Vegetarianism by country
![]() |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg/220px-Chinese-buddhist-cuisine-taiwan-1.jpg)
This article deals with the demographic estimates of vegetarianism by country, along with food standards in various countries.
Around the world, vegetarianism and its more strict form of veganism are viewed in different lights. Some countries have strong cultural or religious traditions that promote vegetarianism, such as in India. In many countries, food labeling laws make it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets.[1]
Demographics
Country | Vegetarian diet (%) (includes vegan diet) | Approx. no. of individuals | Data set year | Vegan diet (%) | Approx. no. of individuals | Source year | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
11.2% | 2,100,000 | 2016[2] | Adult population | |||
![]() |
9.0% | 765,000 | 2013[3] | ||||
![]() |
7.6% | 15,200,000 | 2012[4] | Adult population | |||
![]() |
4.0% | 1,264,000 | 2003[5] | ||||
![]() |
1.5% | 235,000 | 2003[6] | ||||
![]() |
4.0% - 5.0% | 54,428,000 - 68,035,000 | 2013[7] | ||||
![]() |
4.0% | 220,000 | 2011[8] | ||||
![]() |
2.0% - 3.0% | 108,000 - 162,000 | 2011[9] | 0.5% | 27,000 | 2013[10] | % of vegans only an estimation |
![]() |
3.0% - 5.0% | 1,988,000 - 3,300,000 | 2014[11] | ||||
![]() |
6.0% - 8.7% | 4,786,000 - 7,000,000 | 2015[12] 2011[13] | 1.0% | 800,000 | 2011[13] | |
![]() |
28.8% | 360,576,000 | 2014 [14][15] | ||||
![]() |
13.0% | 1,046,000 | 2015[16] | 5% | 421,000 | 2015[16] | |
![]() |
7.1% | 4,246,000 | 2015[17] | 0.6% - 2.8% | 400,000 - 1,680,000 | 2015[17][18] | |
![]() |
4.7% | 5,964,300 | 2014[19] | 2.7% | 3,432,000 | 2014[19] | |
![]() |
3.0% - 5.0% | 60,000 - 100,000 | 2013[20] | estimation | |||
![]() |
4.5% | 738,000 | 2008[21] | ||||
![]() |
2.3% | 106,000 | 2016[22] | ||||
![]() |
2.0% | 100,000 | 2012[23] | estimation | |||
![]() |
3.2% | 1,228,800 | 2013[24] | 1.6% | 608,000 | 2013[24] | |
![]() |
1.8% | 200,000 | 2014[25] | ||||
![]() |
3.0% - 4.0% | 4,380,000 - 5,840,000 | 2014[26][27] | ||||
![]() |
4.0% | 1,788,000 | 2007[28] | 0.08% | 36,800 | 2006[29] | rough consumer pattern estimation |
![]() |
10.0% | 970,000 | 2014[30] | 4% | 390,000 | 2014[30] | |
![]() |
5.0% | 375,000 | 2007[31] | ||||
![]() |
7.5% | 1,700,000 | 2007[32] | ||||
![]() |
2.0% - 12.0% | 1,292,000 - 7,752,000 | 2012[33] 2014[34] | 1.05% | 542,000 | 2016[35] | % of vegans over age of 15 |
![]() |
1.9% - 3.4% | 6,140,000 - 10,883,000 | 2015[36] | 0.5% | 1,600,000 | 2015 study includes only adults |
Africa
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015) |
The prevalence of vegetarianism in Africa is low and is not established in many African cultures.[37] Countries in North Africa do have a tradition of cooking in a vegetarian style, with Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia being particularly connected with this type of cooking which includes couscous and spiced vegetables.[38] Indian immigrants to Africa, particularly in South Africa, brought vegetarianism with them which has been documented as far back as 1895 in Natal Province.[39] Also, some African countries such as Ethiopia have regular weekly and special periods of religious fasting requiring observance of a vegetarian diet.[37][40]
Asia
China
Eating meat is seen as a sign of prosperity in China.[7] Consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan. An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian.[7]
Native Chinese religion, generally falling under the label of Taoism (though this tends to confuse the native religion with the Daoist school of philosophy, represented by Laotzu, Chuangtzu, and others), is a form of animism. Similar to Shintoism in Japan, though the killing and eating of animals is not forbidden, it is considered impure.
