Voiced uvular fricative
| Voiced uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʁ | |||
| IPA Number | 143 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʁ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0281 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
.svg)
| Voiced uvular approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʁ̞ | |
| IPA Number | 144 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | R_o |
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩, or in broad transcription ⟨r⟩ if rhotic. This consonant is one of several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.
The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ⟨ʁ⟩. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, though some writings[1] use a superscript ⟨ʶ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.
For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.
Features
Features of the voiced uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French[citation needed] to several dialects and registers of Basque,[2] Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, and Yiddish. However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today.
In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ([x], [ɣ]), voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or glottal transition ([h], [ɦ]), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use ⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[3]
It is also present on most Turkic languages, except for Turkish and Turkmen, and Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | цыҕ cëğ | [tsəʁ] | 'marten' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тыгъэ tëğa | ⓘ | 'sun' | ||
| Afrikaans | Parts of the former Cape Province[4] | rooi | [ʁoːi̯] | 'red' | May be a trill [ʀ] instead.[4] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [tʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[5] | غرفة ġurfa | [ˈʁʊrfɐ] | 'room' | Mostly transcribed as /ɣ/, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[6] See Arabic phonology |
| Archi | гъӀабос ġabos | [ʁˤabos][7] | 'croak' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[8] | ղեկ łek | ⓘ | 'rudder' | |
| Avar | тIагъур thaġur | [tʼaˈʁur] | 'cap' | ||
| Bashkir | туғыҙ tuğïð | ⓘ | 'nine' | ||
| Basque | Northern dialects | urre | [uʁe] | 'gold' | |
| Chilcotin | relkɨsh | [ʁəlkɪʃ] | 'he walks' | ||
| Danish | Standard[9] | rød | [ʁ̞œ̠ð̠] | 'red' | Most often an approximant when initial.[10] In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless [χ]) or an approximant.[9] Also described as pharyngeal [ʕ̞].[11] It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.[12] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[13][14][15][16] | Belgian Limburg[17][18] | rad | [ʁɑt] | 'wheel' | Either a fricative or an approximant.[15][17][16][14][19] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Central Netherlands[20] | |||||
| East Flanders[18] | |||||
| Northern Netherlands[20] | |||||
| Randstad[20] | |||||
| Southern Netherlands[20] | |||||
| English | Dyfed[21] | red | [ʁɛd] | 'red' | Not all speakers.[21] Alveolar in other Welsh accents. |
| Gwynedd[21] | |||||
| North-east Leinster[22] | Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ ɻ] in other dialects of English in Ireland. | ||||
| Northumbrian[23][24] | Described both as a fricative[23] and an approximant.[24] More rarely it is a trill [ʀ].[23] Mostly found in rural areas of Northumberland and northern County Durham, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr. | ||||
| Sierra Leonean[23] | More rarely a trill [ʀ].[23] | ||||
| French | rester | [ʁɛste] | 'to stay' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[25] | Rost | [ʁɔst] | 'rust' | Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See Standard German phonology |
| Lower Rhine[25] | |||||
| Swabian[26] | [ʁ̞oʃt] | An approximant.[26] It is the realization of /ʁ/ in onsets,[26] otherwise it is an epiglottal approximant.[26] | |||
| Hebrew | Biblical | עוֹרֵב | [ʁoˈreβ] | 'raven' | See Biblical Hebrew phonology. |
| Modern | עוֹרֵב | [oˈʁ̞ev] | See Modern Hebrew phonology.[27] | ||
| Inuktitut | East Inuktitut dialect | marruuk | [mɑʁʁuuk] | 'two' | |
| Italian | Some speakers[28] | raro | [ˈʁäːʁo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a labiodental approximant [ʋ].[28] See Italian phonology. |
| Kabardian | бгъэ bğa | ⓘ | 'eagle' | ||
| Kabyle | ⴱⴻⵖ bbeɣ بغ |
[bːəʁ] | 'to dive' | ||
| Kazakh | саған, saǵan | [sɑˈʁɑn] | 'you' (dat. sing.) | ||
| Kyrgyz | жамгыр camğır' | [dʒɑmˈʁɯr] | 'rain' | ||
