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Dallata

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Template:Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine

Dallata (Arabic: دلاّتة) was a Palestinian Arab village, located on a hilltop 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) north of Safad. Constructed upon an ancient site, it was known to the Crusaders as Deleha. Dallata was included in the late 16th century Ottoman census and British censuses of the 20th century. Its inhabitants were primarily agriculturalists, with some involved in carpentry or trade.

Dallata was depopulated during the 1948 Palestine war on around May 10, 1948 by the Palmach's First Battalion of Operation Yiftach. Following the establishment of Israel, the Israeli locality of Dalton was established about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) southwest of the village site.

History

Dallata was located on the upper slope of a hill, built on the ruins of an ancient site that contained old structures like cisterns, and large pools.[1] Excavations have found remains of settlements and agricultural installation from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.[2] Tombs had been located in the vicinity.[3]

An excavation carried out in 2006 on a location halfway between the center of Dallata and the new Israeli settlement of Dalton, found alluvial soil that contained worn Late Roman and Byzantine potsherds.[4]

The village was referred to by the Crusaders as Deleha.[1] Mamluk remains have also been found.[2]

Ottoman era

In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596 the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira, liwa' (district) of Safad, with a population of 127 and it was reported that the inhabitants paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, goats, beehives, vineyards, and a press for processing grapes or olives.[5] All the inhabitants were Muslim.[6][7]

The 2006 excavation found a structure dating to the Late Ottoman Period.[4]

In 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and noted that all the inhabitants were Muslim.[8] In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Dallata as being situated at the foot of a large hill, with about 100 Muslim residents. There were a few gardens around the village, and water was supplied from a well and a birket.[9] The villagers worked primarily in agriculture throughout its history, and some worked in carpentry and trade.[1]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Dallatha had a population of 204, all Muslims,[10] increasing in the 1931 census to 256, still all Muslims, in a total of 43 houses.[11]

In 1945, it had a population of 360, all classified as Arabs, with a total of 9072 dunums of land.[12] Of this, 3,651 was allocated to cereal, 302 were used for orchards,[1][13] while 36 dun ams were classified as built-up (urban) land.[14] The village had a small school which had an enrollment of 37 students in 1945.[1]

1948, and aftermath

Dallata was depopulated in the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine. The Israeli historian Benny Morris writes that the date and cause of the depopulation is unknown,[15] while Walid Khalidi assumes it was occupied some time after the fall of the district capital of Safed, 10–11 May 1948. According to Khalidi, the indirect evidence points to the village being seized during Operation Yiftach, and, in that case, it was probably one of the villages attacked in the latter stages of the operation, like neighboring ‘Ammuqa, which was occupied on 24 May.[1] The American historian Rosemarie Esber reports that Dallata was one of the villages that locals fled to in the first days of May 1948, when Fir'im, Mughr al-Khayt and Qabba'a were attacked with mortars by Israeli forces.[16] Esber gives the depopulation date as 10 May 1948, and the causes twofold: "Direct mortar attacks on civilians, siege, shooting at fleeing Arabs", and "Terror raids, house demolitions, sniping, hostage-taking, looting, destruction of crop and livestock."[17]

In 1950 after the 1948 war, the settlement of Dalton was established by the Israelis about 1 km southwest of the village site.[1]

The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992: "All that remains are the debris of the houses scattered across the site, partly covered by grass, shrubs, and trees. A few stone terraces on village land are still intact, and some olive trees still grow. About 1 km south of the site lies the Israeli settlement of Dalton"[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Khalidi, 1992, pp. 443-4
  2. ^ a b Bron, 2009, Dalton, Survey
  3. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 206
  4. ^ a b Smithline, 2008; Har Dalton Final Report
  5. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 443
  6. ^ 21 households and 2 bachelors, according to Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177
  7. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  8. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 443-444
  9. ^ Conder & Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.197. Quoted in Khalidi, p. 443
  10. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
  11. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 105[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hadawi69 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118
  14. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 168
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Morris.p.xvi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Esber, 2008, pp. 332, 333
  17. ^ Esber, 2008, p. 391

Bibliography

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