Classical Chinese texts pointed to a period of abstinence from meat before undertaking matters of great import or of religious significance.
With the influx of Buddhist influences, vegetarianism became more popular, but there is a distinction—Daoist vegetarianism is based on a perception of purity, while Buddhist vegetarianism is based on the dual bases of refraining from killing and subduing one's own subservience to the senses. Because of this, two types of "vegetarianism" came to be—one where one refrained from eating meat, the other being refraining from eating meat as well as pepper, garlic, onions, and other such strongly flavored foods. This Buddhism-influenced vegetarianism has been known and practiced by some since at least the 7th century.
The early 20th century saw some intellectuals espousing vegetarianism as part of their program for reforming China culturally, not just politically. The anarchist thinker Li Shizeng, for instance, argued that tofu and soy products were healthier and could be a profitable export. Liang Shuming, a philosopher and reform activist, adopted a basically vegetarian diet, but did not promote one for others. In recent years, it has seen a resurgence in the cities among the emerging middle class.[41]
India
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/India_vegetarian_labels.svg/220px-India_vegetarian_labels.svg.png)
In 2007, UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world.[42] India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.[43] In India, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism. Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either "non-vegetarian", "vegetarian", or "pure vegetarian". Vegetarian restaurants abound, and many vegetarian options are usually available. Animal-based ingredients (other than milk and honey) such as lard, gelatin, and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine. India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients, with a green dot in a green square. A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal-based ingredients were used. Products like honey, milk, or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark.[44]
According to the 2006 Hindu-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 31% of Indians are vegetarian, while another 9% also consume eggs (ovo-vegetarian).[45] Among the various communities, vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat, Vaishnav Community, Jain community and then Brahmins at 55%, and less frequent among Muslims (3%) and residents of coastal states. Other surveys cited by FAO[46] and USDA[47][48] estimate 40% of the Indian population as being vegetarian. These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat, do so infrequently, with less than 30% consuming it regularly, although the reasons are mainly cultural.[48] In states where vegetarianism is more common, milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence. This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat, fish and eggs in other areas.[49][50] An official survey conducted by the Government of India, with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011, indicated India's vegetarian population to be 28-29% of the total population.[51] Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier, India's vegetarian population has increased.[52]
The recent growth in India's organized retail sector has also been hit by some controversy, because some vegetarians are demanding meat-free supermarkets.[53]
In 2016, the Government of India announced the decision to provide students, at a few of the Institutes of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (IHMCTANs), the option to choose only vegetarian cooking. Earlier, it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking. These IHMCTANs are located at Ahmedabad, Bhopal and Jaipur.[54][55]
Israel
A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2% of men and 9.8% of women were vegetarian. Although vegetarianism is quite common, the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower — the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5%.[56] In 2010, 2.6% of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans.[57]
In 2015, according to the Israeli department of statistics, 13% of the Israeli population are vegetarian or vegan (8% were vegetarians and 5% were vegans). Tel Aviv beat out Berlin, New York and Chennai, India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal's top destination for vegan travelers.[57][58]
Japan
According to a 2014/12 survey 4.7% of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan (2.7% vegan).[19]
Malaysia
21% of young adults are on a full vegetarian diet in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Vegetarian diets are categorized as lacto vegetarianism, ovo-lacto vegetarianism, and veganism in general. The reasons for being vegetarian include influence from friends and family members, concern about global warming, health issues and weight management, religion and mercy for animals, in descending order of significance.[59]
Singapore
Rice, chicken, fish and vegetables are dietary staples, mixed with a rich variety of spices, coconut, lime and tamarind. Buddhist Chinese monastics are vegetarians. Singapore is also the headquarters of the world's first international, vegetarian, fast food chain, VeganBurg.[60] The biggest community of vegetarians and vegans in Singapore is the Vegetarian Society (VSS). Vegetarian and vegan places have a small, but active role in the gastronomy of Singapore.
