 百 pah (Zhangzhou: peeh), etc.

General pronunciation differences can be shown as below:

Penang Hokkien	Amoy Hokkien	Zhangzhou Dialect	Example
8th tone [˦] (4)	8th tone [˦] (4)	8th tone [˩˨] (12)
-e	-ue	-e	細 sè
-ee	-e	-ee	蝦 hêe
-enn	-inn	-enn	生 senn
-iaunn / -ionn	-iunn	-ionn	想 siāunn
-iong / -iang	-iong	-iang	相 siong
-u	-i	-i	魚 hû
-ue	-e	-ue	火 hué
-ua	-ue	-ua	話 uā
-uinn	-ng	-uinn	酸 suinn
j-	l-	j-	入 ji̍p

Loanwords

Due to Penang's linguistic and ethnic diversity, Penang Hokkien is in close contact with many other languages and dialects which are drawn on heavily for loanwords. These include Malay, Teochew, Cantonese and English.

Malay

Like other dialects in Malaysia and Singapore, Penang Hokkien borrows heavily from Malay, but sometimes to a greater extent than other Hokkien dialects, e.g.:

Penang Hokkien	Chinese characters	Malay	Taiwanese Hokkien	Definition	Note
ān-ting		anting	耳鉤 (hīnn-kau)	earring
bā-lái		balai polis	警察局 (kíng-tshat-kio̍k)	police station
bā-lu	峇魯	baru	拄才 (tú-tsiah)	new(ly), just now
báng-kû		bangku	椅條 (í-liâu)	stool
bá-tû	礣砥	batu	石頭 (tsio̍h-thâu)	stone
bēr-liân		berlian	璇石 (suān-tsio̍h)	diamond
bī-nā-tang		binatang	動物 (tōng-bu̍t)	animal	禽獸 (khîm-siù) is also frequently used.
gā-tái		gatal	癢 (tsiūnn)	itchy
gēr-lí/gî-lí	疑理	geli	噁 (ònn)	creepy; hair-raising
jiám-bân	染蠻	jamban	便所 (piān-sóo)	toilet
kan-nang-tsû/kan-lang-tsû	蕳砃薯	kentang	馬鈴薯 (má-lîng-tsû)	potato
kau-în/kau-îng	交寅	kahwin	結婚 (kiat-hun)	marry
kí-siân		kesian	可憐 (khó-liân)	pity
lām-peng		lampin	尿帕仔 (jiō-phè-á)	diaper
lô-ti	羅知	roti	麵包 (mī-pau)	bread
lui	鐳	duit	錢 (tsînn)	money
má-ná	嘛哪	mana	啥物時陣 (siánn-mih-sî-tsūn)	as if; since when?
mā-nek		manik	珠仔 (tsu-á)	bead
má-tâ	馬打	mata-mata	警察 (kíng-tshat)	police
pá-sat	巴剎	pasar	菜市仔 (tshài-tshī-á)	market	萬山 (bān-san) is more frequently used which is from English bazaar.
pīng-gang		pinggang	腰 (io)	waist
pún	呠/僨	pun	也 (iā)	also
lā-sa		rasa	感覺 (kám-kak)	to feel
sá-bûn	雪文	sabun	茶箍 (tê-khoo)	soap
sâm-pá	儳飽	sampah	糞埽 (pùn-sò)	garbage
sa-iang	捎央	sayang	愛 (ài)	to love; what a pity
som-bong		sombong	勢利 (sè-lī)	snobbish
su-kā/su-kah	私合	suka	愛 (ài)	to like
tá-hān	扙捍	tahan	忍耐 (lím-nāi)	endure
ta-pí	焦比/逐比	tapi	毋過 (m̄-koh)	but
to-lóng	多琅	tolong	鬥相共 (tàu-sann-kāng)	help	鬥相共 (tàu-sann-kāng) is also frequently used.
tong-kat	杖楬	tongkat	枴仔 (kuái-á)	walking stick
tsi-lā-kā		celaka	該死 (kai-sí)	damn it
tsiám-pó		campur	摻 (tsham)	to mix
tua-la		tuala	面巾 (bīn-kin)	towel

There are also many Hokkien words which have been borrowed into Malay, sometimes with slightly different meanings, e.g.:

Malay	Penang Hokkien	Definition	Notes
beca	馬車 (bée-tshia)	horse-cart
bihun	米粉 (bí-hún)	rice vermicelli
Jepun	日本 (Ji̍t-pún)	Japan
loteng	樓頂 (lâu-téng)	upstairs	Originally in Hokkien means attic.
kicap	鮭汁 (kê-tsiap)	fish sauce	Originally in Hokkien means sauce.
kongsi	公司 (kong-si)	to share	Originally in Hokkien means company/firm/clan association.
kuaci	瓜子 (kua-tsí)	edible watermelon seeds
kuetiau	粿條 (kué-tiâu)	flat rice noodle
kuih	粿 (kué)	rice-flour cake
mi	麵 (mī)	noodles
sinseh	先生 (sin-senn)	traditional Chinese doctor
tauhu	豆腐 (taū-hū)	tofu
tauke	頭家 (thâu-kee)	boss
teh	茶 (têe)	tea
teko	茶鈷 (têe-kóo)	teapot
Tionghua	中華 (Tiong-huâ)	China/Chinese
tukang	廚工 (tû-kang)	craftsman

Other Chinese varieties

There are words in Penang Hokkien that originated from other varieties of Chinese spoken in and around Malaysia. e.g.:

Penang Hokkien	Originated from	Definition	Note
我 (uá)	Teochew	I; me	Originally pronounce as guá in Hokkien but Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Teochew.
愛 (ài)	Teochew	want
我儂 (uá-lâng / uang)	Teochew	we; us
汝儂 (lú-lâng / luang)	Teochew	you guys
伊儂 (i-lâng / iang)	Teochew	they; theirs
無便 (bô-piàn)	Teochew	nothing can be done
啱 (ngam)	Cantonese	fit; suitable
大佬 (tāi-lôu)	Cantonese	bro; boss	Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
緊張 (kín-tsiong)	Cantonese	nervous	Compound word Hokkien 緊 (kín) + Cantonese 張(zoeng1).
無釐頭 (môu-lêi-thāu)	Cantonese	makes no sense	From Cantonese 無厘頭 (mou4 lei4 tau4).
豬腸粉 (tsý-tshiông-fân)	Cantonese	chee cheong fun	Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
濕濕碎 (sa̋p-sa̋p-sêoi)	Cantonese	piece of cake	Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
死爸 (sí-pēe)	Singaporean Hokkien	very	Originated from Teochew 死父 (si2-bê6) and adopted from Singaporean Hokkien 死爸 (sí-pē).
我老的 (uá-lāu-ê)	Singaporean Hokkien	oh my god; oh no

English

Penang Hokkien has also borrowed some words from English, some of which may have been borrowed via Malay, but these tend to be more technical and less well embedded than the Malay words, e.g. brake, park, pipe, pump, etc.

Thai

Penang Hokkien also contains words whjch are thought to come from Thai.

Penang Hokkien	Definition	Other Hokkien	Note
鏺/鈸 pua̍t	1/100 of a unit of currency i.e. 10 sen/cents e.g. 50 sen 五鏺/鈸 gōo-pua̍t	角 kak	Etymology ultimately unknown but thought to come from Thai baht.

Entertainment

In recent years, a number of movies that incorporate the use of Penang Hokkien have been filmed, as part of wider efforts to preserve the dialect's relevance. Among the more recent movies are The Journey, which became the highest-grossing Malaysian film in 2014, and You Mean the World to Me, the first movie to be filmed entirely in Penang Hokkien.

See also

• Hoklo people
• Hokkien culture
• Hokkien architecture
• Written Hokkien
• Hokkien media
• Taiwanese Hokkien
• Southern Malaysia Hokkien
• Singaporean Hokkien
• Medan Hokkien
• Lan-nang (Philippine variant of Min Nan)
• Place and street names of Penang
• Written Hokkien
• Speak Hokkien Campaign
• Penang Hokkien Podcast

Further reading

• Douglas, The Rev. Carstairs (1899) [1873]. Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects (2nd corrected ed.). London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England. ISBN 1-86210-068-3., bound with Barclay, The Rev. Thomas (1923). Supplement to Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy. Shanghai: Commercial Press Ltd.
• de Gijzel, Luc (2009). English-Penang Hokkien Pocket Dictionary. George Town, Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-44646-0-8.