| Lakota | aǧúyapi | [aʁʊjapɪ] | 'bread' | ||
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[29] | drei | [dʀ̝ɛi̯] | 'three' | Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.[29][30] |
| Weert dialect[30] | drej | [dʀ̝æj] | |||
| Luxembourgish[31] | Parmesan | [ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn] | 'parmesan' | Appears as an allophone of /ʀ/ between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of /ʁ/ between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of /ʀ/, also where it is trilled in the standard language.[31] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Perak dialect | Perak | [peʁɑk̚] | 'Perak' | See Malay phonology |
| Norwegian | Southern dialects | rar | [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology |
| Southwestern dialects | |||||
| Ossetic | Iron | æгъгъæд æğğæd | [ˈəʁːəd] | 'enough' | |
| Portuguese | European[32] | carro | [ˈkaʁu] | 'car' | Word-initial /ʁ/ is commonly realized as a fricative trill in Lisbon.[12] See Portuguese phonology |
| Setubalense[33] | ruralizar | [ʁuʁəɫiˈzaʁ] | 'to ruralize' | Often trilled. Due to a merger, corresponds to both /ɾ/ and /ʁ/ in other dialects. | |
| Fluminense[33][34] | ardência | [ɐʁˈdẽsjə] | 'burning feeling' | Due to 19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda /ɾ/ into /ʁ/.[35] Often trilled. In free variation with [ɣ], [ʕ] and [ɦ] before voiced sounds, [x], [χ], [ħ] and [h] before voiceless consonants | |
| Sulista | arroz | [ɐˈʁos] | 'rice' | ||
| Spanish | Puerto Rican | carro | [ˈkaʁo] or [ˈkaχo] | 'car' | Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') /ʁ/ are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. [ʁ].[36] |
| Swedish | Southern dialects | rör | [ʁɶʁ] | 'pipe(s)' | See Swedish phonology |
| Tatar | яңгыр, yañğır | [jɒŋˈʁɯr] | 'rain' | ||
| Tsez | агъи aɣi | [ˈʔaʁi] | 'bird' | ||
| Ubykh | [ʁa] | 'his' | Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Uyghur | ئۇيغۇر | [ʊjʁʊr] | 'Uyghur' | ||
| Uzbek | ogʻir | [ɒˈʁɨr] | 'heavy' | ||
| West Flemish | Bruges dialect[37] | onder | [ˈuŋəʀ̝] | 'under' | A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar [r] is used in the neighbouring rural area.[37] |
| Yakut | тоҕус toğus | [toʁus] | 'nine' | ||
| Zhuang | roek | [ʁɔ̌k] | 'six' | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Such as Krech et al. (2009).
- ^ Grammar of Basque, page 30, José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167)
- ^ a b Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17.
- ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^ http://www.smg.surrey.ac.uk/Archi/Linguists/links/3r/raibos/raibos_inf.mp3
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:66)
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005), p. 157.
- ^ Booij (1999:8)
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
- ^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108)
- ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:51–55)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:52)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 102)
- ^ a b c d Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
- ^ a b c Wells (1982:390)
- ^ Hickey (2007:?)[page needed]
- ^ a b c d e Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:236)
- ^ a b Ogden (2009:93)
- ^ a b Hall (1993:89)
- ^ a b c d Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
- ^ The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a unique uvular approximant ʁ, specifically [ʁ̞], which also exists in Yiddish, see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262.
- ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ a b (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty. Page 11.
- ^ (in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36.
- ^ (in Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 229 and 230.
- ^ Lipski (1994:333)
- ^ a b Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), p. 167.
References
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/[[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] and /ɣ/[[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85299-9.
- Hinskens, Frans; Taeldeman, Johan, eds. (2013), Dutch, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018005-3
- Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lipski, John (1994), Latin American Spanish, London: Longman, ISBN 9780582087613
- Ogden, Richard (2009), An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7486-2540-6
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/[[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