Taiwan
In Taiwan, 1.7 million people, or 13% of the population of Taiwan, follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time.[32][61] There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan.[62] The country's food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world's strictest, because around 2 million Taiwanese people eat vegetarian food.[63] A popular movement of "one day vegetarian every week" has been advocated on a national level,[64] and on a local level, even government bodies are involved, such as the Taipei City Board of Education.[65]
Thailand
Europe
The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform, creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately.[1]
Austria
According to a study of ISEF[66] from 2013 (n=500), 9% of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan.
Belgium
Since May 2009, Belgium has had the first city in the world (Ghent) with a weekly "veggie day".[67]
Denmark
According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011, just under 4% of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans.[8]
Finland
There is no recent data about amount of vegetarians or vegans in Finland. In 2015, according to a survey by meat producers' association Lihatiedotusyhdistys, 6% of the population, or 329,000 people, did not eat meat.[68] In 2014, the percentage was 5%; it was 10% among 25–34 year old people. The survey did not ask about eating fish.[69] Otherwise, it is estimated that 2–3% of Finns are vegetarians[9] and 0.5% vegans.[10] By combining the data of three surveys (a sample of 24,000 people) published in 2008, 3.3% of Finns identified themselves vegetarians but only 0.66% actually followed a vegetarian diet. 1.4% ate fish but not meat. 0.18% were vegans or lacto-vegetarians.[70]
In Helsinki city schools the students are offered two options, a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian meal, on four school days a week, and one day a week they have a choice between two vegetarian meals, for grades 1 to 12. In secondary schools and universities, from 10 to 40 percents of the students preferred vegetarian food in 2013.[71][72] Vegetarianism is most popular in secondary art schools where in some schools over half of the students were vegetarians in 2013.[73]
France
Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French (1.5% of the total population) called themselves vegetarians, although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2%.[74]
In 2011, the French government issued decree 2011-1227[75] declaring that French school lunches must have protein from meat, fish, or egg sources.
Germany
According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Germany has over six million vegetarians.[76] A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9% of the population (7,380,000 people) are vegetarian,[77] which the Italian research institute Eurispes reports as the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union (after Italy and Sweden).[78]
However, the statistically representative German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT) only found there to be slightly less than 2% vegetarians in the German population in 2012.[79]
Italy
The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10% of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1% are vegan.[78]
Netherlands
It is estimated that 4.5% of the Dutch population doesn't eat meat.[21]
A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006.[80][81] The number of "part-time vegetarians" grew rapidly as well; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week.[81]
The sales of meat substitutes have an annual growth of around 25%, making it one of the fastest-growing markets in the Netherlands.[81] In supermarkets and stores, it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal-originated ingredients. Increasingly, however, vegetarian products are labeled with the international "V-label," overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk.[82] Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands: the Dutch Association for Veganism estimates that there are approximately 16,000 vegans in the Netherlands, or around 0.1% of the population.[83]
Poland
A survey carried out by Lightbox in 2013 found that approximately 3.2% of the population are either vegetarian or vegan.[84]
Portugal
In 2007, the number of vegetarians in Portugal was estimated at 30,000, which equates to less than 0.3% of the population. In 2014, the number was estimated to be 200,000 people.[25]
Vegan and vegetarian products like soy milk, soy yogurts, rice milk and tofu are widely available in major retailers.
