Voiced alveolar fricative

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The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).
  • The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Voiced coronal fricatives
Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar
retracted retroflex palato-
alveolar 		alveolo
-palatal
sibilant [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced dental sibilant|z̪]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z͇]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar fricative|z̠]] ʐ ʒ ʑ
non-sibilant ð [[Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|ð̠/ð͇/ɹ̝]] ɻ̝

Voiced alveolar sibilant

Voiced alveolar sibilant
z
IPA Number133
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z
Unicode (hex)U+007A
X-SAMPAz
Braille⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
z̪
z̟
Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
z̠
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z​̺
Unicode (hex)U+007A U+033A

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

In the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is very rare as a phoneme. Every language that has [z] also has [s].[citation needed]

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
  • There are at least three specific variants of [z]:
    • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Gulf[2] زين [z̪eːn] 'well'
Armenian Eastern[3] զարդ [z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]ⓘ 'decoration'
Azerbaijani[4] [[[Azerbaijani alphabet|zoğ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪o̞ɣ] 'sprout'
Belarusian[5] база [ˈbäz̪ä] 'base' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[6] езеро [ˈɛz̪ɛro] 'lake' Contrasts with palatalized form.
Chinese Suzhou dialect[7] [example needed]
Sichuanese 日 [zɯ] 'sun'
Czech[8] [[[Czech orthography|zima]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈz̪ɪmä] 'winter' See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London[9] [zoo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪ʏˑy̯] 'zoo' See English phonology
French[10][11] [[[French orthography|zèbre]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪ɛbʁ] 'zebra' See French phonology
Hungarian[12] [[[Hungarian orthography|zálog]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ] 'pledge' See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[13] [example needed]
Kazakh[14] заң/zan' [z̪ɑŋ] 'law'
Kyrgyz[15] [[[Kyrgyz alphabet|заң]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪äŋ] 'law'
Latvian[16] [[[Latvian alphabet|zars]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪ärs̪] 'branch' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[17] зошто [ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ] 'why' See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese [daprendizaige] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)] 'learning' Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[1][18] [[[Polish orthography|zero]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈz̪ɛrɔ]ⓘ 'zero' See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most Brazilian speakers [[[Portuguese orthography|Estados Unidos]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zʉ(ˢ)] 'United States' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[19] [[[Romanian alphabet|zar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪är] 'dice' See Romanian phonology
Russian[20] заезжать/zaezžat' [z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]ⓘ 'to pick up' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[21][22] зима / [zima] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪ǐːmä] 'winter' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak [[[Slovak alphabet|zima]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈz̪imä] 'winter'
Slovene[23] [zima] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈz̪ìːma] 'winter'
Turkish[10][24] [[[Turkish alphabet|göz]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɟø̞̈z̪] 'eye' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[25] зуб [z̪ub] 'tooth' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[26] koza [ˈkoz̪ä] 'goat' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Uzbek[27] [example needed]
Vietnamese Hanoi[28] [[[Vietnamese alphabet|da]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̪äː] 'skin' See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe зы [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
Albanian zjarr [zjar] 'fire'
Arabic Standard[29] زائِر [ˈzaːʔir] 'visitor' See Arabic phonology
Assamese জলকীয়া [zɔlɔkija] 'chili'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܙܓ [ziɡa] 'bell'
Bengali নামাজ [namaz] 'Salah' See Bengali phonology
Breton iliz [iliz] 'church'
Chechen зурма / zurma [zuɾma] 'music'
Dutch[30][31] [[[Dutch orthography|zaad]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̻aːt̻] 'seed' Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands.[30][31] See Dutch phonology
English zoo [zuː] 'zoo' Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto kuzo [ˈkuzo] 'cousin' See Esperanto phonology
Georgian[32] ზარი [ˈzɑɾi] 'bell'
Greek Athens dialect[33] ζάλη/záli [ˈz̻ali] 'dizziness' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew זאב [zeˈʔev] 'wolf' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi ज़मीन [zəmiːn] 'land' See Hindustani phonology
Italian Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna[34] caso [ˈkäːz̺ʲo] 'case' Palatalized apical;[34] may be [ʐ] or [ʒ] instead.[34] See Italian phonology
Japanese[35] 全部/zenbu [zembɯ] 'everything' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian зы [ˈzə]ⓘ 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya zilamiz [zilʌmiz] 'go'
Kashmiri ज़ानुन/زانُن [zaːnun] 'to know'
Malay beza [bezə] 'difference'
Maltese żelu [zelu] 'zeal'
Marathi जर [zər] 'if' See Marathi phonology.
Occitan Limousin jòune [ˈzɒwne] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Portuguese[36] casa [ˈkazɐ] 'house' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ [zɪnˈd̪əgi] 'life'
Spanish Andalusian comunismo [ko̞muˈnizmo̞] 'Communism' Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
Latin American
Mexican zapato [zäˈpät̪o̞] 'shoe' Some northern dialects. Corresponds to /s/ in other Mexican dialects, and to /θ/ in Peninsular Spanish. See Spanish phonology
Swahili [[[Latin script|lazima]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: latn not supported for code: sw (help) [lɑzimɑ] 'must'
Urdu زمین [zəmiːn] 'land' See Hindustani phonology
West Frisian[37] sizze [ˈsɪzə] 'to say' It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꍂ/ssy [zɿ˧] 'generation'
Yiddish zien [zin] 'son'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[38] guanaz [ɡʷanaz] '?'