Russia
2013-2014 polls revealed that 3[26] to 4%[27] of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian.[85]
Spain
A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5% of the population are vegetarian, but that interest in vegetarianism is growing.[86]
In Spain, different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians. In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians.[87] More recent sources (Asociación Vegana) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing.[88][89]
Sweden
A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10% (4% vegans and 6% vegetarians).[30]
Switzerland
1997 government figures suggested that 2.3% of the population never ate meat, and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption.[31] A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5%.[31]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II.[90] The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3% of respondents were found to be "completely vegetarian", with an additional 5% "partly vegetarian (don't eat some types of fish or meat)".[91] Some independent market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7% to 11% of the UK adult population (4 million people).[92][93][94] There are twice as many vegetarian women as men.[94]
Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society, some people in the UK misidentify as vegetarians while still eating fish, either for perceived "health reasons", or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism, while others use the terms "flexitarian" or "part-vegetarian".[90] As of 2009, people in the UK are now also identified with the labels "meat-avoiders" and "meat-reducers" by marketeers, denoting people who do not self-identify as vegetarians, but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts, with one survey identifying 23% of the population as "meat-reducers", and 10% as "meat-avoiders", although the same survey indicated the "vast majority" in the UK still eat meat, with one in five liking to eat meat every day.[90] Even among professed vegetarians, a study found that 39% admitted to having eaten a kebab while under the influence of alcohol.[95]
According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union.[76] According to research carried out in 2014, 12% of British are either vegetarian or vegan. This number rises to 20% among people aged 16–24. Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK.[96] Foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968.[97] The Food Standards Agency issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians:
The term 'vegetarian' should not be applied to foods that are, or are made from or with the aid of, products derived from animals that have died, have been slaughtered, or animals that die as a result of being eaten. Animals means farmed, wild or domestic animals, including for example, livestock poultry, game, fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, tunicates, echinoderms, molluscs, and insects.
— Food Standards Agency[98]
The FSA's definition has now passed into European law, with legislation due in 2015.
In addition to voluntary labelling, the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled "Vegetarian Society approved".[99] Under this scheme, a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat, fowl, fish, shellfish, meat or bone stock, animal or carcass fats, gelatin, aspic, or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter, such as rennet.[100] Cheese is often labelled as well, making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with rennet derived from non-animal sources. Many hard cheeses in continental Europe contain rennet derived from animal sources.[101]
North America
Canada
In Canada, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism. However, vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians. Approximately 4.0% of adults were vegetarians as of 2003[update].[5] A 2015 survey conducted by the Vancouver Humane Society and administered by polling company Environics "shows that 33 percent of Canadians, or almost 12 million, are either already vegetarian or are eating less meat." Broken down, the figure includes 8% of respondents who are already vegetarian or mostly vegetarian, as well as 25% of Canadians who say they are trying to eat less meat. The online poll, which surveyed 1507 Canadian adults, found that younger Canadians (between 18-34) are most likely to be vegetarians, while older Canadians are more likely to say they are eating less meat.[102]
United States
In 1971, 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians.[103] In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2% are vegetarian and 0.5% vegan,[104] while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found 6% of Americans are vegetarian and 7% are vegan.[105] U.S. vegetarian food sales (meat replacements such as soy milk and textured vegetable protein) doubled between 1998 and 2003, reaching $1.6 billion in 2003.[106]
Many American children whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious, environmental or other reasons.[107] In the government's first estimate[108] of how many children avoid meat, the number is about 1 in 200.[109][110] The CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years.
By U.S. law, food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients.[111][112] However, there are exceptions. For example, certain trace ingredients that are "ingredients of ingredients" do not need to be listed.[113]
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market label their foods with the statement "suitable for vegetarians"; however, for foods intended for export to the UK, this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin. As such, "natural flavour" could be derived from either plant or animal sources.
Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets. "Vegetarian Week" runs from 1–7 October every year,[114] and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat-free alternatives of popular dishes, including sausages and mash and spaghetti Bolognese.[115]
A 2000 Newspoll survey (commissioned by Sanitarium) shows 44% of Australians report eating at least one meat-free evening meal a week, while 18% said they prefer plant-based meals.
According to a 2010 Newspoll survey, 5% of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians, with 2% actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian.[116]
Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported, "Between 2012 and 2016, the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people (or 9.7% of the population) to almost 2.1 million (11.2%), the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal."[117]
New Zealand
Similar to Australia, in New Zealand the term "vegetarian" refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork, chicken, and fish; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs. In contrast, the term "vegan" is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by-products of animals.[118] In 2002 New Zealand's vegetarians made up a minority of 1-2% of the country’s 4.5 million people.[119] By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an "all or almost all" vegetarian diet to be 8.1%, growing to 10.3% in 2015 (with men providing the most growth, up 63% from 5.7% to 9.3%).[120] In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up.[121]
As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common food standards (as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code), there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the "natural flavour" ingredients.[122]
South America
Brazil
In 2004, Marly Winckler, President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society, claimed that 5% of the population was vegetarian.[123] According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics, 8% of the population, or 15.2 million people, identified themselves as vegetarian.[4] The city of São Paulo has the most vegetarians in absolute terms (792,120 people), while Fortaleza has the highest percentage, at 14% of the total population.[124]
Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the deforestation of the Amazon are expansive livestock raising (mainly cattle) and soybean crops, most of it for use as animal feed, and a minor percentage for edible oil processing (being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible),[125] claims that are widely known to have a basis.[126][127][128][129]
As in Canada, vegetarianismo (Portuguese pronunciation: [veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu]) is usually synonymous with lacto-ovo-vegetarianism, and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians and/or pollotarians who tolerate the flesh of fish or poultry, respectively. Nevertheless, veganism, and freeganism, are very common among Brazilian anarchists, punks and members of other groups in the counterculture and/or left-wing movements. Other beliefs generally associated with Brazilian vegetarians are Eastern philosophies and religions, New Age and Spiritism. It is also commonly said to be related to the emo and indie youth subcultures as influence from the local punks. Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban, of middle or upper class[123] and live in the Central-Southern half of the country. Since the 1990s, and especially since the 2000s, several vegetarian and vegan restaurants have appeared in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro.[130]
See also
References
- ^ a b UK Government Food Standards Agency. "Guidance on vegetarian and vegan labelling". Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ "The slow but steady rise of vegetarianism in Australia". Roy Morgan. August 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
- ^ "Verbreitung der vegetarischen Lebensweise" (PDF). Verein gegen tierfabriken. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ a b "IBOPE 2012: 15,2 milhões de brasileiros são vegetarianos". IBOPE. October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
- ^ a b American Dietetic, Association; Dietitians Of, Canada (2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets". Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research. 64 (2): 62–81. doi:10.3148/64.2.2003.62. PMID 12826028.
- ^ "Radio Prague - Beyond pork and dumplings - alternative diets in the Czech Republic". www.radio.cz. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ a b c Magistad, Mary Kay. Public Radio International, 27 June 2013, "Vegan lunch: Going meatless in Beijing". Accessed 26 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Mange "opfatter" sig selv som vegetarer". Coop Analyse. Coop Analyse. 22 June 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Rehevä kasvisruokavalio on hyväksi terveydelle ja ympäristölle | Ruokatieto Yhdistys". www.ruokatieto.fi. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ^ a b Kivimäki, Hanna (March 2013). "POIKKILEIKKAUSTUTKIMUS VEGAANIEN RUOANKÄYTÖSTÄ JA RAVINTOAINEIDEN SAANNISTA" (PDF).
- ^ "France develops taste for vegetarian cuisine". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ "Veggie sweets go mainstream in Germany | Mintel.com". www.mintel.com. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ a b "The vegetarian lifestyle is a long-term development". organic-market.info. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
- ^ "his Survey Found Out How Many Indians Are Non-Vegetarians".