Retracted alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan[39][40] zel [ˈz̺ɛɫ] 'zeal' Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician mesmo [ˈme̞z̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
Greek[41] μάζα/máza [ˈmɐz̠ɐ] 'mass' See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central Italy[42] caso [ˈkäːz̠o] 'case' Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[42] most of Umbria[42] (save Perugia and the extreme south)[42] and Le Marche south of the Potenza.[42]
Northern Italy[43][44] Apical.[45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[46][47] See Italian phonology
Sicily[42] Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[42]
Low German[48] [example needed]
Maldivian zaraafaa [z̺aˈraːfaː] 'giraffe'
Mirandese eisistir [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ] 'to exist' Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩ /tʃ/, ⟨x⟩ /ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩ /ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩ /s̪/, ⟨z⟩ /z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
Occitan Gascon casèrna [kaz̺ɛrno] 'barracks' See Occitan phonology
Languedocien véser [bez̺e] 'to see'
Portuguese Coastal Northern European [example needed] Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European [example needed] Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean mismo [ˈmiz̺mo̞] 'same' Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard[49] sauber [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ] 'clean' Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] See Standard German phonology
Italian Standard[50] caso [ˈkäːzo] 'case' Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] See Italian phonology
Ticino[45] Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[51] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[45] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ð͇
ɹ̝
d̞
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ð​̠
Unicode (hex)U+00F0 U+0320

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), it can represent this sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Czech[52] čtyři [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ] 'four' May be a trill fricative[52] or a tap fricative instead.[53] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Dahalo[54] [káð̠i] 'work' Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ð̠˕] or simply a plosive [d] instead.[55]
Danish[56] Few speakers[57] ved [ʋe̝ð̠] 'at' Laminal.[56] Allophone of /d/ in the syllable coda; much more often realized as an approximant.[57] See Danish phonology
Dutch[58] voor [vöːɹ̝] 'for' One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
English Scouse[59] maid [meɪð̠] 'maid' Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
South African[60][61] round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd] 'round' Apical,[61] present in some urban dialects.[60] See English phonology
Icelandic[62][63] bróðir [ˈprou̯ð̠ir] 'brother' Usually apical,[62][63] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian Bologna[45] caso [ˈkäːð̠o] 'case' Laminal; a hypercorrective variant of /z/ for some young speakers. Either non-sibilant, or "not sibilant enough".[45] See Italian phonology
Sicily[64] terra [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä] 'earth' Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian.[64] See Italian phonology
Manx mooar [muːɹ̝] 'big' Common word-final realization of /r/.
Swedish Central Standard[65][66] vandrare [ˈvän̪ːˈd̪ɹ̝äɹə] 'wanderer' Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ^ Qafisheh (1977), pp. 2, 9–10.
  3. ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  4. ^ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
  5. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  6. ^ Klagstad Jr. (1958), p. 46.
  7. ^ Lin (2001), p. 22.
  8. ^ Palková (1994), p. 228.
  9. ^ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  10. ^ a b Adams (1975), p. 288.
  11. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  12. ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  13. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Kara (2002), p. 10.
  15. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  18. ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  19. ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Chew (2003), p. 67.
  21. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  22. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  23. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  24. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  25. ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics , (). 16 (2008): 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  26. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  27. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  28. ^ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  29. ^ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  30. ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  31. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  32. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  33. ^ Adams (1975), p. 283.
  34. ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 73.
  35. ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  36. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  37. ^ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  38. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  39. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  40. ^ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  41. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g Adams (1975), p. 286.
  43. ^ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
  44. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  45. ^ a b c d e Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  46. ^ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  47. ^ Adams (1975), p. 285.
  48. ^ Adams (1975), p. 289.
  49. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 50.
  50. ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 68.
  51. ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  52. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228-230 and 233.
  53. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  54. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  55. ^ Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  56. ^ a b Jespersen & 1897-1899:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144)
  57. ^ a b Bauer et al. (1980:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:144): "Only in a very distinct Danish - as from the stage of the Royal Theater - do we get a fricative."
  58. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  59. ^ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  60. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  61. ^ a b Ogden (2009), p. 92.
  62. ^ a b Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  63. ^ a b Grønnum (2005:139)
  64. ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
  65. ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  66. ^ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.

Bibliography

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