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/At-99-Telangana-has-maximum-non-vegetarians-in-the-country/articleshow/52697572.cms.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/21/us-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721
- ^ a b "Il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia: l'infografica". Repubblica.it. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ "Un bébé sous régime vegan retiré à ses parents pour malnutrition" (in French). 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
- ^ a b c "Animal Rights Center Japan survey results, Hachidory Vegan website information page ". Animal Rights Center Japan. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
- ^ Kirse, Asnate; Karklina, Daina (December 2013). "QUALITY EVALUATION OF NEW VEGETARIAN BEAN SPREADS". Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Food Technology. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ a b Becker, Sander. "Een dag geen vlees is een dag niet geleefd" (in Dutch). Trouw. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ (www.bka.co.nz), Site designed and developed by bka interactive ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. "Vegetarianism & veganism | Health Navigator New Zealand". Health Navigator New Zealand. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Nordic market for vegetarian food on the rise". www.alsiano.com. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
- ^ a b "Wyniki badania Instytutu Badania Opinii Homo Homini dla LightBox, wrzesień 2013". www.lightbox.pl. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ^ a b http://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c3246795a5868774d546f334e7a67774c336470626d6c7561574e7059585270646d467a4c31684a53556b76644756346447397a4c334271624445784d53315953556c4a4c6d527659773d3d&fich=pjl111-XIII.doc&Inline=true
- ^ a b "ФОМ: "Кто такие вегетарианцы?"".
- ^ a b "Superjob.ru: "Более 10% населения мира - вегетарианцы. Как Вы относитесь к этой системе питания?"".
- ^ "EVU! - How many Veggies". Euroveg.eu. 2007-11-18. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- ^ Tamara Velázquez. "Una dieta desconocida pero saludable". Natureduca (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 May 2016.
- ^ a b c http://www.thelocal.se/20140321/one-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-survey
- ^ a b c "Wie viele Vegetarier gibt es in der Schweiz?". vegetarismus.ch. 2001. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ^ a b Greens Are Good For You, Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan), 25 September 2007
- ^ "National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 – 2011/2012)" (PDF). Public Health England and the Food Standards Agency. May 2014.
- ^ "Number of global vegetarian food and drink product launches doubles between 2009 and 2013 | Mintel.com". www.mintel.com. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
- ^ "Key facts". The Vegan Society. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
- ^ "The Vegetarian Resource Group Blog". www.vrg.org. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
- ^ a b "The vegetable will set you free - embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa". Mail & Guardian Africa. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ "The Vegetarian Table: North Africa". Global Gourmet. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ "A Band of Vegetarian Missionaries". International Vegetarian Union. The Vegetarian (London). Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ "The best countries to be vegetarian". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ Vegetarianism now a popular diet. 2006-05-17
- ^ Meat Consumption per person, 2007, UN FAO
- ^ Edelstein, Sari (2013). Food Science, An Ecological Approach. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. Page 281. ISBN 978-1-4496-0344-1.
...India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined.
- ^ MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE (DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH) NOTIFICATION New Delhi, 4 April 2001.
- ^ The food habits of a nation The Hindu
- ^ 2.3 Growth and Concentration in India FAO Document Repository
- ^ Passage to India USDA
- ^ a b The Elephant Is Jogging: New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India
- ^ Harish Damodaran (2015-06-12). "In India, to be veg is to drink a lot of milk". Indian Express.
- ^ Martin W. Lewis (2016-03-08). "Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India". The Wire.
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/BASELINE%20TABLES07062016.pdf. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/baseline/baseline2004.pdf. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Bloodless coup as Indian vegetarians flex muscle July 14, 2007 The Age
- ^ http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=IHMs-to-offer-3-yr-course-in-vegetarian-11072016013026. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ http://www.cityofjaipur.com/news/2016/07/13/vegetarian-cooking-courses-to-be-introduced-in-hotel-management-institutes/. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "צמחונות להמונים (Hebrew)". Mako. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ a b "In the land of milk and honey, Israelis turn vegan". Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ "Warum in Israel die meisten Veganer der ganzen Welt leben". FAZ. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ Young Adult Vegetarian |https://teamjournalht.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/team-edsprvrev-p55-62.pdf
- ^ "More choices for vegetarians". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ Vegetarian entrepreneur succeeds with Web site, guidebook. The China Post (2009-11-16). Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
- ^ Blogger: Aanmelden om te lezen. Taiwantalking.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
- ^ Taiwan to enact world's strictest law on veggie food labeling|Earth Times News. Earthtimes.org (2009-06-08). Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
- ^ 台灣周一無肉日 救己救地球 – 日常保健 – 中時健康網 – 健康萬花筒. Health.chinatimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
- ^ 台湾教育部提倡学校每周一素!. Chinavegan.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-06.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Belgian city plans 'veggie' days", Chris Mason, BBC, May 12, 2009
- ^ "Lapsiperheissä halutaan syödä lihaa". www.lihatiedotus.fi. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
- ^ "Suomalaisten lihan kulutus säilyi vakaana vuonna 2014". Lihatiedotus. Lihatiedotusyhdistys ry. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
- ^ Vinnari M, Montonen J, Härkänen T, Männistö S (8 May 2008). "Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self-identification and operationalized definition in Finland". Turku School of Economics, Finland Futures Research Centre.
- ^ Vornanen, Ismo (2013-03-02). "Kolmannes opiskelijoista on kasvissyöjiä" (PDF). Kuopion kaupunkilehti. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ^ Gråsten, Hanna. "Kasvissyönti ei ole enää vain tyttöjen juttu". savonsanomat.fi – Savon Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ^ "Kasvissyönti yleistyy – joissain lukioissa jo yli puolet opiskelijoista kasvissyöjiä". mtv.fi. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ^ Haurant, Sandra (26 October 2011). "French government 'banning vegetarianism' in school canteens". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ http://www.geres.fr/2011/decret-n%C2%B02011-1227-du-30-septembre-2011-relatif-a-la-qualite-nutritionnelle-des-repas-servis-dans-le-cadre-de-la-restauration-scolaire/
- ^ a b Anne-Sophie Hottiaux, Agri-Food Trade Commissioner. Exporting to the EU. Canadian Consulate, Düsseldorf, Germany: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ "How many Veggies ... ?". European Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
- ^ a b Bazzi, Adrianna (12 February 2009). "Vegetariano un italiano su dieci". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ "Lebensmittelverzehr der Deutschen kaum verändert, Aber: Anzahl der Vegetarier verdoppelt". Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Population counter". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ^ a b c "Antonie kamerling en marly van der velden meest sexy vegetariërs" (in Dutch). Wakker Dier. 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
- ^ "Vegetarisch Keurmerk" http://www.vegetariers.nl/keurmerk.aspx
- ^ "Wat is veganisme?" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Russia's Vegetarians Thrive, Despite Prejudice | The St. Petersburg Times | The leading English-language newspaper in St. Petersburg". Sptimes.ru. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
- ^ "Comer en verde | Sociedad | EL PAÍS" (in Spanish). Sociedad.elpais.com. 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- ^ "Ser vegetariano y vivir en España" (in Spanish). Elmundo.es. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- ^ "Idea Sana Navidad vegetariana" (in Spanish). Ideasana.fundacioneroski.es. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- ^ "Cocina vegetariana. Especial Gastronomía. EL CORREO DIGITAL" (in Spanish). Servicios.elcorreo.com. 1997-12-01. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- ^ a b c "The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian". BBC. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
- ^ GfK Social Research (2009). Public Attitudes to Food survey 2009 (PDF). Food Standards Agency. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
- ^ Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: a review J. Pollard, S. F. L. Kirk and J. E. Cade
- ^ Survey looking into 'Attitudes towards purchasing organic foods and vegetarianism by demographic sub group, 1992, by Mintel, London
- ^ a b Perfil de mercado. Reino Unido. Entorno demográfico, social y económico Template:Es icon
- ^ Jones, Dan (9 October 2015). "Kebabs, the true test for staunch veggies". London Evening Standard. p. 15.
- ^ http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/517246/Vegetarians-are-on-the-increase-in-Britain>
- ^ Food Standards Agency. "Guidance on the use of the terms 'vegetarian' and 'vegan' in food labelling". Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ "Guidance on the use of the terms ‘vegetarian’ and ‘vegan’ in food labelling", Food Standards Agency, 6 April 2006
- ^ The Vegetarian Society. "Vegsoc Approved". Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ "The Seedling Symbol: The original and only one to trust", The Vegetarian Society (last accessed 2006/08/14)
- ^ The Vegetarian Society. "Information Sheet: Cheese & Rennet". Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ "Almost 12 Million Canadians Now Vegetarian Or Trying To Eat Less Meat!". Vancouver Humane Society. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
- ^ "The War on Meat: How Low-Meat and No-Meat Diets are Impacting Consumer Markets". Euromonitor International. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
Back in 1971, only 1% of US citizens described themselves as vegetarians
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Vegetarianism In America
- ^ Jensen, Tom (26 February 2013). "Food issues polarizing America". Public Policy Polling. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
- ^ Tatge, Mark, "Vegetarian foods plant stronger sales: No signs of slowing down for growing industry", MSNBC, Sept. 17, 2004
- ^ Mangels, Reed. "Nutrition Hotline: this issue's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian, examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources, and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine." Vegetarian Journal 28 (July-Aug. 2009): p2(2). Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 20 Oct. 2009.
- ^ [3]
- ^ Erbe, Bonnie. "More Children Refuse to Eat Meat Than You'd Think, and for the Right Reasons. " U.S. News & World Report Online. (Jan 13, 2009): NA. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale.
- ^ "Pass the tofu: 1 in 200 kids is vegetarian". Associated Press. January 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
- ^ International Food Information Council (IFIC) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (April 2010) [November 2004]. "Food Ingredients and Colors". Retrieved 2009-04-28.
- ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Food Labeling Guide". Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "Food Labeling Guide". Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- ^ "Food For Thought", May. 06, 2008, "National Vegetarian Week" on NVW http://www.vegetarianweek.com.au/
- ^ Vegetarian meals and recipes from Vegie Delights Sanitarium Health Food Company
- ^ 2010 Australian survey from Newspoll results summary
- ^ http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/vegetarianisms-slow-but-steady-rise-in-australia-201608151105
- ^ The New Zealand Vegetarian Society (NZVS)"What Is a Vegetarian" Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ "Living a Good Life : To be a vegetarian in New Zealand" P. Bidwell, New Zealand Vegetarian Society.
- ^ "Vegetarianism on the rise in New Zealand". Roy Morgan Research. Roy Morgan Research. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ "New Zealand Vegetarian and Vegan Retailers". Vegetarians. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ^ Australia-New Zealand Co-operation. "Food safety: food regulations". Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ a b "IVU Online News". International Vegetarian Union. November 2004. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ "Dia Mundial do Vegetarianismo: 8% da população brasileira afirma ser adepta do estilo" (in Portuguese). Ibope. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|trans_title=
ignored (|trans-title=
suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Pt icon Vegetarianism: an ethical and philosophical position – interview with Marly Winkler
- ^ Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)
- ^ Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T. D.; Castel, Vincent (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-105571-8. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
- ^ Margulis, Sergio (2004). Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon (PDF). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. ISBN 0-8213-5691-7. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Barreto, P.; Souza Jr. C.; Noguerón, R.; Anderson, A. & Salomão, R. 2006. Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests. Imazon. Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The Imazon web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazon.)
- ^ "Vegetarian Restaurants in Brazil". Retrieved 2011-05-30.